中间玻色子理论Ⅱ.超子的非轻子衰变

本文用中间玻色子理论,讨论了超子的非轻子衰变,考虑了各种衰变机构,解释了FMS极点,建立了李氏和则的更广泛的动力学基础,并求得了和实验大致相符的衰变率和不对称系数。     

Decoupling of exchange and persistence times in atomistic models of glass formers

With molecular dynamics simulations of a fluid mixture of classical particles interacting with pairwise additive Weeks-Chandler-Andersen potentials, we consider the time series of particle displacements and thereby determine the distributions for local persistence times and local exchange times. These basic characterizations of glassy dynamics are studied over a range of supercooled conditions and were shown to have behaviors, most notably decoupling, similar to those found in kinetically constrained lattice models of structural glasses. Implications are noted.     

Liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry measurement of δ13C of amino acids in plant proteins

In archaeological studies, the isotopic enrichment values of carbon and nitrogen in bone collagen give a degree of information on dietary composition. The isotopic enrichments of individual amino acids from bone collagen and dietary protein have the potential to provide more precise information about the components of diet. A limited amount of work has been done on this, although the reliability of these studies is potentially limited by fractionation arising through hydrolysis of whole plant tissue (where reaction between amino acids and carbohydrates may occur) and, for certain amino acids, the use of derivatives (particularly trifluoroacetyl derivatives) for gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) analysis. The present study takes the approach of extracting the protein components of plant tissues before hydrolysis and using liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/IRMS), which does not require derivatisation, for measurement of the isotopic enrichment of the amino acids. The protocol developed offers a methodology for consistent measurement of the δ(13)C values of amino acids, allowing isotopic differences between the individual amino acids from different plant tissues to be identified. In particular, there are highly significant differences between leaf and seed protein amino acids (leaf minus grain) in the cases of threonine (-4.1‰), aspartic acid (+3.5‰) and serine (-3.2‰). In addition to its intended application in archaeology, the technique will be of value in the fields of plant sciences, nutrition and environmental food-web studies.     

Nilpotent Lie and Leibniz Algebras

We extend results on finite dimensional nilpotent Lie algebras to Leibniz algebras and counterexamples to others are found. One generator algebras are used in these examples and are investigated further.     

MEASUREMENTS OF NUMBER OF RADIOACTIVE ATOMS AND HALF-LIFE(Ⅲ)

The present paper examines theoretically the way of reducing tha errors introducedby the inaccuracy of the decay constant and measuring statistics in the determinationof the number of the radioactive atoms. It was discovered that the "front-back sym-metrical measurements with life-time as center" (FBSLC) may fulfil this reguirement.Even if the error of the decay constant reaches ±10%, the error introdnced by theinaccuracy of decay constant of the number of the radioactive atoms at zero time cal-culated from the radioactivities measured at zero time and two life-times by takingaverage will still be smaller than 0.1%. Experimental data of ^99mTc radioactive decaywithin measuring statistics verified the above theoretical prediction. Therefore, by FBSLC with measuring time as early as possible, it is possible toreduce the errors introduced by inaccuracy of the decay constant and measuring sta-tistics, so that the results of the absolute measurements may be more accurate.     

Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric and electron impact mass spectrometric characterization of mycosporine-like amino acids

Positive-ion mass spectral fragmentations of seven mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are reported and discussed. The MAAs studied are small compounds composed of a cycloheximine ring substituted with amino acid or amino alcohol units. Techniques used include electron impact (EI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). ESI-MS/MS showed unusual small radical losses, generally resulting from the loss of a methyl group with the exception of shinorine and porphyra for which the initial losses were 30 and 44 Da, respectively. As expected from structural similarities, porphyra, shinorine and palythinol displayed similar fragmentation patterns, while palythenic acid and palythene fragmented in a similar manner. Overall, the ESI-MS/MS fragmentations at m/z <200 exhibited a distinctive pattern for all seven MAAs with characteristic ions at m/z 137, 168, 186, and 197 or 199. Several ions were observed for each of the MAAs analyzed, and together provide a useful and potentially diagnostic pattern for identification of MAAs and as an aid in structure elucidation of novel MAAs. For GC/EI-MS analysis, trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives were made. The EI-MS fragmentation patterns of TMS-MAAs showed many features typical of TMS-derivatized alpha-amines. The precursor TMS-MAA ion was not detected, but a [M-90](+ radical) ion was the highest-mass intense peak observed for palythine, palythinol and shinorine, while palythene gave a [M-116](+ radical) ion. Besides determining the number of acidic hydrogens, EI-MS of TMS-derivatized MAAs will aid in structure elucidation of novel MAAs.     

稀土对水泥熟料烧成的矿化作用机理

利用SEM—EDS分析了稀土氧化物在熟料中的分布并结合熟料的岩相分析初步探讨了稀土对水泥熟料烧成的矿化作用机理。研究结果表明，稀土元素La和Y在熟料煅烧过程中更多地分布在硅酸盐相中，同时增加了溶剂型氧化物（Al2O3、Fe2O3）在A矿中的固溶量；稀土离子的掺杂引起微观介质应力场发生畸变，增加结构中的空位缺陷，降低扩散活化能，从而提高质点的扩散速度，促进了C3S矿物的形成。     

高层建筑火灾安全评价的模糊最优归类模型

将模糊数学中的综合评判模型、最优归类模型与高层建筑中对火灾风险有影响的因子相结合，建立了高层建筑火灾风险评价的模糊最优归类模型。并对高层建筑火灾风险评价进行了实例分析。     

Limit of validity of Ostwald's rule of stages in a statistical mechanical model of crystallization

We have only rules of thumb with which to predict how a material will crystallize, chief among which is Ostwald's rule of stages. It states that the first phase to appear upon transformation of a parent phase is the one closest to it in free energy. Although sometimes upheld, the rule is without theoretical foundation and is not universally obeyed, highlighting the need for microscopic understanding of crystallization controls. Here we study in detail the crystallization pathways of a prototypical model of patchy particles. The range of crystallization pathways it exhibits is richer than can be predicted by Ostwald's rule, but a combination of simulation and analytic theory reveals clearly how these pathways are selected by microscopic parameters. Our results suggest strategies for controlling self-assembly pathways in simulation and experiment.     

Classifying Several Classes of Leibniz Algebras

We extend results related to maximal subalgebras and ideals from Lie to Leibniz algebras. In particular, we classify minimal non-elementary Leibniz algebras and Leibniz algebras with a unique maximal ideal. In both cases, there are types of these algebras with no Lie algebra analogue. We also give a classification of E-Leibniz algebras which is very similiar to its Lie algebra counterpart. Note that a classification of elementary Leibniz algebras has been shown in Batten Ray et al. (2011).