Structural investigation of high-valent manganese-salen complexes by UV/Vis,Raman, XANES,and EXAFS spectroscopy

XANES and EXAFS spectroscopic studies at the Mn-K- and Br-K-edge of reaction products of (S,S)-(+)-N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediaminomanganese(III) chloride ([(salen)Mn(III)Cl], 1) and (S,S)-(+)-N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediaminomanganese(III) bromide ([(salen)Mn(III)Br], 2) with 4-phenylpyridine N-oxide (4-PPNO) and 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) are reported. The reaction of the Mn(III) complexes with two equivalents of 4-PPNO leads to a hexacoordinated compound, in which the manganese atom is octahedrally coordinated by four oxygen/nitrogen atoms of the salen ligand at an average distance of approximately 1.90 A and two additional, axially bonded oxygen atoms of the 4-PPNO at 2.25 A. The oxidation state of this complex was determined as approximately +IV by a comparative study of Mn(III) and Mn(V) reference compounds. The green intermediate obtained in reactions of MCPBA and solutions of 1 or 2 in acetonitrile was investigated with XANES, EXAFS, UV/Vis, and Raman spectroscopy, and an increase of the coordination number of the manganese atoms from 4 to 5 and the complete abstraction of the halide was observed. A formal oxidation state of IV was deduced from the relative position of the pre-edge 1s-->3d feature of the X-ray absorption spectrum of the complex. The broad UV/Vis band of this complex in acetonitrile with lambda(max)=648 nm was consistent with a radical cation structure, in which a MCPBA molecule was bound to the Mn(IV) central atom. An oxomanganese(V) or a dimeric manganese(IV) species was not detected.     

Comparison of mono- and polyatomic primary ions for the characterization of organic dye overlayers with static secondary ion mass spectrometry

Organic carbocyanine dye coatings have been analyzed by time-of-flight static secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-S-SIMS) using three types of primary ions: Ga(+) operating at 25 keV, and Xe(+) and SF(5) (+) both operating at 9 keV. Secondary ion yields obtained with these three primary ions have been compared for coatings with different layer thickness, varying from (sub)-monolayer to multilayers, on different substrates (Si, Ag and AgBr cubic microcrystals). For (sub)-monolayers deposited on Ag, Xe(+) and SF(5) (+) primary ions generate similar precursor ion intensities, but with Ga(+) slightly lower precursor ion intensities were obtained. Thick coatings on Ag as well as mono- and multilayers on Si produce the highest precursor and fragment ion intensities with the polyatomic primary ion. The yield difference between SF(5) (+) and Xe(+) can reach a factor of 6. In comparison with Ga(+), yield enhancements by up to a factor of 180 are observed with SF(5) (+). For the mass spectrometric analysis of dye layers on AgBr microcrystals, SF(5) (+) again proves to be the primary ion of choice.     

Photochemistry of 1,3-cyclopentanediones. Oxetane formation involving both energy transfer and electron transfer processes

Photolysis of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-cyclopentanedione in acetone resulted in oxetane formation in a two photon process involving energy transfer from triplet excited acetone and electron transfer from singlet excited acetone.     

Quantitative Felddesorptions-Massenspektrometrie. II

Zusammenfassung Die Molekülionen von Gemischen polycyclischer Kohlenwasserstoffe wurden auf der Photoplatte eines hochauflösenden Felddesorptions-Massenspektrometers registriert. Die erhaltenen Schwärzungsintensitäten wurden mit der relativen Konzentration der eingesetzten Mischungskomponenten verglichen. Proben im Mikrogrammbereich ergaben Abweichungen von etwa ± 5%.Wir danken Herrn Dr. H. Güsten, Karlsruhe, für die uns zur Verfügung gestellten polycyclischen Kohlenwasserstoffe und Herrn Dr. W. D. Lehmann für wertvolle Diskussionen. Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, dem Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen sowie dem Fonds der chemischen Industrie danken wir für die finanzielle Unterstützung.     

Quantitative reaction cascades of ninhydrin in the solid state

Crystalline ninhydrin (1) undergoes waste-free solid-state cascade reactions with dimedone, L-proline, three o-phenylenediamines, o-mercaptoaniline, two ureas, three thioureas, and methyl 3-aminocrotonate. The yields are quantitative and give pure crystalline products without workup just by milling stoichiometric mixtures of the crystalline reagents. The structures of the new and the previously obtained products with lower yields from solutions are established or confirmed by spectroscopic data and density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level. The success of 3- and 4-cascade reactions in the crystal without melting is unusual and of unmatched atom economy. They are mechanistically investigated with atomic force microscopy techniques (AFM) on six different faces of 1 when o-phenylenediamine was the reagent (substitution, elimination, cyclization, elimination) and interpreted on the basis of known crystal structure data. Strict correlations to the crystal packings are observed. The characteristic surface features grow to microm heights in some cases at distances of 0.5 mm from the contact edge of the reacting crystals. The waste-free and easy syntheses of highly functionalized (C=O; O-H; C=N) heterocycles or of a tetraketone are also of interest for synthetic use.     

Quantitation in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry

CE-MS has evolved into a strong alternative to LC-MS. Most of CE-MS applications deal with characterization and identification. However, quantitative aspects have gained importance in, e.g., pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications. Here we summarize and evaluate various methodological aspects in order to achieve sensitive and reproducible results. Similar to LC-MS, aspects of matrix influence on the electrospray process need to be carefully addressed when quantitative results are intended by CE-MS. Due to a more complicated coupling special emphasis needs to be put on the CE-MS interface. Generally linearity over more than three orders of magnitude can be achieved by CE-ESI-MS. Furthermore, a literature survey has been performed in order to give an overview over quantitative measurements performed by CE-MS. The precision can be doubled when changing from a structural related to an isotopically labeled internal standard. Thus a level of precision better than 5% RSD can be achieved.     

Capillary zone electrophoresis of natural organic matter

This paper presents an in-depth look at the use of capillary electrophoretic (CE) techniques for the fingerprinting and characterization of humic substances and natural organic matter. These materials are highly heterogeneous in structure and show all characteristics of mixtures unliked in analytical chemistry. The electrophoretic approach, however, allows the determination of mobility distributions in different solution conditions, representative of the effective charge and size distribution status of the components present. A tabulated review covers over 50 references on the subject and highlights the possibilities and problems encountered in the analysis of such polydisperse materials with CE methods. In a second part of the article the consequences of experimental and buffer parameters on the behavior of humic materials in CE are presented.     

Characterisation of humic substances using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry combined with size-exclusion chromatography

Humic substances were analysed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) and electrospray ionisation (ESI) mass spectrometry in positive and negative modes. Using APCI the average m/z range of humic substances was reduced 5-fold compared to ESI. High-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry revealed the formation of multiply charged molecules in the ESI mode. Moreover, it was possible to obtain daughter ion mass spectra of humic substances by nanospray tandem mass spectrometry. The size-exclusion chromatography elution profile of humic substances was highly influenced by the pH of the analyte solution. By contrast, the pH had no significant influence on the observed mass spectra of humic substances.     

On a characterization of polynomials by divided differences

Summary We consider the functional equationf[x ₁,x ₂,, x _n ] =h(x ₁ + +x _n ) (x ₁,,x _n K, x _j x _k forj k), (D) wheref[x ₁,x ₂,,x _n ] denotes the (n – 1)-st divided difference off and prove Theorem. Let n be an integer, n 2, let K be a field, char(K) 2, with # K 8(n – 2) + 2. Let, furthermore, f, h: K K be functions. Then we have that f, h fulfil (D) if, and only if, there are constants a_j K, 0 j n (a := a_n, b := a_{n – 1}) such thatf = ax ⁿ +bx ^{n – 1} + +a ₀ and h = ax + b.     

The relative importance of temperature and isotope effects on the dipole oscillator strength distribution of H2

Summary The calculation of the effects of temperature and isotopic composition on the energy weighted moments of the dipole oscillator strength distribution of H₂ in the random phase approximation to the polarization propagator are reported. It is seen that the effect of isotopic composition is small, while that of temperature is of an order accessible to experiment. We find that all the mean excitation energiesI , for =–1, 0, 1, decrease with temperature as does the dipole oscillator strength momentS() for >0, while the opposite is true for <0. These effects are interpreted in terms of the bond length dependence of the excitation energies.