Nanotechnology in the Chemical Industry – Opportunities and Challenges

The traditional chemical industry has become a largely mature industry with many commodity products based on established technologies. Therefore, new product and market opportunities will more likely come from speciality chemicals, and from new functionalities obtained from new processing technologies as well as new microstructure control methodologies. It is a well-known fact that in addition to its molecular structure, the microstructure of a material is key to determining its properties. Controlling structures at the micro- and nano-levels is therefore essential to new discoveries. For this article, we define nanotechnology as the controlled manipulation of nanomaterials with at least one dimension less than 100nm. Nanotechnology is emerging as one of the principal areas of investigation that is integrating chemistry and materials science, and in some cases integrating these with biology to create new and yet undiscovered properties that can be exploited to gain new market opportunities. In this article market opportunities for nanotechnology will be presented from an industrial perspective covering electronic, biomedical, performance materials, and consumer products. Manufacturing technology challenges will be identified, including operations ranging from particle formation, coating, dispersion, to characterization, modeling, and simulation. Finally, a nanotechnology innovation roadmap is proposed wherein the interplay between the development of nanoscale building blocks, product design, process design, and value chain integration is identified. A suggestion is made for an R&D model combining market pull and technology push as a way to quickly exploit the advantages in nanotechnology and translate these into customer benefits.     

相对论重离子碰撞实验中混合事件方法的研究

把RQMD(Relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics)产生器产生的数据输入作为原始事例取样,讨论了在比较复杂的背景情况下,一种新的混合事件方法,用以证实在相对论重离子碰撞实验中高能量激发共振态的存在.并以共振态重子Δ⁺⁺为例演示了这一方法的应用.     

Control of LHCD on the HL-2A Tokamak

in order to study non-indutive plasma current production, the lower hybrid current drive（LHCD） experiment on the HL-2A tokamak is carried out. Simultaneously a microcomputer has been used to control the whole LHCD system. During the experiment this year, we can monitor and protect the LHCD system by use of the microcomputer control system, which will imediately switch off the microwave power to be launched into the tokamak if the plasma is disrupted. All this ensure that the microwave is injected into the equipment correctly.     

Naphthalimide-thiazoles as novel photonucleases: molecular design, synthesis, and evaluation

A new family of photonucleases, naphthalimide-thiazoles was synthesized and evaluated. These compounds intercalated into DNA efficiently and damaged DNA photochemically at concentrations as low as 5 μM. Mechanistic experiment suggests that a novel naphthalimide-thiazole radical produced via an excited triple state might be involved in the DNA photodamage. Different activity may arise from the impact of substituents at 2-phenyl ring of thiazole on the electron population of excited triple state according to AM1 semi-empirical calculation.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Novel Organic Adduct Nonlinear Optical Material: 3,5-Dinitrobenzonic Acid·ethanolamine (3,5-DNBEA)

The title compound (C2H7NO·C7H4N2O6) has been obtained by the reaction of etha- nolamine with 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid in deionized water at room temperature. The crystal crystal- lizes in orthorhombic, space group P212121 with a = 6.048(2), b = 9.146(3), c = 21.955(7)(A), C9H11N3O7, Mr = 273.21, Z = 4, V = 1214.3(7)(A)3, Dc = 1.494 g/cm3, F(000) = 568, μ(MoKα) = 0.131 mm-1, R1 = 0.0338 and wR2 = 0.0497. The new organic adduct is composed of one ethanolamine and one 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, which are linked up by O-H…O and N-H…O types of hydrogen bonds to form a nine-membered ring and an eleven-membered ring, extending into a one-dimensional network structure.     

基于椭圆型方程的扭叶片造型方法的研究

本文以偏微分方程造型为基础,提出了一种基于椭圆型方程的扭叶片三维型面直接设计方法,详细推导了叶型曲面函数,给出了型面方程的求解及其前后缘修正。该方法具有设计叶型曲面自然光顺,设计参数少且各参数具有明显的几何意义,叶型曲面调整方便,利于采用非数值优化算法对其进行气动优化等优点。文中给出了设计实例,并通过数值实验分析了所设计叶片型面的流动特性。分析结果表明设计叶片具有良好的气动性能,同时也证明了本文提出的基于椭圆型方程的扭叶片三维型面设计方法的可靠性和实用性。     

一种小波域音频信息隐藏方法

提出了一种基于量化的小波域音频隐藏算法，将保密语音隐藏到载体音频中．为提高隐藏重和保密语音传输的安全性，对保密语音进行了小波域压缩编码和m序列的扩频调制，生成待隐藏的比特序列；通过量化方法，将编码和调制后的保密语音隐藏到载体音频的小波系数中；保密语音的恢复过程不需要使用原始音频、仿真结果表明，隐藏有保密语音的载体音频听觉质量没有明显下降，提取的保密语音感知质量较好；该算法对重量化、加噪、低通滤波等攻击均有良好的鲁棒性．     

Acyl chloride‐facilitated condensation polymerization for the synthesis of heat‐sensitive poly(anhydride‐ester)s

We succeeded in developing the acyl chloride‐facilitated condensation polymerization method for the synthesis of new poly(anhydride‐ester)s with aromatic side groups, which cannot be polymerized by the classic melt condensation polymerization method. Using chlorinated and acylated carboxylic acids as the intermediates, the polymerization was carried out at low temperatures of 120 or 135 °C to yield pure poly(anhydride‐ester)s of molecular weights as high as 1.55 × 10⁵ with minimal side‐reactions. A homogeneous route of preparation was developed and optimized, using butyric anhydride as the acylating reagent and oxalyl chloride as the chlorinating reagent. A comparison of the mechanisms of the classic method and the new method indicates that the effects of transacylation—cyclization and oligomer formation—were greatly reduced due to the high reactivity of carboxylic acid chloride and the steric effect of bulky acyl groups. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5899–5915, 2007     

Photoluminescent properties and Raman spectra of ZnO-based scintillating glasses

Glasses in SiO₂–ZnO–BaO system with the different ZnO/BaO ratio were studied. In some cases, BaF₂ was introduced to substitute for BaO on the equal base. Photoluminescent spectra showed that ZnO in glass matrices behaved somewhat differently from ZnO crystals. Especially, the introduction of fluorine ions led to dramatic shift of UV emission band of glasses closer to that of ZnO crystals. Raman spectral analysis provided consistent results. In particular, Raman bands in the high frequency region are sensitive to effects of different ZnO/BaO or BaF₂/BaO ratio on structure of glasses.     

Structural hierarchy of rock masses and the mechanisms of its formation

The formation mechanisms for the structural hierarchy in geological media are discussed. It is shown that the formation of such a hierarchy is caused by certain external and internal circumstances. The first ones consist in the fact that, because of external actions, the Earth’s poles continuously execute the translational and rotational motions responsible for a regular structure of rock fracture and for the appearance of the scale factor √2. The second ones consist in the fact that, under the action of many random factors and because of external actions, during the formation of geological media there appear dissipative structures and, hence, some self-similar fractal structures are formed.