全文获取类型
收费全文 | 33679篇 |
免费 | 4885篇 |
国内免费 | 5350篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 24819篇 |
晶体学 | 567篇 |
力学 | 1785篇 |
综合类 | 514篇 |
数学 | 4328篇 |
物理学 | 11901篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 485篇 |
2022年 | 665篇 |
2021年 | 920篇 |
2020年 | 1059篇 |
2019年 | 1067篇 |
2018年 | 981篇 |
2017年 | 984篇 |
2016年 | 1304篇 |
2015年 | 1410篇 |
2014年 | 1637篇 |
2013年 | 2334篇 |
2012年 | 2695篇 |
2011年 | 2942篇 |
2010年 | 2209篇 |
2009年 | 2228篇 |
2008年 | 2499篇 |
2007年 | 2255篇 |
2006年 | 2119篇 |
2005年 | 1882篇 |
2004年 | 1518篇 |
2003年 | 1149篇 |
2002年 | 1154篇 |
2001年 | 1037篇 |
2000年 | 997篇 |
1999年 | 764篇 |
1998年 | 625篇 |
1997年 | 504篇 |
1996年 | 511篇 |
1995年 | 456篇 |
1994年 | 438篇 |
1993年 | 405篇 |
1992年 | 355篇 |
1991年 | 309篇 |
1990年 | 259篇 |
1989年 | 230篇 |
1988年 | 199篇 |
1987年 | 151篇 |
1986年 | 167篇 |
1985年 | 169篇 |
1984年 | 114篇 |
1983年 | 80篇 |
1982年 | 86篇 |
1981年 | 71篇 |
1980年 | 59篇 |
1979年 | 66篇 |
1978年 | 45篇 |
1977年 | 36篇 |
1976年 | 41篇 |
1974年 | 42篇 |
1973年 | 46篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
991.
In this study, porous glass fiber membranes were coated with monophenyl trimethoxysilane (MPh) and then sulphonated by chlorosulphonic acid to prepare the cation-exchange membranes with sulphonic acid groups. Different MPh-coating times were tested and the properties of the resulting membranes such as contact angle, FTIR spectrum, conductivity, and ion-exchange capacity were measured. It was found that the optimal MPh-coating time was 60 min and the related ion-exchange capacity was 49.5 μequiv./disc. The modified membrane under the optimal MPh-coating condition was adopted for lysozyme isolation. The results were compared with those for the commercial cation-exchange membrane with sulphonic acid groups (ICE 450 unsupported membrane). Although the prepared membrane exhibited less adsorption capacity than ICE 450 unsupported membrane in the batch lysozyme adsorption experiment, it showed lower non-specific binding ratio under higher salt concentration. In the flow process isolating lysozyme from hen egg albumen, the purification effectiveness obtained using the prepared cation-exchange membrane was superior to the ICE 450 unsupported membrane. 相似文献
992.
A unique flow injection chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of calcium dobesilate in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine is presented in this paper. The analytical reagents involved in the CL reaction, luminol and ferricyanide, were both immobilized on an anion-exchange column in an FI system. The CL signal produced by the reaction of luminol with ferricyanide (the reagents had been eluted from the column through sodium phosphate injection) decreased in the presence of dobesilate. The decreased CL intensity was linear to the dobesilate concentration in the range 0.2100.0ngmL–1. At a flow rate of 2.0mLmin–1, one analytical cycle can be completed in 1.5min, including sampling and washing, resulting in a throughput of 40 cycles per hour. The proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of dobesilate in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine without any pre-treatment. It was found that, after oral administration, the dobesilate concentration reached its maximum after three hours, and the dobesilate metabolism ratio in 24 hours was 57.1% in the bodies of volunteers.Received September 14, 2002; accepted March 11, 2003
Published online July 16, 2003 相似文献
993.
Shen MM Hu YH Zhu HY Liu TD Wei ST Dong L Chen Y 《Journal of colloid and interface science》2003,257(2):408-411
The dispersion of thoria on the surface of gamma-Al2O3 and the surface properties of ThO2/gamma-Al2O3 samples, as well as the influence of the loading amount of thoria on the reduction behavior of copper oxide species, have been studied using XRD, XPS, FTIR, and TPR. The results indicate that the dispersion capacity of thoria, like that of ceria, is much lower than for two other tetravalent metal oxides, zirconia and titania, and the surface adsorption amount of the carbonyl compound and H2O slightly increases with increasing thoria loading. The different thoria loadings can influence the reduction behavior of the dispersed copper oxide by comparing the TPR results of CuO/ThO2/gamma-Al2O3 samples. In addition, the lower dispersion capacities of thoria and ceria on gamma-Al2O3 are tentatively discussed by considering the structural stability of the two oxides. 相似文献
994.
焙烧温度对合成低碳醇用Cu/Mn/Ni/ZrO2催化剂性能的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
研究了焙烧温度对合成低碳醇用Cu/Mn/Ni/ZrO2催化剂结构及催化性能的影响.随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂的催化活性和产物分布都发生较大的变化.催化剂在较低的温度下焙烧,低温下反应液相产物的分布符合S-F方程;反应温度升高时,液相产物中主要是甲醇和异丁醇;在高温下焙烧的催化剂,其催化活性较低,但即使在较低的反应温度下,异丁醇在液相高级醇(C2+OH)中也是主要的产物.结合其他的一些反应结果与XRD,BET,TPR及EXAFS等表征结果,认为焙烧温度使催化剂的结构发生了较大的变化,进而影响催化剂各组分之间的相互作用,从而使催化剂对合成低碳醇反应表现出不同的催化性能. 相似文献
995.
XIE Qing-Ji PANG Xiao-Yong NIE Li-Hua YAO Shou-Zhuo Department of Chemistry Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan China 《中国化学》1994,12(5):425-431
Piezoelectric transmission spectroelectrochemistry (PTSEC), i.e., the combination of electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) with electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique is reported by using a normal piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC) as an optically-transparent electrode (OTE). A theoretical relationship between the PQC response and the spectroelectrochemical response is derived and used to estimate the apparent molar absorptivity of the absorbing species deposited on the OTE on the PQC surface. The complex of copper with aspartic acid is used to test this new PQC-SEC technique. Results show that the combination of three such diverse techniques provides a very useful methodology for studying electrode processes and electrode surface characteristics in situ. 相似文献
996.
The UV and visible spectra of six model compounds were studied. These compounds can be considered as models of polyaniline in the reduced, cation radical, partially oxidized and oxidized forms. After treatment of a mixture of equal molar quantities of the reduced form (DPPD) and the oxidized form (QDIM) with acid, the following reaction was observed: DPPD(I)+QDIM(III)+2H+=2DPPD+(II) After similar treatment of the partially oxidized form (V) with acid, the radical cation salt formed. The UV and visible spectra of polyaniline in the reduced form, oxidized form and conductive form are similar to the spectra of DPPD, QDIM and DPPD+ or radical cation salt of V respectively. We propose that the polyaniline synthesized by chemical oxidation of aniline consists of oxidized and reduced repeat units. Upon protonation a redox reaction (or electron rearrangement) occurs and forms delocalized radical cations (polarons) in the polymer chain which are highly conductive. 相似文献
997.
The vanadium trapping effect of Mg and La containing additives in cracking catalyst contaminated with 2300 ppm Ni and 4700 ppm V has been analyzed by microactivity test (MAT) and imaging secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The results of SIMS imaging are consistent with cracking activity data and show that the La/spinel is a superior vanadium trap for the fluid catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons (FCC) operation. La/spinel serves as a dual function additive for both vanadium trap and SOx removal. The optimum amount of La/spinel added to the cracking catalyst is about 15% by weight. This results in an increased catalytic activity, an increase in gasoline yield, and a decrease in coke and gas factors. The MgAl2O4 phase of Mg/Al2O3 additive is found capable of trapping vanadium while its MgO of Mg/Al2O3 phase can migrate to zeolite particles (the active component of the FCC catalyst) that, in turn, causes a decline in the activity of that catalyst. 相似文献
998.
Effect of pressure on oxygen enrichment of liquid crystalline cellulose ether membranes at elevated temperature 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cholesteric liquid crystalline triheptyl cellulose (THC)/ethyl cellulose binary blend membranes were prepared and the effect of pressure on their oxygen enrichment at elevated temperature was investigated using a constant pressure-variable volume method. The oxygen enrichment increased with the increase of transmembrane pressure difference or with slight increase of the THC content in the blend membranes. The oxygen concentration through the membranes increased linearly with decreasing pressure ratio. Air was directly separated through a 17 m-thick THC/EC(1.5/98.5) membrane to prepare an oxygen-enriched air containing 39.5% oxygen at the flux of 6.99×10–4 cm3 (STP)/s.cm2 at the pressure difference of 0.43 MPa and 85 °C. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Vogt BD Soles CL Lee HJ Lin EK Wu WL 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2004,20(4):1453-1458
Specular X-ray reflectivity (XR) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements were used to determine the absorption of water into thin poly(4-ammonium styrenesulfonic acid) films from saturated vapor at 25 degrees C. The effect of film thickness on the absorption kinetics and overall absorption was investigated in the range of thickness from (3 to 200) nm. The equilibrium swelling of all the films irrespective of film thickness was (0.57+/-0.03) volume fraction. Although the equilibrium absorption is independent ofthickness, the absorption rate substantially decreases for film thickness < 100 nm. For the thinnest film (3 nm), there is a 5 orders of magnitude decrease in the diffusion coefficient for water. 相似文献