A SIMPLE MODEL TO ESTIMATE THE IMPACT FORCE INDUCED BY PISTON SLAP

The dynamics of piston's secondary motion (lateral and rotational motion) across the clearance between piston and cylinder inner wall of reciprocating machines are analyzed. This paper presents an analytical model, which can predict the impact forces and vibratory response of engine block surface induced by the piston slap of an internal combustion engine. A piston is modelled on a three-degree-of-freedom system to represent its planar motion. When slap occurs, the impact point between piston skirt and cylinder inner wall is modelled on a two-degree-of-freedom vibratory system. The equivalent parameters such as mass, spring constant, and damping constant of piston and cylinder inner wall are estimated by using measured (driving) point mobility. Those parameters are used to calculate the impact force and for estimating the vibration level of engine block surfaces. The predicted results are compared with experimental results to verify the model.     

全光纤调Q掺铒光纤激光器的脉冲研究

报道一种全光纤调Q掺铒光纤激光器,在其结构中采用带有光纤光栅的光纤环形镜作为调Q装置此调Q方案同时具有对腔内损耗进行调制和对激光输出波长选择的功能理论上分析了不同臂长差时的脉冲出现情况,与实验基本相符并对激光单脉冲产生及稳定性进行了分析讨论.     

An armature structure for 3D shapes

We present a novel armature structure for 3D articulated shapes, called SBall short for skeletal balls, which includes two parts： a one-dimensional skeleton and incident balls. Our algorithm mainly focuses on constructing the armature structure. This structure is based on an approximation skeleton which is homotopy equivalent to the shape. Each ball in the structure connects a skeletal joint and an interior region of the shape. The boundary vertices on the shape surface are attached onto the SBall using the power diagram of the ball set. A bilateral O~tering algorithm and a variational segmentation algorithm are proposed to enhance the quality of SBall. Finally, applications of this structure are discussed.     

Analysis of Center Wavelength Shift of VCSEL Light in AWG for WDM PON Applications

Center wavelength shift of vertical cavity surface emitting laser light in arrayed waveguide gratings is verified with mathematical and experimental analysis.It is induced by the linearly increasing trend of optical power of vertical cavity surface emitting laser by bias current increase.It is retrieved effectively to the original center wavelength by simple correction method of compensation.This was done for application of vertical cavity surface emitting laser as a light source in optical line terminal of wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network.     

Theory of the nucleation of protein macromolecular ions

Protein molecules are amphoteric and exist in aqueous solution as macromolecular ions that carry a charge which depends upon temperature and pH. Despite the repulsive Coulomb forces acting between them, protein macromolecular ions can form crystals in pH buffered solutions of strong electrolytes. It is proposed that the first step in the mechanism of crystallization is the formation of crystal nuclei made from partially discharged macromolecular ions that have exchanged H⁺ with the buffer. We suggest that the strength of the bare Coulomb repulsive force is weakened by the Debye-Hückel plasma screening provided by the inert electrolyte. This screening causes the rate of nucleus formation to increase with increasing ionic strength. Extending classic nucleation theory to account for these various charge effects, the results are applied to the case of lysozyme and a calculation is made of the dependence of the steady state nucleation rate upon temperature, pH, ionic strength, and protein supersaturation. It is found that the nucleation rate increases with increasing temperature and increasing ionic strength. Under condition of fixed temperature, supersaturation, and inionic strength, the nucleation rate has local maxima at low pH, where individual lysozyme macro ions are highly charged, and at pH ? 11, where they have zero average net charge. At both pH values, the nucleus that determines the rate has minimum size. In contrast to standard nucleation theory, which ignores charge, it is found that the size of the nucleus that controls the rate is different from the size of the nucleus that has the lowest concentration. All other conditions being the same, it is predicted that lysozyme crystals should nucleate most rapidly near pH = 2 and near pH = 11.     

Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9的尿素燃烧法合成与性能

采用以尿素为燃料的燃烧合成法制备Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9(SDC)氧离子导体材料, 对燃烧合成粉体的物相和显微形态进行了表征, 并研究了燃烧法合成SDC的烧结性能以及烧结体的导电性能. 研究结果表明, 采用尿素燃烧法合成SDC具有简便高效和合成粉体烧结活性高的优点. 经过燃烧过程后即可得到立方萤石结构的纯相SDC粉体, 合成粉体的分散性良好, 为50~150 nm的球形颗粒, 具有高的烧结活性, 在1250 ℃的烧结温度下, 陶瓷样品的相对密度可达到95.1%. 在600和800 ℃的测试温度下, 烧结温度为1250 ℃的陶瓷样品的电导率分别达到5.4×10-2和1.0×10-1 Ω-1·cm-1.     

A STUDY ON THE VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A LARGE SIZE KOREAN BELL

Structural elements which determine the vibration and sound properties of the Korean bell are reviewed. Vibration response characteristics under an impact excitation are investigated by the analysis and experiment. Numerical and experimental methods to predict and tune the vibration and sound properties of a large Korean bell (named the New Bosingak Bell) are introduced. Beat phenomenon, which is a very important sound property of the Korean bell, is analytically examined, and an experimental technique to enhance the beat property is proposed.     

MODELLING OF VIBRATING SYSTEMS USING TIME-DOMAIN FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

In this paper, several dynamic systems are modelled using the time-domain finite element method. Galerkin's weak principle is used to model the general second order mechanical system, and is applied to the dynamics of the simple pendulum. Problems that arise during the approximation of the final momentum are also investigated. Furthermore, additional dynamic analysis methods are suggested for hybrid co-ordinate systems that have both slew and flexible modes. The proposed methods are based on both extended Hamilton's principle and Galerkin's weak principle. The matrix wave equation is propagated in a space domain, satisfying the geometric/natural boundary conditions. As a result, the flexible motion can be obtained, and this was compatible with the applied control input. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed modelling methods for the hybrid co-ordinate systems.     

A SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR CHLOROPLAST ATP SYNTHETASE ASSAY

Ultraviolet-B (UV-B,280–320 nm) irradiance was calculated for more than 1200 sites in Asia to characterize the spatial and temporal variation in the present UV-B climate for rice-growing regions. The analytical model of Green et al. (Photochem. Photobiol. 31 ,59–65, 1980) was used to compute UV-B irradiance for clear skies using satellite-observed ozone column thickness and local elevation data. Ground-based observations of cloud cover were then used to approximate the average effect of cloud cover on UV-B irradiance using the approach of Johnson et al. (Photochem. Photobiol. 23 ,179–188, 1976). Over the geographic range of rice cultivation, the maximum daily effective UV-B irradiance (UV-B_BE), when weighted according to a general plant action spectrum, was found to vary approx. 2.5-fold under both clear and cloudy sky conditions. Under clear skies, the timing of maximum solar UV-B_BE changed with latitude and varied from February-March near the equator to July-August at temperate locations. Cloud cover was found to alter the season of maximum UV-B_BE in many tropical regions, due to the pronounced monsoonal climate, but had little effect on UV-B seasonality at higher latitudes. Under a climate resulting from a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide, estimated UV-B using predicted cloud cover was found to change by up to 17% from present conditions in Thailand. Both latitudinal and seasonal variation in solar UV-B radiation may be important aspects of the UV-B climate for rice as cultivars differ in sensitivity to UV-B and are grown under diverse conditions and locations.