氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定汾河太原段沉积物中镉

研究了氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定沉积物中痕量镉的适宜条件,考察了镉信号增强剂、常用酸及酸度和还原剂用量对测定的影响,优选了仪器条件。结果表明,镉发生氢化物反应条件为酸性介质;1.5%盐酸作载流,硼氢化钾还原剂浓度为25.0g.L-1,载气流量为500mL·min-1,主阴极灯电流为50—60mA,原子化器高度为16mm,荧光强度较大且稳定。在最佳测定条件下,其线性范围在0—5μg·mL-1,相关系数r>0.9990,最低检出浓度为0.0070ng·L-1,相对标准偏差为2.7%—5.6%,回收率为89.01%—117.0%,用于沉积物中镉的测定,结果令人满意。     

天然水体沉积物中有机氮的研究进展

对20多年来国际上关于沉积物中有机氮的研究做了综述和回顾。氮是重要的生源要素,是水环境中动植物新陈代谢不可或缺的元素之一,但过量易于造成生态环境巨大破坏,沉积物中有机氮与水体的交换可能会成为水体元素的“汇”和“源”。研究有机氮在沉积物水界面迁移转化过程是研究水环境的基础和关键,对氮元素的生态系统中的环境化学研究有十分重要的意义。     

高电压水系二次电池设计新策略

受水的分解电压(1.23 V)所限，水系二次电池的开路电压普遍不高。本文在分析水系二次电池开路电压影响因素的基础上，介绍了目前提高开路电压的几种新策略，并分别讨论其优缺点。     

高电压/宽温域水系碱金属离子电池的研究进展

水系储能器件具有固有的高安全性、环境友好性和成本低的优势，在未来智能电网、便携式/可穿戴电子产品等领域显示出巨大的应用潜力。然而水的热力学分解电压低、冰点高，导致水系电解液电化学稳定电压窗口窄以及凝固点高，极大地限制了水系储能器件的能量密度与宽温域应用。因此，设计耐高电压、抗冻的水系电解液，成为水系储能器件大规模、多场景应用的关键。本文系统综述了高电压/宽温域水系碱金属离子电池电解液设计的研究进展，从热力学和动力学角度出发，分别重点介绍提高电解液电压窗口和工作温度范围的各类策略以及相关作用机制。进一步提出宽温域、高压水系电解液的潜在设计思路，并对高性能水系碱金属离子电池的发展方向进行展望。     

加速溶剂萃取—固相萃取—超高效液相色谱/三重四极杆质谱法测定沉积物中10种磺胺类抗生素残留

建立了一种使用加速溶剂萃取(ASE)、固相萃取(SPE)联合超高效液相色谱/三重四极杆串联质谱(UPLC/MS/MS)测定沉积物中10种磺胺类抗生素的分析方法，分别考察了ASE中不同提取溶剂、温度、压力、萃取次数和SPE中不同上样体积对萃取效果的影响。样品采用甲醇和0.1 mol/L Mcllvaine缓冲溶液作为萃取溶剂，在萃取压力为10 MPa、萃取温度为80℃条件下重复萃取2次，用超纯水复溶至300 mL,经SAX-HLB串联固相萃取小柱进行富集纯化，定容后采用外标法定量分析。结果表明，10种磺胺类抗生素(SAs)在1～300μg/L范围内线性关系良好(R²>0.994),方法检出限为0.034～0.396 ng/g;平均回收率介于67.8%～109.8%之间；相对标准偏差(RSD)介于1.76%～13.00%之间。该方法具有溶剂用量少、自动化程度高、操作简便、灵敏度高、重复性好等特点，可满足沉积物中SAs残留检测的要求，具有实际的应用前景。     

大亚湾沉积物中氨基酸的垂直分布——沉积物柱样W0中的水解氨基酸

测定了采自大亚湾近岸海域的一个长60cm的沉积物柱样W0中15种水解氨基酸的含量；结果表明，15种水解氨基酸含量均随深度而下降，其中苏氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、精氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸的含量以及水解氨基酸总量随深度的变化可用指数方程c＝c0e^-kx加以描述；天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸和缬氨酸是大亚湾沉积物中最丰富的氨基酸。     

水系锌二次电池MnO2正极的晶体结构、反应机理及其改性策略

Because of the advantages of high safety, environment-friendliness, affordability, and ease of processing, aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries (ARZBs) are promising candidates for next-generation large-scale energy storage systems. In recent years, various cathode materials based on vanadium/manganese/cobalt oxides, Prussian blue analogs, and organic compounds have been reported. Among them, manganese dioxide (MnO₂) is widely used in ARZBs due to their outstanding advantages of low toxicity, eco-friendliness, and high capacity (616 mAh∙g⁻¹ based on two-electron transfer). However, the diversity of the crystal structures of MnO₂ and the unpredictability of the electrochemical reaction make it difficult to investigate the specific internal storage mechanism, which impedes further development of the optimal modification strategies. To date, the main recognized energy storage mechanisms are (de)intercalation and dissolution-deposition mechanisms. In the traditional (de)intercalation mechanism, the predominant issues related to MnO₂ during the cycling process include Mn dissolution, irreversible phase transformation, structural collapse, and sluggish ion diffusion kinetics. On the other hand, the detailed reaction path for the dissolution-deposition mechanism, which was developed in recent years, remains controversial. In addition, the incomplete dissolution-deposition of MnO₂ and the highly acidic environment inevitably leads to corrosion and hydrogen evolution of the zinc anode, as well as low Coulombic efficiency. Accordingly, optimization strategies for different reaction mechanisms have been proposed to make zinc-manganese batteries more competitive. For the (de)intercalation mechanism, modification of composite materials and nanostructure optimization strategies can be adopted to inhibit the dissolution of MnO₂ and increase the number of highly active reaction sites, thus enhancing the electrochemical performance. Moreover, the guest pre-intercalation strategy can help optimize the crystal structure of MnO₂, preventing the collapse of the internal structure during cycling. Besides, defect engineering and element doping strategies focus on regulating the distribution of the electronic structure for affecting the properties of MnO₂, resulting in lowering the energy barrier of zinc insertion. For the dissolution-deposition mechanism, the introduction of a neutral acetate and a halide mediator can effectively facilitate the dissolution-deposition of MnO₂. Meanwhile, metal element catalysis can accelerate the reaction kinetics of the MnO₂ dissolution-deposition, so that high-rate performance can be achieved. Furthermore, the decoupling battery system can separate the cathodic and anodic electrolytes to restrain the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions and enhance the potential difference. The flow battery system can effectively eliminate the influence of concentration polarization and stabilize the ion concentration in the electrolytes, thus leading to a large capacity (> 100 mAh). Undoubtedly, MnO₂ as a high-capacity, high-voltage cathode material has broad development prospects for ARZBs. Here, we systematically summarize the crystal structures and reaction mechanisms of MnO₂. We also discuss the optimization strategies toward advanced MnO₂ cathode materials for resolving the highlighted issues in zinc-manganese batteries, which are expected to provide research directions for the design and development of high-performance ARZBs.