Polymorphism of Amino Acid‐Based Dendrons: From Organogels to Microcrystals

There is a delicate balance for a low‐weight molecule to behave as a gelator or crystal. The synthesis of two novel amino acid‐based naphthalene‐dendrons, Nap ‐ G1 and Nap ‐ G2 is described. Both dendrons display polymorphic properties in organic solvents. Nap ‐ G1 developed a fibrous network with β‐sheet architecture in cyclohexane but exhibited a spherulitic network in mixed solvents (chloroform/petroleum ether 1:5, v/v). On the other hand, Nap ‐ G2 acted as an efficient organogelator in chloroform but formed crystalline fibers in relatively high polarity solvents (such as acetone and methanol). Combinations of characterizations have been employed to study the polymorphism.     

Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric characteristics and fragmentation mechanisms of distamycin analogues

The electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (ESI-MS/MS) characteristics and fragmentation mechanisms of eight distamycin analogues containing N-methylpyrrole and N-methylimidazole were investigated. The members of two isomeric groups of distamycin analogues with the same elemental composition can be distinguished by MS/MS spectra of protonated molecules and of significant fragment ions.     

2,7-Bis(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethynyl-1,8-naphthyridine: an ultrasensitive fluorescent probe for glucopyranoside

[structure: see text] A push-pull conjugated molecule, 2,7-bis(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethynyl-1,8-naphthyridine (BPN), has been designed to bind selectively with octyl glucopyranoside (OGU). The BPN/OGU quadruple hydrogen-bonding complex adopts a rigid BPN conformation in which the proton donor (d) and acceptor (a) relays (daad) are resonantly conjugated through the ethynyl bridge, inducing pi-electron delocalization, i.e., a charge transfer effect. The excellent photophysical properties make BPN a highly sensitive probe for monitoring glucopyranoside to a detection limit of approximately 100 pM.     

On the sign of the n-p mass difference in gauge models

We examine the sign of the n-p mass difference in some gauge models based on the SU(2) × U(1) × U(1) or SU(2)_L × SU(2)_R × U(1) group, and show that a few specific elements of the neutral-vector-meson mass matrix can determine the sign of Δm|_n?p. We also present an SU(2) × U(1) × U(1) model which can give the correct Δm|_n?p.     

Thin-disc piezoceramic ultrasonic motor. Part II: system construction and control

Design and performance evaluation of an ultrasonic motor was discussed in [Wen et al., Thin-disc piezoelectric ultrasonic motor. Part I: design and performance evaluation, Ultrasonics]. Higher precision position control of piezoceramic ultrasonic motor depends on mechanical design and servo control of a very precise and adequate metrology. This paper proposes the design of a driving circuit and controller to deal with non-linearities behavior in the model of piezoceramic-driving ultrasonic motor. The performance of the driver and the effectiveness of the proposed controller are demonstrated by command inputs of sinusoidal and step signals. For comparison purpose, the ultrasonic motor is controlled using two methods: i.e., proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and sliding-mode control (SMC). It was proven that SMC would compensate automatically for unmodeled behaviors such as piezoceramic non-linearities and mechanical stick-slip phenomena. Furthermore, SMC scheme has been successfully applied to position tracking to demonstrate the excellent robust performance in noise rejection.     

Charge symmetry breaking in np-->dpi(0)

The forward-backward asymmetry in np-->dpi(0), which must be zero in the center-of-mass system if charge symmetry is respected, has been measured to be [17.2+/-8.0(stat)+/-5.5(syst)]x10(-4), at an incident neutron energy of 279.5 MeV. This observable is compared to recent chiral effective field theory calculations, with implications regarding the du quark mass difference.     

A study on the interior microstructures of working Sn particle electrode of Li-ion batteries by in situ X-ray transmission microscopy

The interior microstructures of Sn particles developed during electrochemical lithiation/de-lithiation have been revealed by in situ X-ray transmission microscopy (TXM). The Li-alloying particles exhibited the formation of core–shell internal structure along with crack formation within the lithiated zone during the first lithiation. The extent and speed of the expansion process was shown to be a strong function of particle size. Upon completion of the first de-lithiaiton, the particles only partially (～10%) contracted, while re-crystallization of Sn continued to take place within the interior of the particles during a following idle period. The re-crystallization process alleviated the pulverization problem and led to the formation of porous Sn particles, which exhibited remarkably attenuated dimensional variations during subsequent cycles.     

单摆周期的数值计算

本文从理论上分析了单摆周期随角振幅变化的规律，并给出了数值计算结果     

Numerical experiments with several variant WENO schemes for the Euler equations

Numerical experiments with several variants of the original weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) schemes (J. Comput. Phys. 1996; 126 :202–228) including anti‐diffusive flux corrections, the mapped WENO scheme, and modified smoothness indicator are tested for the Euler equations. The TVD Runge–Kutta explicit time‐integrating scheme is adopted for unsteady flow computations and lower–upper symmetric‐Gauss–Seidel (LU‐SGS) implicit method is employed for the computation of steady‐state solutions. A numerical flux of the variant WENO scheme in flux limiter form is presented, which consists of first‐order and high‐order fluxes and allows for a more flexible choice of low‐order schemes. Computations of unsteady oblique shock wave diffraction over a wedge and steady transonic flows over NACA 0012 and RAE 2822 airfoils are presented to test and compare the methods. Various aspects of the variant WENO methods including contact discontinuity sharpening and steady‐state convergence rate are examined. By using the WENO scheme with anti‐diffusive flux corrections, the present solutions indicate that good convergence rate can be achieved and high‐order accuracy is maintained and contact discontinuities are sharpened markedly as compared with the original WENO schemes on the same meshes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.