Measurement of the sign and the magnitude of heteronuclear coupling constants from spin-state-edited J-cross-polarization NMR experiments

New spin-state-selective (S3) NMR pulse sequences exclusively applying cross-polarization schemes to achieve optimum homonuclear and heteronuclear 1H-X coherence transfer are reported for the simple and accurate measurement of the magnitude and sign of heteronuclear coupling constants for samples at natural abundance. The proposed spin-edited HCP-TOCSY experiments are based on clean heteronuclear S3 excitation, generated by simultaneous co-addition of two independent in-phase and anti-phase components created during the mixing heteronuclear J-cross-polarization (HCP) step, which is finally transferred to other protons by a conventional homonuclear TOCSY mechanism. Selective 1D and non-selective 2D approaches for the easy determination of long-range proton-carbon and proton-nitrogen coupling constants on any protonated and non-protonated heteronuclei are presented and discussed for several organic molecules.     

Unsaturated end-groups in PVC—IV

NMR spectra are reported for the following compounds: 1-chloropentene-2, 1,1-dichloropentene-2 and 1,2-dichloropentene-2. They represent models for unsaturated end-groups in PVC and are the result of allylic rearrangement of the compounds: 3-chloropentene-1, 1,3-dichloropentene-1 and 2,3-dichloropentene-1. Their NMR characteristics were determined to make possible the identification of these structural defects in PVC.     

Synthesis of corroles bearing up to three different meso substituents

[reaction: see text] We have developed a new method that affords regioisomerically pure corroles possessing up to three different substituents at the meso positions. The corrole formation reaction involves the acid-catalyzed condensation of a dipyrromethane-dicarbinol with pyrrole followed by oxidation with DDQ. ABC-Type corroles were synthesized for the first time according to this procedure.     

Organic nanoparticles whose size and rigidity are finely tuned by cross-linking the end groups of dendrimers

Dendrimers with molecular weights ranging from ca. 2700 to 11 000 and from 16 to 64 homoallyl ether end groups were cross-linked using the Grubbs ring-closing metathesis reaction. A combination of SEC, MALDI-TOF-MS, and AFM were used to characterize the cross-linked nanoparticles. The data suggest a significant decrease in volume with cross-linking and a concomitant increase in rigidity, both of which can be controlled independently with a fair degree of precision.     

Zur Kenntnis des Phosphatstoffwechsels der Hefe

Scheinbare Divergenzen zwischen den seinerzeit aufgestellten Phosphatbilanzen in Säureextrakten aus phosphatangereicherter und-verarmter Hefe und den in der letzten Mitteilung dieser Reihe erhobenen Befunden über den Gehalt an freien Nucleotiden in demselben Material, veranlaßten eine genauere Überprüfung der Frage, inwieweit die Extraktionsmethoden die Ergebnisse der Nucleotidbestimmung und der Phosphatbilanzen beeinflussen. Es zeigte sich, daß bei Bestimmung der freien Nucleotide, trotz Verwendung verschiedener Extraktionsmittel, sowohl qualitativ als auch quantitativ weitgehend entsprechende Ergebnisse erhalten wurden.Die Resultate können wieder in dem Sinne erklärt werden, daß während der Phosphatanreicherung eine Synthese von Nucleinsäure auf Kosten der freien Nucleotide erfolgt.Gleichzeitig durchgeführte Phosphatbilanzen in den Säureextrakten aus phosphat-verarmter und-angereicherter Hefe ergaben je nach den Extraktionsbedingungen starke, zur Zeit noch schwer deutbare Konzentrationsunterschiede in den einzelnen Phosphatfraktionen.

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Mit 2 Abbildungen     

ICP-MS determination of heavy metals in submerged cultures of wood-rotting fungi

Accumulation of five heavy metal ions by five species of wood-rotting basidiomycetes during a 9-day cultivation was studied. Contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were measured using ICP-MS; the amount of mercury was determined directly in solid samples using the Advanced Mercury Analyser. A standard operation procedure for the sample preparation and determination of metal content was developed and validated. Presence of Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb decreased the accumulation of zinc by the fungi. The basidiomycete Pycnoporus cinnabarinus exhibited the highest metal binding capacity of all fungi tested.     

Electrokinetic molecular separation in nanoscale fluidic channels

This report presents a study of electrokinetic transport in a series of integrated macro- to nano-fluidic chips that allow for controlled injection of molecular mixtures into high-density arrays of nanochannels. The high-aspect-ratio nanochannels were fabricated on a Si wafer using interferometric lithography and standard semiconductor industry processes, and are capped with a transparent Pyrex cover slip to allow for experimental observations. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to examine the electrokinetic transport of a negatively charged dye (Alexa 488) and a neutral dye (rhodamine B) within nanochannels that varied in width from 35 to 200 nm with electric field strengths equal to or below 2000 V m-1. In the negatively charged channels, nanoconfinement and interactions between the respective solutes and channel walls give rise to higher electroosmotic velocities for the negatively charged dye than for the neutral dye, towards the negative electrode, resulting in an anomalous separation that occurs over a relatively short distance (<1 mm). Increasing the channel widths leads to a switch in the electroosmotic transport behavior observed in microscale channels, where neutral molecules move faster because the negatively charged molecules are slowed by the electrophoretic drag. Thus a clear distinction between "nano-" and "microfluidic" regimes is established. We present an analytical model that accounts for the electrokinetic transport and adsorption (of the neutral dye) at the channel walls, and is in good agreement with the experimental data. The observed effects have potential for use in new nano-separation technologies.     

Reversible protein adsorption and bioadhesion on monolayers terminated with mixtures of oligo(ethylene glycol) and methyl groups

Surface-grafted, environmentally responsive polymers have shown great promise for controlling adsorption and desorption of macromolecules and cells on solid surfaces. In the paper, we demonstrate that certain mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) and methyl-terminated alkanethiolates on gold form surfaces with switchable hydrophobicity and tendency for protein adsorption and cellular attachment. At temperatures above 32 degrees C, SAMs with a surface density of approximately 50% OEG adsorbed significant amounts of pyruvate kinase and lysozyme, whereas below this temperature, these same SAMs were resistant to the adsorption of these proteins. Furthermore, protein layers adsorbed to these SAMs above 32 degrees C were removed upon rinsing with water below this temperature. Similar results were seen for attachment and release of the marine bacterium, Cobetia marina. The change from nonresistance to adsorptive state of the SAMs was concomitant with a change in advancing water contact angle. Vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy suggests that the temperature-induced changes coincide with a disorder-to-partial order transition of the hydrated methylene chains of the OEG moieties within the SAMs. Mixed OEG-methyl SAMs represent both a convenient means of controlling macromolecular and cellular adsorption within the laboratory and a useful tool for relating adsorption properties to molecular structures within the SAMs.     

A pyrimidine thiolate Rh(I) complex: structure, bonding and one-dimensional interactions in solid and in solution

The reaction of [Rh(micro-Cl)(COD)]2 with 4,6-dimethyl-pyrimidinethiolate (Me2-pymt) and subsequent substitution of COD by CO yields [Rh(Me2-pymt)(CO)2]. The stacking pattern found in this compound is in contradiction with previously studied comparable square-planar complexes of type d8-[M(chelate)(monodentate)2] in which each ligand has different pi-acidic character. A theoretical study of the intermolecular interactions and conformation of the title compound has been carried out, combining semi-empirical band calculations on the real chains and ab initio(MP2 level) calculations on a model dimer. The combination of electronic and steric effects determines the rotation of the successive monomers and the deviation from linearity of the one-dimensional stacks. Its behaviour in solution is also special, developing a blue colour and forming micelles, when adding water to acetone solutions.     

Réactions d'addition-élmination à partir d'hétérocycles germaniés du type . III. Cas des diéthyl-2,2-germa-2-oxazolidines-1,3 (R = et; X = O; Y = NH,NMe)

Addition-elimination reactions from germanium heterocycles . III. 2,2-Diethyl-2-germa-1,-3-oxazolidines (R = Et; X = O; Y = NH, NMe) . The reactions of 2,2-diethyl-2-germa-1,3-oxazolidines with heterocumulenes (PhNCO, PhNCS, CS₂, CO₂, CH₂?C?O) and carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) are studied. Generally, monoinsertion derivatives are formed by addition of one molecule of the unsaturated compound accross the Ge? N bond. This bond is always the most reactive center of the molecule. In the case of the carbonyl compounds used, diinsertion may occur in a second step by a further addition across a Ge? O bond. Generally, this latter reaction is reversible. By thermal eliminat on of (Et₂GeO)_n or (Et₂GeS)₃ the monoaddition derivatives yield the corresponding oxazolidines and thiooxazolidines. The mechanisms of these reactions are discussed.