Indirect measurements of streamwise solid fraction variations of granular flows accelerating down a smooth rectangular chute

In this study, we detail a method for estimating the flux-averaged solid fraction of a steady granular flows moving down an inclined rectangular chute using velocity measurements from along the perimeter cross section, combined with knowledge of the mass flow rate through the cross section. The chute is 5 cm wide and 150 cm long with an adjustable inclination angle. Four inclination angles, from 27° to 36° at 3° intervals, are tested. This angle range overlaps the internal friction angle of the glass beads, which are 4 mm nominal in diameter. Two slender mirrors are installed at the top and the bottom of the transparent chute to reflect images of the flow down the chute of the two surfaces. This allows photographic recording of the flow with a PIV imaging system and measurement of the flow depth. The mass flow rate can be calibrated simultaneously by collecting the accumulated mass at the chute exit. A linear interpolation scheme is proposed to interpolate the volume flow rate in each section of the chute. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the relative standard deviation of this scheme is about ±6%, i.e., the resultant solid volume fraction is only moderately dependent on the interpolation scheme for the tested cases. This is further confirmed by a direct intercepting method. Compared to the sophisticated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or the radioactive positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) methods, the present method is verified as a cost-effective and nonhazardous alternative for ordinary laboratories. Two distinct groups of streamwise dependence of the solid fractions are found. They are separated by the inclination angle of the chute and agreed with the internal friction angle. In the experiments using the two smaller inclination angles, the solid fraction ratios are found to be linear functions of the streamwise distance, while for the two larger inclination angles, the ratios have a nonlinear concave shape. All decrease with growing downstream distance.     

The Effect of the Buffering Capacity of the Supporting Electrolyte on the Electrochemical Oxidation of Dopamine and 4‐Methylcatechol in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solvents

Dopamine was electrochemically oxidized in aqueous solutions and in the organic solvents N,N‐dimethyl‐formamide and dimethylsulfoxide containing varying amounts of supporting electrolyte and water, to form dopamine ortho‐quinone. It was found that the electrochemical oxidation mechanism in water and in organic solvents was strongly influenced by the buffering properties of the supporting electrolyte. In aqueous solutions close to pH 7, where buffers were not used, the protons released during the oxidation process were able to sufficiently change the localized pH at the electrode surface to reduce the deprotonation rate of dopamine ortho‐quinone, thereby slowing the conversion into leucoaminochrome. In N,N‐dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide solutions, in the absence of buffers, dopamine was oxidized to dopamine ortho‐quinone that survived without further reaction for several minutes at 25 °C. The voltammetric data obtained in the organic solvents were made more complicated by the presence of HCl in commercial sources of dopamine, which also underwent an oxidation process.     

槲皮素修饰的双层脂膜的伏安研究

槲皮素修饰的从层脂膜作为研究抗病毒药物的一种模型体系,用循环伏安法测定了槲皮素在脂膜界面上的氧化还原性质和配位性质。在电位扫描过程中,微量铜离子能催化槲皮素的氧化,当双层脂膜的两侧存在着合适的氧化还原偶时,就会产生跨膜的电子传递。     

Simultaneous Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging of Unburnt and Reacting Areas in Combustion Fields Using a KrF Excimer Laser

Simultaneous two-dimensional imaging of an unburnt area and a reacting area was performed using laser-induced fluorescence. Acetone was added to fuel as a tracer, and OH radical was used as a marker of the reacting area. A narrow band tunable KrF excimer laser (248 nm) was employed to excite acetone and OH simultaneously. Two intensified CCD cameras with different wavelength filters were used to detect these two kinds of species respectively. Detecting 294-314 nm (A-X (3, 2), etc.) for OH and 335-410 nm for acetone, we obtained images of each species without interference of a signal from the other. The method was also successfully applied to flames in a pressurized combustion chamber under the pressure of 0.5 MPa.     

Oxidation activity of Au nanoparticles on aerogel supports

We have prepared titania aerogel and titania-coated silica aerogel incorporating thiol-capped Au nanoparticles. Both composite materials showed high CO oxidation activity after they were calcined at 673 K. Compositional and morphological changes driven by calcination were evaluated with thermogravimetry and X-ray diffractometry. From the results, it was suggested that the nanoparticles transformed from a faulted to a near-regular FCC structure presumably in concert with the formation of firm contacts between the nanoparticles and the gel substrates. While the diameters of the Au particles in the titania aerogel considerably increased upon calcination, those in the titania-coated silica aerogel were almost unchanged. As a consequence, the latter composite aerogel showed higher activity for oxidation of CO.     

基于辐射的温度测量方程的构造研究

基于辐射的温度测量方程，以采用选择不同的波长，不同的温度和不同的谱色（滤色片子以技术实现）等方法进行构造，依据这些方法获得的测量数据彼此之间线性无关，从而可以将被测物体发射率函数的具体形式和温度予以确定。     

EVIDENCE FOR INVOLVEMENT OF PHYTOCHROME REGULATION IN MALE STERILITY OF A MUTANT OF Oryza sativa L.

Abstract— A rice mutant ( Oryza sativa L. Nongken 58S) "Hubei photoperiod-sensitive genie male-sterile rice" ( ms mutant) has been found to be male sterile under long day cycles (LD) and fertile in short day cycles (SD). After formation of the secondary rachis-branch primodia the mutant plants under SD were interrupted in the middle of the long night phase (night break) for 10 days with 5 min pulses of red light (R) or far-red light (FR). Rates of normal pollen and seed setting of the mutant treated by R or R → FR → R declined significantly, while the rates after FR or R → FR treatments were similar to those under SD alone. The result of these induction reversion experiments is consistent with the operational criteria for the involvement of photochrome. Wild-type rice ( O. sativa L. Nongken 58) under the same treatment showed no change in fertility. Experiments on the effect of different dark intervals (20 s to 15 min) between R and FR on male sterility of the ms mutant showed that the longer the dark interval, the greater the escape of R induction from FR reversibility. Treatment with SD or LD after formation of pollen mother cells had no influence on fertility of the ms mutant plants treated previously with R or FR night breaks.     

Method for studying boundary value problems with nonlinear boundary conditions

A constructive approach to the determination of an approximate solution of a boundary value problem with nonlinear boundary conditions g[z (0), z (T)]=0 is proposed. Existence of the exact solution is proved, and error estimates for the constructed approximate solution are provided.Translated from Ukrainskii Matematicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 951–957, July, 1990.