液氮对含水煤样裂隙疲劳增扩作用的试验研究

为分析液氮注入对含水煤层裂隙疲劳增扩的影响,分别取干燥煤样、50%水饱和煤样和100%水饱和煤样,在室内开展了周期疲劳液氮浸泡试验,利用激光显微镜和声波测试仪测试液氮作用前后煤样表面裂隙结构和波速的变化。结果表明:1)经过液氮浸泡后,干燥煤样裂隙扩展效果不明显,10个浸泡周期后煤样仍完整;2)含水煤样的裂隙主要在垂直节理方向发生扩展;3)饱水程度越高,煤样裂隙扩展越显著;4)饱水程度越高,煤样液氮浸泡破坏所需的浸泡周期越短。煤样的饱水程度对液氮致裂效果影响显著。     

冰冻作用对固化污泥强度及变形特性影响

冻融作用会引起固化污泥的破坏,威胁工程体的稳定性。本文在封闭系统下,对固化污泥进行冻融试验,研究了不同冰冻发生时间及不同冻结时间对固化污泥抗压强度及变形特性的影响,并根据试验结果选取试样进行电镜扫描。研究结果表明:冻融作用对固化污泥的强度及变形特性影响很大,且源于冻融作用对固化污泥微观结构的影响;冰冻发生时间越早,水化程度越低,颗粒粘结越弱,固化体整体性越差,强度越低,冻融作用引起的强度衰减越大,固化体呈现塑性破坏;冰冻时间越长,引起的强度破坏越大,但强度衰减率随时间增加较小。上述研究成果可为寒区污泥固化填埋的安全处理提供技术参数及指导。     

扩展有限元方法计算多夹杂问题时圆形夹杂与四边形单元的几何关系

用扩展有限元法XFEM(Extended Finite Element Method)解决夹杂问题时,夹杂与基质的界面把单元分成若干部分.求单元刚度矩阵时,需要分别在这各个部分求积分.找到便于程序编制的描述各积分区域几何形状的方法是亟待解决的问题.本文把各积分区域的形成过程看成是圆对四边形的多次切割.考虑切剩区域与圆的关系时,把不完整的边仍看作完整的边,把切剩区域看成是四边形或是切去一两条边的四边形.采用排列组合的方法,把它们与圆的所有位置关系列了出来.     

Diamagnetic shift of exciton energy levels in GaAs-Ga1−xAlxAs quantum wells

The results of direct measurements of the diamagnetic shift of axciton levels in narrow quantum wells of a thickness varying between 25 and 150 Å are reported. A perturbation type approach is used to calculate the diamagnetic shift of 1s exciton levels in quantum well structures of Ga_1−xAl_xAs-GaAs-Ga_1−xAl_xAs. The calculations are applicable in the weak field range for which the Coulomb energy dominates over the magnetic one. The experimental results are in satisfactory agreement with the theory throughout the entire well thicknesses range.     

深部煤岩体保护层开采上覆岩层应力释放与转移特征的实验研究

煤层群保护层合理开采及了解其上覆岩层应力释放和转移特征是考察保护层开采效果的重要途径。对煤层群保护层开采卸压机制进行了分析,得出间隔保护层开采卸压方式可使上、下被保护层双向卸压重叠(即保护层开采上、下双向应力释放,开采影响范围相互叠加),煤层卸压效果较好。采用相似材料模拟和数值计算相结合的研究方法,对煤层群保护层开采卸压过程进行研究,分析保护层开采上覆岩层及被保护层应力释放与转移特征。研究结果表明,应力的积聚、释放和转移过程也伴随着岩层的变形,应力呈现出"增加-减小-再增大-再降低-平稳"过程,其变形呈现出"增加-急剧减小-再增加-平稳"的过程;相似模拟实验结果与数值计算结果具有较好的一致性,说明间隔保护层开采卸压方式可使上、下被保护层双向卸压重叠,是煤层群开采中较合理的卸压方式。     

煤岩巷道冲击破坏过程相似模拟试验研究

采用相似材料模拟试验研究方法,利用单轴加载系统和数字散斑光测技术,根据相似材料配比制备脆性材料,对标准试块和三维巷道模型进行了相似试验研究。对相似模拟试验结果分析可知,实验室制备脆性材料模拟冲击地压巷道破坏过程是可行的,冲击破坏特征较明显;散斑计算结果说明,试块位移和应变变化与裂缝出现、扩展和贯通具有一致性,且竖向裂缝开展数量多、速度快;相似模拟试验结果也表明巷道顶板受冲击作用和下沉位移较大,两边帮向巷道内部弯曲变形也较大,甚至出现煤岩抛出和巷道垮塌。本试验也为进一步揭示煤岩巷道冲击破坏规律提供了新的途径。     

SLIPPAGE SOLUTION OF GAS PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN PROCESS OF LANDFILL GAS SEEPAGE

A mathematical model of landfill gas migration was established under presumption of the effect of gas slippage. The slippage solutions to the nonlinear mathematical model were accomplished by the perturbation and integral transformation method. The distribution law of gas pressure in landfill site was presented under the conditions of considering and neglecting slippage effect. Sensitivity of the model input parameters was analyzed. The model solutions were compared to observation values. Results show that gas slippage effect has a large impact on gas pressure distribution. Landfill gas pressure and pressure gradient considering slippage effect is lower than that neglecting slippage effect, with reasonable agreement between model solution and measured data. It makes clear that the difference between considering and neglecting slippage effect is obvious and the effects of coupling cannot be ignored. The theoretical basis is provided for engineering design of security control and decision making of gas exploitation in landfill site. The solutions give scientific foundation to analyzing well test data in the process of low-permeability oil gas reservoir exploitation.     

Rock burst of deep circular tunnels surrounded by weakened rock mass with cracks

Rock masses containing pre-existing cracks are considered as non-homogeneous geomaterials. During excavation of tunnels, pre-existing cracks may nucleate, grow and propagate through rock matrix, then secondary cracks may appear. The stress concentration at the tips of secondary cracks is comparatively large, which may lead to the unstable growth and coalescence of secondary cracks, and consequently the occurrence of fractured zones. For brittle rocks, the dissipative energy of slip and growth of pre-existing cracks and secondary crack growth is small, but the elastic strain energy storing in rock masses may be larger than the dissipative energy of slip and growth of pre-existing macrocracks and secondary crack growth. The sudden release of the residual elastic strain energy may lead to rock burst in crack-weakened rock masses. Based on this understanding, the criteria of rock burst in crack-weakened rock masses are established. The influences of the in situ stresses, micromechanical parameters and physico-mechanical parameters on the distribution of rock burst zones and area of rock burst zones are investigated in detail.     

On gravity and centrifugal settling of polydisperse suspensions forming compressible sediments

A mathematical model describing both the hindered settling and the consolidation of suspensions with particles of different sizes and densities forming compressible sediments is presented. The specific new element is a centrifugal configuration, which gives rise to a non-constant body force. Within a range of angular velocities, the model can be reduced to one (radial) space dimension. The result is a system of second-order strongly degenerate parabolic–hyperbolic convection–diffusion equations. For the special subcase of suspensions of rigid spheres, which do not form compressible sediments and for which the effective solid stress can be assumed to vanish, these equations form a first-order system of conservation laws. A type analysis shows that these equations include hyperbolic, hyperbolic–parabolic, and hyperbolic–elliptic systems, depending on the sizes and densities of the solid particles. A numerical high-resolution central difference scheme for the hyperbolic and hyperbolic–parabolic models is applied to solve the model numerically, and thereby to simulate centrifugation of two polydisperse suspensions.