Ueber Fruchts?fte und Limonaden

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

An improved detailed chemical kinetic model for C3-C4 linear and iso-alcohols and their blends with gasoline at engine-relevant conditions

Propanol and butanol isomers have received significant research attention as promising fuel additives or neat biofuels. Robust chemical kinetic models are needed that can provide accurate and efficient predictions of combustion performance across a wide range of engine relevant conditions. This study seeks to improve the understanding of ignition and combustion behavior of pure C3-C4 linear and iso-alcohols, and their blends with gasoline at engine-relevant conditions. In this work, a kinetic model with improved thermochemistry and reaction kinetics was developed based on recent theoretical calculations of H-atom abstraction and peroxy radical reaction rates. Kinetic model validations are reported, and the current model reproduces the ignition delay times of the C3 and C4 alcohols well. Variations in reactivity over a wide range of temperatures and other operating conditions are also well predicted by the current model. Recent ignition delay time measurements from a rapid compression machine of neat iso-propanol and iso-butanol [Cheng et al., Proc. Combust Inst. (2020)] and blends with a research grade gasoline [Goldsborough et al., Proc. Combust Inst. (2020)] at elevated pressure (20–40 bar) and intermediate temperatures (780–950 K) were used to demonstrate the accuracy of the current kinetic model at conditions relevant to boosted spark-ignition engines. The effects of alcohol blending with gasoline on the autoignition behavior are discussed. The current model captures the suppression of reactivity in the low-temperature and negative-temperature-coefficient (NTC) region when either isopropanol and isobutanol are added to a research grade gasoline. Sensitivity and reaction flux analysis were performed to provide insights into the relevant fuel chemistry of the C3-C4 alcohols.     

Nanostructured nonionic thymidine nucleolipid self-assembly materials

Three nucleoside lipids have been synthesized: 3'-oleoylthymidine, 3',5'-dioleoylthymidine, and 3'-phytanoylthymidine. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction have been employed to characterize the physical properties of these neat lipids. Polarizing optical microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, and cryo-transmission electron microscopy techniques have been used to investigate the phase behavior in aqueous systems. Both oleoyl-based nucleoside lipids adopted a lamellar crystalline phase in the neat form at room temperature, and the phytanoyl derivative exhibited a fluid isotropic phase. Under excess water conditions, the presence of one branched (phytanoyl) or one unsaturated (oleoyl) chain promoted the formation of a liquid-crystalline lamellar phase at physiological temperatures. In contrast, the 3',5'-dioleoylthymidine derivative is nonswelling and does not exhibit lyotropic liquid-crystalline phase behavior. The nucleolipids' propensity for DNA-type binding and recognition has been evaluated by using a monolayer system to measure surface pressure-area isotherms in a Langmuir trough and indicates that the nucleoside base is available for nonspecific hydrogen bonding in the monolayer liquid expanded state for the single-chain nucleolipids but not for the dual-chain amphiphile.     

The asilomar conference on ion spectroscopy,October 16–20, 2009

The ASMS conference on ion spectroscopy brought together at Asilomar on October 16–20, 2009 a large group of mass spectrometrists working in the area of ion spectroscopy. In this introduction to the field, we provide a brief history, its current state, and where it is going. Ion spectroscopy of intermediate size molecules began with photoelectron spectroscopy in the 1960s, while electronic spectroscopy of ions using the photodissociation “action spectroscopic” mode became active in the next decade. These approaches remained for many years the main source of information about ionization energies, electronic states, and electronic transitions of ions. In recent years, high-resolution laser techniques coupled with pulsed field ionization and sample cooling in molecular beams have provided high precision ionization energies and vibrational frequencies of small to intermediate sized molecules, including a number of radicals. More recently, optical parametric oscillator (OPO) IR lasers and free electron lasers have been developed and employed to record the IR spectra of molecular ions in either molecular beams or ion traps. These results, in combination with theoretical ab initio molecular orbital (MO) methods, are providing unprecedented structural and energetic information about gas-phase ions.     

Structural Studies of the 1:1 Complex of <Emphasis Type="Italic">o</Emphasis>-3,4-Dimethyltetrathiafulvalene (<Emphasis Type="Italic">o</Emphasis>-Me<Subscript>2</Subscript>TTF) and 1,2,4,5-Tetracyanobenzene (TCNB)

Abstract  

The synthesis and crystal structure of the 1:1 complex o-Me₂TTF-TCNB is reported. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 with a = 6.920(1) ?, b = 7.928(2) ?, c = 17.453(4) ?, α = 100.53(3)°, β = 99.66(3)°, and γ = 97.32(3)°. The bond length of the central C=C bond in o-Me₂TTF is 1.342(2) ?, indicating a neutral state for the o-Me₂TTF donor.     

Multiple resonance heteronuclear decoupling under MAS: dramatic increase of spectral resolution at moderate magnetic field and MAS frequencies

The effects of multiple-resonance heteronuclear decoupling under magic angle spinning (MAS) on the resolution of one-dimensional ¹⁹F and ³¹P and various two-dimensional MAS NMR spectra and on the residual non-refocusable coherence lifetimes in fluorinated aluminophosphate AlPO₄-CJ2, i.e. a compound that contains numerous highly abundant nuclei but no homonuclear spin bath, has been investigated. The design of the four-channel (¹H, ¹⁹F, ²⁷Al, ³¹P) MAS probe used for this study is first described. ¹H and ¹H–²⁷Al double-resonance decouplings allows lengthening the optimized transverse relaxation and increasing the resolution in the ¹⁹F and ³¹P dimensions. Under the application of multi-nuclear decoupling, a two-dimensional ¹⁹F–³¹P CP-HETCOR correlation spectrum for AlPO₄-CJ2 is recorded with unprecedented high-resolution in the two dimensions. Moreover, because ¹H-decoupling increases the ¹⁹F , it has been applied during the entire duration of the 2D NMR experiments, allowing the direct use of residual small interactions to generate ¹⁹F–¹⁹F and ¹⁹F–²⁷Al 2D NMR correlation spectra in AlPO₄-CJ2.     

A Phase Field Approach for Martensitic Transformations and Crystal Plasticity

This work is motivated by cryogenic turning which allows end shape machining and simultaneously attaining a hardened surface due to deformation induced martensitic transformations. To study the process on the microscale, a multivariant phase field model for martensitic transformations in conjunction with a crystal plastic material model is introduced. The evolution of microstructure is assumed to follow a time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation. To solve the field equations the finite element method is used. Time integration is performed with Euler backward schemes, on the global level for the evolution equation of the phase field, and on the element level for the crystal plastic material law. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Measurability in modules

In this paper we prove that in modules, MS-measurability (in the sense of Macpherson–Steinhorn) depends on being able to define a measure function on the p.p. definable subgroups. We give a classification of abelian groups in terms of measurability. Finally we discuss the relation with \({\mathbb{Q}[t]}\) -valued measures.     

A phase field approach for multivariant martensitic transformations of stable and metastable phases

A phase field model approach for multivariant martensitic transformations of stable and metastable phases is introduced. The evolution of the microstructure is examined with respect to elastic energy minimization in which one or two martensitic orientation variants are considered. In this context, the martensitic nucleation behavior is simulated for different activation barriers. Furthermore, the influence of time-dependent external loads on the formation of the different phases is studied. The numerical implementation is performed with finite elements and an implicit time integration scheme.     

Asymmetric hydrogenation of trisubstituted N-acetyl enamides derived from 2-tetralones using ruthenium-SYNPHOS catalysts: a practical synthetic approach to the preparation of β3-adrenergic agonist SR58611A

The asymmetric hydrogenation of various trisubstituted enamides derived from 2-tetralones under mild reaction conditions using Ru-SYNPHOS catalysts is reported. This practical and clean method gives access to several chiral 2-aminotetralins derivatives in high isolated yields and enantiomeric excesses up to 95% depending on the substitution pattern of the aromatic ring and the nature of the amide moiety. In addition, the usefulness of the current method is demonstrated via a practical synthetic approach to the enantiomerically pure SR58611A compound, a potent and selective β₃-adrenergic receptor agonist.