全文获取类型
收费全文 | 118篇 |
免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 43篇 |
晶体学 | 1篇 |
力学 | 3篇 |
数学 | 41篇 |
物理学 | 33篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 2篇 |
2020年 | 3篇 |
2019年 | 2篇 |
2018年 | 2篇 |
2017年 | 1篇 |
2016年 | 2篇 |
2015年 | 8篇 |
2014年 | 3篇 |
2013年 | 11篇 |
2012年 | 3篇 |
2011年 | 7篇 |
2010年 | 2篇 |
2009年 | 4篇 |
2008年 | 3篇 |
2007年 | 6篇 |
2006年 | 3篇 |
2005年 | 4篇 |
2004年 | 1篇 |
2003年 | 5篇 |
2002年 | 2篇 |
2001年 | 2篇 |
2000年 | 1篇 |
1999年 | 4篇 |
1998年 | 4篇 |
1997年 | 1篇 |
1996年 | 2篇 |
1995年 | 1篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 4篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
1966年 | 2篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有121条查询结果,搜索用时 625 毫秒
51.
Oja T Palmu K Lehmussola H Leppäranta O Hännikäinen K Niemi J Mäntsälä P Metsä-Ketelä M 《Chemistry & biology》2008,15(10):1046-1057
Alnumycin is closely related to the benzoisochromanequinone (BIQ) polyketides such as actinorhodin. Exceptional structural features include differences in aglycone tailoring that result in the unique alnumycin chromophore and the existence of an unusual 4-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxan moiety. Cloning and sequencing of the alnumycin gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. CM020 revealed expected biosynthesis genes for polyketide assembly, but several genes encoding subsequent tailoring enzymes were highly atypical. Heterologous expression studies confirmed that all of the genes required for alnumycin biosynthesis resided within the sequenced clone. Inactivation of genes aln4 and aln5 showed that the mechanism of pyran ring formation differs from actinorhodin and granaticin pathways. Further inactivation studies identified two genes, alnA and alnB, involved in the synthesis and attachment of the dioxan moiety, and resulted in the production of the polyketide prealnumycin. 相似文献
52.
53.
A thermodynamic assessment of the ternary Cu‐Mg‐Si system was made in its copper‐rich region in relation with the development of a thermodynamic database for Cu‐Mg alloys. The adjustable parameters of the binary end‐systems (Cu‐Mg, Cu‐Si and Mg‐Si) were taken from the literature and those of the Cu‐Mg‐Si system were optimized using experimental thermodynamic and topological data. For the sake of simplicity, the solution phases were described with the substitutional solution model and the intermetallic compounds were treated as plain semi‐stoichiometric phases ((A,B)pCq‐type). The assessment developed is applicable for magnesium contents up to 20 wt% (i.e. magnesium mole fractions ≈0.4) and silicon contents up to 16 wt% (i.e. silicon mole fractions ≈0.3). (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
54.
Genetic algorithms are commonly used metaheuristics for global optimization, but there has been very little research done
on the generation of their initial population. In this paper, we look for an answer to the question whether the initial population
plays a role in the performance of genetic algorithms and if so, how it should be generated. We show with a simple example
that initial populations may have an effect on the best objective function value found for several generations. Traditionally,
initial populations are generated using pseudo random numbers, but there are many alternative ways. We study the properties
of different point generators using four main criteria: the uniform coverage and the genetic diversity of the points as well
as the speed and the usability of the generator. We use the point generators to generate initial populations for a genetic
algorithm and study what effects the uniform coverage and the genetic diversity have on the convergence and on the final objective
function values. For our tests, we have selected one pseudo and one quasi random sequence generator and two spatial point
processes: simple sequential inhibition process and nonaligned systematic sampling. In numerical experiments, we solve a set
of 52 continuous test functions from 16 different function families, and analyze and discuss the results. 相似文献
55.
We consider a telecommunication problem in which the objective is to schedule data transmission to be as fast and as cheap
as possible. The main characteristic and restriction in solving this multiobjective optimization problem is the very limited
computational capacity available. We describe a simple but efficient local search heuristic to solve this problem and provide
some encouraging numerical test results. They demonstrate that we can develop a computationally inexpensive heuristic without
sacrificing too much in the solution quality. 相似文献
56.
Pekka Keski‐Rahkonen Kaisa Huhtinen Reena Desai D. Tim Harwood David J. Handelsman Matti Poutanen Seppo Auriola 《Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS》2013,48(9):1050-1058
Accurate measurement of estradiol (E2) is important in clinical diagnostics and research. High sensitivity methods are critical for specimens with E2 concentrations at low picomolar levels, such as serum of men, postmenopausal women and children. Achieving the required assay performance with LC–MS is challenging due to the non‐polar structure and low proton affinity of E2. Previous studies suggest that ionization has a major role for the performance of E2 measurement, but comparisons of different ionization techniques for the analysis of clinical samples are not available. In this study, female serum and endometrium tissue samples were used to compare electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) in both polarities. APPI was found to have the most potential for E2 analysis, with a quantification limit of 1 fmol on‐column. APCI and ESI could be employed in negative polarity, although being slightly less sensitive than APPI. In the presence of biological background, ESI was found to be highly susceptible to ion suppression, while APCI and APPI were largely unaffected by the sample matrix. Irrespective of the ionization technique, background interferences were observed when using the multiple reaction monitoring transitions commonly employed for E2 (m/z 271 > 159; m/z 255 > 145). These unidentified interferences were most severe in serum samples, varied in intensity between ionization techniques and required efficient chromatographic separation in order to achieve specificity for E2. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
57.
Małgorzata Pamuła Prof. Maija Nissinen Dr. Kaisa Helttunen 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,26(33):7374-7383
The synthesis of tetramethoxyresorcinarene podands bearing p-toluene arms connected by -SO3- ( 1 ) and -CH2O- ( 2 ) linkers is presented herein. In the solid state, the resorcinarene podand 1 forms an intramolecular self-inclusion complex with the pendant p-toluene group of a podand arm, whereas the resorcinarene podand 2 does not show self-inclusion. The conformations of the flexible resorcinarene podands in solution were investigated by variable-temperature experiments using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques as well as by computational methods, including a conformational search and subsequent DFT optimisation of representative structures. The 1H NMR spectra of 1 and 2 at room temperature show a single set of proton signals that are in agreement with C4v symmetry. At low temperatures, the molecules exist as a mixture of boat conformations featuring slow exchange on the NMR timescale. Energy barriers (ΔG≠298) of 55.5 and 52.0 kJ mol−1 were calculated for the boat-to-boat exchange of 1 and 2 , respectively. The results of the ROESY experiments performed at 193 K and computational modelling suggest that in solution the resorcinarene podand 1 adopts a similar conformation to that present in its crystal structure, whereas podand 2 populates a more versatile range of conformations in solution. 相似文献
58.
Trade-off information related to Pareto optimal solutions is important in multiobjective optimization problems with conflicting
objectives. Recently, the concept of trade-off directions has been introduced for convex problems. These trade-offs are characterized
with the help of tangent cones. Generalized trade-off directions for nonconvex problems can be defined by replacing convex
tangent cones with nonconvex contingent cones. Here we study how the convex concepts and results can be generalized into a
nonconvex case. Giving up convexity naturally means that we need local instead of global analysis.
Received: December 2000 / Accepted: October 2001?Published online February 14, 2002 相似文献
59.
Roda A Roda B Cevenini L Michelini E Mezzanotte L Reschiglian P Hakkila K Virta M 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2011,401(1):201-211
Whole-cell bioluminescent (BL) bioreporter technology is a useful analytical tool for developing biosensors for environmental
toxicology and preclinical studies. However, when applied to real samples, several methodological problems prevent it from
being widely used. Here, we propose a methodological approach for improving its analytical performance with complex matrix.
We developed bioluminescent Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae bioreporters for copper ion detection. In the same cell, we introduced two firefly luciferases requiring the same luciferin
substrate emitting at different wavelengths. The expression of one was copper ion specific. The other, constitutively expressed,
was used as a cell viability internal control. Engineered BL cells were characterized using the noninvasive gravitational
field-flow fractionation (GrFFF) technique. Homogeneous cell population was isolated. Cells were then immobilized in a polymeric
matrix improving cell responsiveness. The bioassay was performed in 384-well black polystyrene microtiter plates directly
on the sample. After 2 h of incubation at 37 °C and the addition of the luciferin, we measured the emitted light. These dual-color
bioreporters showed more robustness and a wider dynamic range than bioassays based on the same strains with a single reporter
gene and that uses a separate cell strain as BL control. The internal correction allowed to accurately evaluate the copper
content even in simulated toxic samples, where reduced cell viability was observed. Homogenous cells isolated by GrFFF showed
improvement in method reproducibility, particularly for yeast cells. The applicability of these bioreporters to real samples
was demonstrated in tap water and wastewater treatment plant effluent samples spiked with copper and other metal ions. 相似文献
60.