Thermal behaviour and firing characteristics of Zr/KClO4 primer mixture containing CuO

The effect of CuO on the thermal behaviour of Zr/KClO₄ primer mixtures was studied by thermoanalytical techniques, and the Bruceton method and its related calculation. It was found that the CuO catalytically promoted the decomposition of Zr/KClO₄ primer mixtures and shifted the exothermic peak of DSC curves to lower temperatures. In addition, the Zr/KClO₄ primer mixture containing CuO had a significant effect on the firing characteristics of electro-explosive devices.     

A new caffeoyl quinic acid from aster scaber and its inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) integrase

The phytochemical study of the aerial parts of Aster scaber Thunb. (Asteraceae) yielded a new caffeoyl quinic acid, (-) 3,5-dicaffeoyl-muco-quinic acid (2) and three known compounds, (-) 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid (1), (-) 4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid (3), (-) 5-caffeoyl quinic acid (4). The structures were established by high resolution spectroscopic methods. The antiviral effects against HIV-1 integrase of the compounds was evaluated. (-) 3,5-Dicaffeoyl-muco-quinic acid (2) exhibited potent antiviral activity with an IC50 value of 7.0 +/- 1.3 microg/ml.     

Effect of Electrical Pulse Forms on the CO2 Reforming of Methane Using Atmospheric Dielectric Barrier Discharge

Methane conversion using an electric discharge has been studied for many years. Recently, many research groups have developed high-frequency pulsed plasma reaction for methane conversion to higher hydrocarbons and synthesis gas. CO₂ reforming of methane to synthesis gas has also attracted considerable interest as a method of utilization of the greenhouse gases, CO₂ and CH₄, which occupy most of man-made greenhouse gases. In this study, the influence of pulse form of applied voltage on methane and carbon dioxide conversions and product selectivity has been investigated using a cylindrical type DBD reactor. For this purpose, two kinds of power supply were compared, that is, AC power supply which has a high-frequency sinusoidal wave form, and AC pulse power supply which has modified AC pulse wave form. The conversions of methane and carbon dioxide were enhanced using pulsed plasma. The lower pulse width was more profitable economically.     

Tunable magnetic arrangement of iron oxide nanoparticles in situ synthesized on the solid substrate from diblock copolymer micelles

Hexagonal arrangement of iron oxide nanoparticles was fabricated by utilizing a single-layered film of diblock copolymer micelles. The synthesis was directly performed on the solid substrate by oxygen plasma with preserving the dimensional order of micelles so that separate procedures for synthesis and deposition of nanoparticles were not necessary. Since the oxygen plasma treatment also eliminated polymers, pure patterns of iron oxide nanoparticles were obtained. Moreover, easy control over the size of nanoparticles enabled us to selectively create a ferrimagnetic or a superparamagnetic pattern of iron oxide nanoparticles without altering the fabrication process.     

Efficient synthesis of an imidazole-substituted delta-amino acid by the integration of chiral technologies

Two methods to produce (2S)-5-amino-2-(1-n-propyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-pentanoic acid were investigated. Diastereoisomeric salt resolution, using the quinidine salt, gave the desired intermediate in 98% ee and 33% yield. Asymmetric hydrogenation of various substrates gave high conversions, with up to 83% ee. Integration of these two approaches via asymmetric hydrogenation of a quinidine salt substrate followed by crystallization provided the desired intermediate in 94% ee and 76% yield.     

Reduction of allergenicity of irradiated ovalbumin in ovalbumin-allergic mice

Egg allergy is one of the most serious of the immediate hypersensitivity reactions to foods. Such an allergic disorder is mediated by IgE antibodies stimulated by T-helper type 2 (Th2) lymphocytes. This study was undertaken to evaluate changes of allergenicity and cytokine profiles by exposure of irradiated ovalbumin (OVA), a major allergen of egg white, in the OVA-allergic mice model. OVA solutions (2 mg/ml in 0.01 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were gamma-irradiated to 50 and 100 kGy. The allergenicity in the OVA-allergy-induced mice model was remarkably reduced when challenged with irradiated OVA. Cultures of spleen cells harvested from OVA-sensitized mice showed a significant decrease in Th2 cytokine levels of ILs-4 and -5 with a concomitant increase in Th1 cytokine levels of IL-12 when co-cultured with irradiated OVA. However, IFN-γ level decreased dependant on the radiation dose of co-cultured OVA. The levels of IgEs and Th2-cytokine were reduced dependant on the radiation dose. These data show that the irradiated OVA could downregulate the activity of Th2 lymphocytes in OVA-sensitized mice.     

Anion-directed self-assembly of coordination polymer into tunable secondary structure

A bent-shaped bipyridine ligand containing a dendritic aliphatic side chain has been synthesized as a ligand and complexed with silver ion through a self-assembling process. The resulting complexes were observed to self-assemble into supramolecular structures that differ significantly as a function of the counteranion size in the solid state, as confirmed by 1-D and 2-D X-ray diffraction experiments. The secondary structure of a cationic coordination chain appears to be dependent on the size of the counteranion. As the size of anion increases, the secondary structure of the coordination chain changes, from a helical chain, via a dimeric cycle, to a zigzag chain in the solid state. Interestingly, dilute solutions of the complexes exhibiting a columnar structure in polar solvents undergo spontaneous gelation and the resulting gels display a significant Cotton effect in the chromophore of the aromatic unit. These results represent a significant example that small variation in the anion size can provide a useful strategy to manipulate the secondary structure of linear chain and thereby solid-state supramolecular structure.     

Ultraviolet photolysis of CH2I2 in methanol: O-H insertion and HI elimination reactions to form a dimethoxymethane product

Ultraviolet photolysis of low concentrations of CH2I2 in methanol solution found that CH2I2 is converted into dimethoxymethane and some H+ and I- products. Picosecond time-resolved resonance Raman (ps-TR3) experiments observed that the isodiiodomethane (CH2I-I) photoproduct decayed faster as the concentration of methanol increases, suggesting that isodiiodomethane is reacting with methanol. Ab initio calculations indicate isodiiodomethane is able to react with methanol via an O-H insertion/HI elimination to form an iodoether (ICH2-O-CH3) and HI products. The iodoether can then further react via another O-H insertion/HI elimination reaction to form the dimethoxymethane (CH3-O-CH2-O-CH3) observed in the photochemistry experiments. A reaction mechanism consistent with these experimental and theoretical observations is proposed.     

Comparison of the dehalogenation of dihalomethanes (CH2XI, where X = Cl, Br, I) following ultraviolet photolysis in aqueous and NaCl saltwater environments

The ultraviolet photolysis of low concentrations of CH(2)XI (X = Cl, Br, I) were investigated in water and saltwater solutions by photochemistry and picosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy. Photolysis in both kinds of solutions formed mostly CH(2)(OH)(2) and HI and HX products. However, photolysis of the CH(2)XI molecules in saltwater resulted in production of some CH(2)XCl products not observed in aqueous solutions without salt present. The appearance of these new products in saltwater solutions is accompanied by a decrease in the amount of CH(2)(OH)(2), HI, and HX products compared to photolysis in aqueous solutions without salt present. The possible implications for photolysis of CH(2)XI and other polyhalomethanes in seawater and other salt aqueous environments compared to nonsaltwater solvated environments is briefly discussed.     

Thermionic emission from giant fullerenes

The kinetics of cluster formation in supersonic jets is examined by numerical integration of the master equation system. Some general characteristics of cluster kinetics could be formulated. Excellent agreement between experimental curves of p-cresol (H₂O)_{0, 1, 2, 3} formation as function of H₂O pressure and the corresponding calculated curves were obtained assuming successive cluster formation. From the kinetic curves, an unambiguous assignment of cluster size was possible which agreed with mass-resolved REMPI measurements. The fit of the rate coefficients shows the formation of p-cresol (H₂O)₁ to be faster than p-cresol (H₂O)₂ and p-cresol (H₂O)₃.