中子弹的秘密

美国反华分子抛出的“考克斯报告”诬蔑中国“窃取了美国核弹Ｗ７０（中子弹）的设计机密,于是才在１９８８年试验了它的中子弹．我国务院新闻办公室严正指出：“这是毫无根据的恶意中伤,是对中国人民和中国科学家的极在诬蔑”,并指出：“中国作为掌握了原子弹、氢弹技术的国家,经过不太长的时间的努力就掌握了中子弹技术,是顺理成章、水到渠成的事”．其实,中子弹只不过是一种特殊的氢弹,并不神秘． １、中子弹原理 中子弹是在原子弹和氢弹小型化的基础上发展起来的．原子弹是利用２３５／９２Ｕ、２３９／９４Ｐｕ等重原子核在热中…     

水质在线监测仪用微型分光系统的设计与分析

基于交叉非对称式切尔尼-特纳系统设计了一种宽光谱高分辨率微型分光系统,采用Zemax光学设计软件进行了光路设计、优化及像质分析后,得到了尺寸为70mm×42mm×15mm、波长范围为200~750nm、分辨率为1.5nm的分光系统,并搭建了实验光路对设计结果进行了性能验证,结果表明该系统满足了设计指标要求,具有小型化、高分辨率、结构简单、成本低等特点,可应用于水质在线自动分析仪器中进行多种水质参数的监测。     

Anisotropic formation mechanism and nanomechanics for the self-assembly process of cross-β peptides

Nanostructures self-assembled by cross-β peptides with ordered structures and advantageous mechanical properties have many potential applications in biomaterials and nanotechnologies. Quantifying the intra-and inter-molecular driving forces for peptide self-assembly at the atomistic level is essential for understanding the formation mechanism and nanomechanics of various morphologies of self-assembled peptides. We investigate the thermodynamics of the intra-and inter-sheet structure formations in the self-assembly process of cross-β peptide KIIIIK by means of steered molecular dynamics simulation combined with umbrella sampling. It is found that the mechanical properties of the intra-and inter-sheet structures are highly anisotropic with their intermolecular bond stiffness at the temperature of 300 K being 5.58 N/m and0.32 N/m, respectively. This mechanical anisotropy comes from the fact that the intra-sheet structure is stabilized by enthalpy but the inter-sheet structure is stabilized by entropy. Moreover, the formation process of KIIIIK intra-sheet structure is cooperatively driven by the van der Waals(VDW) interaction between the hydrophobic side chains and the electrostatic interaction between the hydrophilic backbones, but that of the inter-sheet structure is primarily driven by the VDW interaction between the hydrophobic side chains. Although only peptide KIIIIK is studied, the qualitative conclusions on the formation mechanism should also apply to other cross-β peptides.     

异核双原子和三原子分子在红外强激光场中的电离抑制

Ionization is the fundamental process in interaction of atoms/molecules with femtosecond strong laser fields. Comparing to atoms, molecules exhibit peculiar behaviors in strong-field ionization because of their diverse geometric structures, molecular electronic orbitals as well as extra nuclear degrees of freedom. In this study, we investigate strong field single and double ionization of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) in linearly polarized 50-fs, 800-nm laser fields with peak intensity in the range of 2×10¹³ W/cm² to 2×10¹⁴ W/cm² using time-of-flight mass spectrometer. By comparing the ionization yields with that of the companion atom krypton (Kr), which has similar ionization potential to the molecules, we investigate the effect of molecular electronic orbitals on the strong-field ionization. The results show that comparing to Kr, no significant suppression is observed in single ionization of both molecules and in non-sequential double ionization (NSDI) of CO, while the NSDI probability of CO₂ is strongly suppressed. Based on our results and previous studies on homonuclear diatomic molecules (N₂ and O₂), the mechanism of different suppression effect is discussed. It is indicated that the different structure of the highest occupied molecular orbitals of CO and CO₂ leads to distinct behaviors in two-center interference by the electronic wave-packet and angular distributions of the ionized electrons, resulting in different suppression effect in strong-field ionization.     

高中物理教学中两种力的平均值的比较

在高中物理教学中,会遇到变力在两种不同情况下求平均值问题,笔者通过两例对这两种情况做了分 析     

UPLC / Q-TOF 鉴定染料木素在小鼠血浆中的代谢产物

建立一套稳定、灵敏度高、重现性好和耗时短的鉴定小鼠灌胃染料木素单体后体内代谢产物的分析方法,检测染料木素在小鼠血浆中代谢产物的形式与含量。12只健康雌性小鼠按200 mg·kg-1灌胃染料木素单体,血浆预处理处理后,使用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)/四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱仪(Q-TOF)检测,以体积分数2.5 mM乙酸铵缓冲液(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相梯度洗脱,电喷雾离子源负离子条件下进行MS1和MS2全扫描,鉴定小鼠给药染料木素单体后血浆中的代谢产物。染料木素在小鼠血液中的代谢产物的主要存在形式是染料木素-葡糖醛酸,约占54.82%;其次是染料木素-硫酸酯,约占26.67%;也有一小部分(16.61%)以染料木素苷元的形式存在。UPLC/Q-TOF可快速、有效地鉴定出小鼠血浆中染料木素的代谢产物,为今后进行染料木素与人类健康效应相关的研究提供参考。     

锂离子电池负极材料用Co3O4及其复合材料研究进展

锂离子电池的性能主要由正、负极材料决定,负极材料Co₃O₄具备理论容量高、振实密度大、化学性质稳定等特点倍受关注,但存在导电性不好、倍率性能较差等缺点. 解决该问题的手段：一方面可通过材料的纳米化与特殊形貌化如球状、纤维状、片状等,缩短锂离子嵌入和脱出行程;另一方面可通过材料的复合化,促进电子的快速传输和缓冲活性材料在充放电过程中的体积效应. 根据Co₃O₄颗粒的形貌特性对现有研究进行了分类与综述,阐述了改性手段的可能性机理,并对如何提高Co₃O₄的电化学性能提出了一些想法.     

Hierarchical processes in β-sheet peptide self-assembly from the microscopic to the mesoscopic level

Under appropriate physicochemical conditions, short peptide fragments and their synthetic mimics have been shown to form elongated cross-β nanostructures through self-assembly. The self-assembly process and the resultant peptide nanostructures are not only related to neurodegenerative diseases but also provide inspiration for the development of novel bionanomaterials. Both experimental and theoretical studies on peptide self-assembly have shown that the self-assembly process spans multiple time and length scales and is hierarchical. β-sheet self-assembly consists of three sub-processes from the microscopic to the mesoscopic level: β-sheet locking, lateral stacking, and morphological transformation. Detailed atomistic simulation studies have provided insight into the early stages of peptide nanostructure formation and the interplay between different non-covalent interactions at the microscopic level. This review gives a brief introduction of the hierarchical peptide self-assembly process and focuses on the roles of various non-covalent interactions in the sub-processes based on recent simulation, experimental, and theoretical studies.     

边界元奇异与近奇异数值积分方法及其应用于大规模声学问题

提出了综合处理Burton-Miller方法所导致的奇异积分与近奇异积分问题的数值求积方法,以此改进了基于常量元素的常规边界元和低频快速多极边界元方法。对于奇异积分问题,利用Hadamard有限积分方法进行解决;对于近奇异积分问题,则采用极坐标变换法和PART方法(Projection and Angular&;Radial Transformation)进行克服。与解析解和LMS Virtual.Lab商业软件的结果比较验证了方法的正确性,并对比分析了奇异积分与近奇异积分对计算精度的影响。采用低频快速多极子方法以加速常规边界元法的计算效率,计算分析了计算复杂度,并成功实现了34万自由度大规模问题的计算。结果表明,近奇异积分问题主要由超奇异核函数引起,对计算精度的影响不容忽略;快速多极边界元法的精度与常规边界元法一致,但计算复杂度要远低于后者。      

光笔式双目视觉测量系统标定技术研究

针对光笔式双目视觉测量系统的标定问题,讨论了关于相机内参、双相机外参以及测量笔的相关标定理论,开发了一整套基于LabVIEW的标定系统。运用张氏平面标定法实现了相机内参标定。结合基于标准长度的外部参数标定方法,实现了双相机外参数标定。运用粒子群算法和LM算法相结合,加快了目标函数高维寻优速度。在测量笔标定环节,提出了一种基于最小二乘法的现场校准方法。标定系统完成了后期开展相关测量前的所有准备工作,具有较高的精度和实用性。在测量系统标定结果基础上对直径25 mm标准陶瓷球进行测量,测量结果标准差达到0.019 mm。