Effect of pretreatment on microstructure and photocatalytic activity of kaolinite/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> composite

Kaolinite/TiO₂ composites were prepared by using sol-gel method and raw kaolin, pretreated kaolinite and tetrabutyl titanate as the main raw materials. X-ray diffractometer, field-emission scanning electron microscope and infrared spectrometer analysis were carried out to characterize the phase composition and microstructure of the samples. The photocatalytic performance of the kaolinite/TiO₂ composites were evaluated by degrading the methylene blue (MB) and phenol aqueous solution, respectively. The results show that intercalation and exfoliation reduced the size and thickness of kaolinite particles. Acid treatment improved the distribution and the loading quantity of TiO₂ grains. When the kaolinite/TiO₂ composites were calcined at 500?°C, the tetragonal structure of anatase particles of 30–100?nm in size were obtained, but the exfoliated kaolinite crystals were damaged. The degradation rate of MB increased gradually with the extension of photocatalytic reaction time and the enhancement of photocatalyst dosage. The adsorption performance of acid-treated kaolinite/TiO₂ composite (AKT) was nearly the same as that of raw kaolin/TiO₂ composite (RKT), but that of the exfoliated kaolinite/TiO₂ composite (EKT) was the most excellent. The photocatalytic performance of AKT and EKT were better than that of RKT, and AKT exhibited the optimum property. Under a certain photocatalyst dosage and photocatalysis time, the absorption rate and the degradation rate decreased gradually with the enhancement of initial concentration of MB. Similar result was also acquired for the degradation of phenol. Both the acid treating and the exfoliating to kaolinite enhanced the photocatalytic performance of the kaolinite/TiO₂ composite photocatalysts, but acid treatment may be more helpful to the preparation of high performance kaolinite/TiO₂ composite photocatalyst.

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A mild and efficient THP protection of indazoles and benzyl alcohols in water

A mild and efficient method for THP protection of indazoles and benzyl alcohols has been developed in water, the most environmentally friendly solvent, in which Tween 20 (2% w/w) was added to form aqueous micelles to increase the solubility of starting materials. This aqueous protocol allowed the reaction to proceed smoothly at room temperature and with only 1.2 equiv of DHP, providing moderate to good yields of THP protected products for a wide scope of substrates. In addition, the methodology was highly practical in the large-scale synthesis (1?g synthesis of 2c as an example), wherein the convenient work-up and purification procedure (simple filtration) made the protocol even more attractive.     

Acid-promoted furan annulation and aromatization: An access to benzo[b]furan derivatives

An unprecedented PTSA-promoted furan annulation and aromatization in one pot has been developed. This process offers a simple and efficient synthetic route for the construction of various highly substituted benzo[b]furan derivatives, which are widely used not only in drug active molecules but also organic semiconductor and organic light-emitting devices. The preliminary mechanism study indicated this transformation proceeded sequentially via furan annulation and aromatization.     

Carbon Atom Hybridization Matters: Ultrafast Humidity Response of Graphdiyne Oxides

Graphdiyne oxide (GDO), the oxidized form of graphdiyne (GDY), exhibits an ultrafast humidity response with an unprecedented response speed (ca. 7 ms), which is three times faster than that of graphene oxide (GO) with the same thickness and O/C ratio. The ultrafast humidity response of GDO is considered to benefit from the unique carbon hybridization of GDO, which contains acetylenic bonds that are more electron‐withdrawing than ethylenic bonds in GO, consequently giving rise to a faster binding rate with water. This distinctive structure‐based property enables the fabrication of a novel GDO‐based humidity sensor with an ultrafast response speed and good selectivity against other kinds of gas molecules as well as high sensitivity. These properties allow the sensor to accurately monitor the respiration rate change of human and hypoxic rats.     

Effect of carriers and additives on the activity and stability of copper-based catalysts for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol

A continuous process for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone on copper-based catalysts was described. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, XPS and TPR, and Cu⁰ was found to be the active site for the copper-based catalysts studied. The two carrier catalysts were proved to be more active than the single carrier ones, and the Cr additive, which mainly existed as the CuCr₂O₄ phase on the catalyst’s surface, was found to have a significant effect on the activity and stability of the Cu-Cr-Mg-Al catalyst.     

纤维素超临界水预处理与水解研究

利用超临界水解工艺进行生物质废弃物(秸秆)能源转化, 使其主要成分纤维素在超临界水中快速水解为低聚糖, 为其进一步葡萄糖转化和乙醇发酵解决技术瓶颈. 其中纤维素在超临界水中的溶解是预处理与水解过程的限速步骤. 研究表明, 反应温度达到380 ℃及以上时, 纤维素可迅速溶解并进行水解, 液化比例可达100%; 在374～386 ℃范围内反应温度对纤维素的转化率有明显作用, 低聚糖和六碳糖的总产率在临界点附近出现最大值. 超临界条件下, 低聚糖和六碳糖转化率在较短反应时间内出现峰值, 而后随反应时间的延长快速下降, 固液比对于纤维素的低聚糖和六碳糖转化也有显著影响. 最优水解条件研究显示, 在380 ℃, 40 mg纤维素/2.5 mL水条件下反应16 s可获得最大的低聚糖产率, 为29.3%, 在380 ℃, 80 mg纤维素/2.5 mL水条件下反应18 s可获得最大的六碳糖产率, 为39.2%.     

基于LSTM的浮选钼精矿品位软测量模型

战略性稀有金属钼矿品位低,组分复杂、嵌布粒度细等特点,其有价金属分离回收难。浮选作为微细粒钼矿分离回收的主要选矿方法之一,其浮选钼精矿品位一直是选厂的关键性产品指标。国内大多数选厂采取轮班制采样,人工化验得到精矿品位结果,但此方式严重滞后于浮选工艺,难以满足对生产过程进行实时监测和操作指导。LSTM是一种特殊的循环神经网络,引入门机制有效的传递或选择性遗忘长时间序列中的信息,解决RNN中的长期依赖、梯度消失和爆炸问题。本文分析整理东坡选厂中各平台源数据,结合选厂浮选工艺及机理,筛选出多个影响浮选钼精矿品位的变量作为模型输入;将输入变量进行异常值判定,缺失值填充和数据降噪等数据预处理,建立高质量浮选钼精矿品位数据库;软测量模型采用PyCharm软件编码,使用BatchNorm批量规范化处理样本数据,加入Dropout正则化防止过拟合,建立基于LSTM的浮选钼精矿品位软测量模型,通过前向传播算法更新神经网络结构参数,并于Linear模型和CNN模型的预测性能指标结果比较。结果表明：基于LSTM的浮选钼精矿品位软测量模型预测准确度高,样本数据误差波动平稳,浮动范围小,模型泛化能力强,模型平均绝对百分比误差MAPE为1.13%,均方根误差RMSE为0.7049%,决定系数R2为0.8763,实现了浮选钼精矿品位的在线预测。     

高分散Cu-Al_2O_3催化剂选择氢解生物质基糠醇制备1,2-和1,5-戊二醇(英文)

生物质是唯一可再生的有机碳资源,开发清洁高效稳定的催化剂体系,将富氧的生物质及其平台化合物高选择性的C–O键氢解转化为可供石化行业利用的高附加值产品成为当前的研究热点.糠醛可由农林副产物如玉米芯,甘蔗渣和秸秆等中富含的半纤维素经酸水解而得.采用便宜的糠醛及其衍生物糠醇和四氢糠醇为原料,通过温和条件下一步选择氢解合成高附加值的1,2-和/或1,5-戊二醇的研究受到了越来越多的关注,但目前的研究主要集中在Ru,Rh,Pt和Ir等贵金属催化剂,对无铬非贵金属催化剂的研究甚少;此外,目前文献报道催化剂的活性和选择性还有待提高.开发清洁高效的非贵金属催化剂在温和条件下选择氢解糠醇或糠醛是目前面临的一项难题.我们的最新研究发现采用以水滑石为前驱体制备的弱碱性Cu-Mg_3AlO_(4.5)双功能催化剂在糠醇选择氢解反应中表现出优异的催化性能,在413 K和6 MPa的温和条件下可取得约80%的戊二醇总收率.虽然碱性载体有利于稳定糠醇氢解中间体并抑制羟基脱水从而提高戊二醇选择性,但也有文献报道酸性载体或助剂同样对呋喃衍生物的选择氢解制二元醇有促进作用.为了研究固体酸负载的双功能催化剂在糠醇氢解中的催化性能,我们采用共沉淀法制备了酸性Al_2O_3载体分散的不同Cu含量(2–30 wt%)的纳米双功能催化剂,并对比考察了其他不同载体(SiO_2,TiO_2,ZrO_2,MgO和ZnO)负载的催化剂,Al_2O_3负载的Ni,Co和Pt催化剂及商业Cu-Cr催化剂的糠醇氢解性能.研究发现,在金属负载量相同时,Cu-Al_2O_3催化剂表现出最优异的糠醇氢解性能,而Cu-Al_2O_3催化剂的转化率随Cu铜含量的升高先增高后降低,在20 wt%时达最高,而戊二醇的总选择性在10 wt%时达最高.为了揭示Cu-Al_2O_3催化剂在糠醇氢解反应中的构效关系,采用X射线衍射(XRD),透射电镜(TEM),N_2物理吸附,N_2O化学吸附和NH_3/CO_2程序升温脱附(NH_3/CO_2-TPD)等多种物理化学手段对催化剂的结构和表面性质进行了表征.XRD,TEM和N_2O化学吸附的表征结果说明,共沉淀法制备的Cu-Al_2O_3催化剂中Cu颗粒高分散于Al_2O_3载体上,且两者结合紧密.NH_3/CO_2-TPD表征发现,Cu-Al_2O_3催化剂中酸性位占主导地位,随铜含量的升高表面酸量递减.由于不同Cu含量的Cu-Al_2O_3催化剂中Cu颗粒尺寸,酸碱量和Cu与载体之间相互作用等因素的差异,在催化糠醇选择氢解中表现出不同的催化性能.通过关联催化剂中Cu颗粒尺寸与戊二醇生成TOF发现,该反应为结构敏感性反应,催化剂的TOF受Cu颗粒尺寸控制,Cu颗粒尺寸在1.9–2.4 nm范围内时取得最高的催化活性.催化剂的表面酸碱性也是影响Cu-Al_2O_3催化性能的另一重要原因,适当增加Cu-Al_2O_3催化剂的表面酸性可以提高糠醇氢解活性和戊二醇选择性,但是采用强酸性载体时,反应副产物急剧增加而降低戊二醇选择性,增加催化剂的碱性同样对催化活性和选择性不利.通过比较不同制备方法合成的Cu-Al_2O_3催化剂的糠醇氢解性能发现,催化剂中高分散的Cu与酸性Al_2O_3载体之间的高效紧密接触是取得高戊二醇收率的关键,同时催化剂中Cu不同的电子状态,可能也会影响催化性能.在考察催化剂的循环使用过程中发现,催化剂的结构稳定,使用多次后催化剂织构结构未发生明显变化,性能未发生明显下降.此外,我们还考察了反应温度,氢气分压,催化剂量和反应时间等动力学条件对Cu-Al_2O_3催化剂性能的影响,发现催化剂活性和产物的选择性均受反应条件明显影响,在优化条件(413 K,8.0 MPa H2)下,采用共沉淀法制备的10Cu-Al_2O_3催化剂可以取得约70%戊二醇的选择性和60%的总收率.结合对实验结果的分析及相关文献报道,我们还推测了Cu-Al_2O_3双功能催化剂上糠醇氢解的反应路径.