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91.
Axel D. Becke 《Molecular physics》2015,113(13-14):1884-1889
The energy surfaces of the ground and low-lying excited states of ethylene are challenging tests of multi-reference electronic structure methods. A variety of multi-reference wavefunction theories have been applied to this problem and the ensuing photochemistry has been well studied. Density-functional methods, however, have been less successful. In this work, the ‘B13’ strong-correlation density functional is used to generate multi-reference orbitals for the computation of the three lowest-lying singlet states. We explore the states and energies as a function of torsion angle, and as a function of the pyramidalisation angle with respect to the twisted orthogonal structure. The former features an avoided crossing at the orthogonal structure; the latter a Cs slice through a conical intersection. Both features are well reproduced by our B13 method. 相似文献
92.
Christopher Hubrich Axel Schulz Harald Brand Alexander Villinger 《Phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon and the related elements》2013,188(9):2179-2196
The silyl ethers (siloxanes) Me4? xSi(OC6H5CN)x (x = 1–4) (1–4), O(Si(OC6H4CN) (Me)2)2 (5), and Me3Si–O–C6F4CN (6) have been synthesized by the reaction of the respective p-hydroxybenzonitriles and chlorosilanes in the presence of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) as hydrogen chloride acceptor. All compounds have been fully characterized by CHN-analysis, melting point, IR, Raman, mass spectroscopy, and 1H, 13C, 29Si NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the crystal structures of these compounds—with the exception of Me2Si(OC6H5CN)2, which is a liquid—were determined by X-ray diffractometry. 相似文献
93.
Rainer Bartsch Christian Müller Axel Fischer Peter G. Jones 《Phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon and the related elements》2013,188(1-4)
Abstract Syntheses and structures of penta- and hexaphosphorus analogues of ferrocene have been described recently1. Unlike their simple ferrocene analogues, these complexes have further ligating potential towards other transition metal centres by virtue of the availability of the ring phosphorus lone-pair electrons that are not involved in the η5-coordination. We now describe the first examples of coordination compounds of the triphospha-ferrocene [Fe(η5-C5Me5) (η5-C2 tBu2P3]. In the ruthenium complex [Fe(η5-C5Me5)(η5-C2 tBu2P3) Ru3(CO)9] 2 two adjacent phosphorus atoms of the η5-C2 tBu2P3 ring are interlinked by a ruthenium carbonyl cluster in which all three ruthenium atoms interact with the phosphorus atoms. The tetrametallic nickel complex [Fe(η5-C5Me5)(η5-C2 tBu2P3)Ni(CO)2]2 3 represents the first example of intermolecular interlinkage of two phospha-ferrocene systems by two metal centres. 相似文献
94.
Damir A. Safin Maria G. Babashkina Michael Bolte Axel Klein 《Phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon and the related elements》2013,188(12):2426-2432
The reaction of O,O′-diisopropylphosphoric acid isothiocyanate (iPrO)2P(O)NCS with 2-methylaniline 2-MeC6H4NH2, 2,6-dimethylaniline 2,6-Me2C6H3NH2, or 2,4,6-trimethylaniline 2,4,6-Me3C6H2NH2 leads to the N-phosphorylated thioureas RNHC(S)NHP(O)(OiPr)2 (R = 2-MeC6H4?, HLI ; 2,6-Me2C6H3?, HLII ; 2,4,6-Me3C6H2?, HLIII ). Reaction of the potassium salts of HLI –III with Ni(II) in aqueous EtOH leads to [Ni(LI–III-N,S)2] ([NiLI–III 2 ]) chelate complexes. The compounds obtained were investigated by 1H, 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy and microanalysis. The molecular structure of the thiourea HLIII was elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies showed that HLIII forms both intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, which in turn leads to the formation of polymeric chains. One of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds is of the type N?H…S. Moreover, the formation of intermolecular C?H…η6-phenyl interactions was established. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements to view the free supplemental file. 相似文献
95.
Valeria van Axel Castelli Antonella Dalla Cort Luigi Mandolini Valentina Pinto David N. Reinhoudt Fabrizio Ribaudo 《Supramolecular chemistry》2013,25(2-3):211-219
The complexation of the salophen-uranyl metallocleft 2 and of its half-cleft analogue 3 with enones and other carbonyl compounds was assessed in chloroform by UV-Vis titration and, occasionally, by FT-IR measurements. Complexes with receptors 2 and 3 are in all cases more stable than those with the control unsubstituted uranyl-salophen 1 , showing that in addition to the primary binding force provided by coordination of the carbonyl oxygen to the uranium, a significant driving force for complexation, typically in the range of 2-3 kcal/mol, results from van der Waals interactions of the guest with the aromatic walls. Replacement of the phenyl group in 3 with larger aromatic residues to give 4 and 5 , led to enhanced complex stabilities, due to more extended contact surfaces between host and guest. 相似文献
96.
Axel Blau 《Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science》2013,18(5):481-492
Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) find application both in vitro and in vivo to record and stimulate electrical activity in electrogenic cells such as neurons, cardiomyocytes, pancreatic beta cells or immortalized cell lines derived therefrom (e.g., PC12, HL-1). In MEA electrophysiology, the quality of the predominantly extracellularly recorded or elicited electrical signals strongly depends on the distance, strength and stability of the interfacial contact between the electrogenic cells and an electrode. Decorating the substrate or electrode with biochemical adhesion factors and physical guidance cues does not only determine the tightness of that junction, but it also modulates substrate biocompatibility, its biostability, cell differentiation as well as cell fate. If an interface is furthermore topologically, chemically or physically patterned or constrained, neural interconnectivity may be steered towards directional organization. In this introductory and selective overview, we briefly discuss adhesion events at the chemical and biological level, review the general role and mechanisms of cell adhesion in (neuro)biology, then explore how cells adhere to artificial substrates. This will lead to the discussion of popular strategies for enhancing and steering interfacial interactions at the bio-hardware boundary with particular focus on MEA substrates. It will include a critical treatment of open issues with respect to the origin and shape of extracellularly recorded signals and their modulation by cell-culture-inherent events. 相似文献
97.
98.
The synthesis, structure, and physical properties of ionic liquids (IL) bearing the novel [Al(O–C6H4–CN)4]– ion as counterion to the commonly used [NR4]+, [PR4]+ and imidazolium ions are reported. Both the influence of the alkyl chain length as well as the functionalization with cyano groups is studied. These ILs are easily obtained by reaction of Ag[Al(O–C6H4–CN)4] with the corresponding ammonium, phosphonium, and imidazolium halides. The stability towards electrophilic cations was investigated. All prepared salts have a window for the liquid phase of ca. 200 °C and are thermally stable up to 450 °C. The solid‐state structures reveal only weak cation ··· anion and anion ··· anion interactions in accord with the observed low melting points (glass transition points). 相似文献
99.
Axel Benichou Abraham Aserin Nissim Garti 《Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology》2013,34(1-3):93-123
Proteins, polysaccharides and their blends, as examples of natural biopolymers, are surface active materials. Biopolymers may be considered as amphiphilic macromolecules that play an essential role in stabilizing food formulations (foams, emulsions and dispersions). Under specific conditions (such as protein-to-polysaccharide ratio, pH, ionic strength, temperature, mixing processing), it has been stated that proteins and polysaccharides form hybrids (complexes) with enhanced functional properties in comparison to the proteins and polysaccharides alone. Different protein-polysaccharide pairs are reviewed with particular attention to the emulsification capability of their mixtures. In the case of uncomplexed blends of biopolymers, competitive adsorption onto hydrophobic surfaces is generally reported. Conversely, electrostatic complexation between oppositely charged proteins and polysaccharides allows better anchoring of the new-formed macro-molecular amphiphile onto oil-water interfaces. Moreover, improved thermal stability and increased resistance to external treatment (high pressure) involved in food processing are obtained. This review presents basic and applied knowledge on protein-polysaccharide interactions in aqueous medium and at the oil-water interface in food emulsion systems. Electrostatic interactions and thermodynamic incompatibility in mixed biopolymer solutions are correlated to the functional properties (rheology, surface hydrophobiciry, emulsification power) of these interesting blends. Basic and industrial selected systems of different families of hydrocolloids (as gum Arabic, galactomannans, pectins) and protein (caseins, whey, soya, gelatin) mixtures are reviewed. 相似文献
100.
Filipe E. Antunes Luís Alves Claudia Duarte Björn Lindman Björn Klotz Axel Böttcher 《Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology》2013,34(9):1368-1372
Physical properties of aqueous solutions of hydrophobically modified crosslinked polyacrylic acids change quite extensively as the polymer is charged up. A study is carried out concerning the similarities between two polymer ionization processes, that is, by pH increment and anionic surfactant addition. The two processes charge the polymer by distinctly different mechanisms. At sufficiently high pH the carboxylic groups of the polymer are virtually all ionized and the polymer is, therefore, fully charged. The effective repulsion among the charged groups due to the entropy of the counterions promotes an increased stiffness as well as an expansion of the polymer particles. We investigate here how the ionization and swelling will be if, instead of high pH, the polymer is at low pH conditions but associated to ionic surfactants. Surfactants associate to the polymer both in a noncooperative way by the binding of individual surfactant molecules and in a cooperative way as micelles since the polymer promotes surfactant self-assembly. This binding leads to a highly charged polymer-surfactant complex and leads to an osmotic swelling as well. The swelling and the gelation were monitored by rheology and dynamic light scattering, of polymer solutions by varying the pHs and adding ionic surfactants at low pH. The results show that ionization by surfactants and by pH lead to approximately the same gelation degree, as can be seen by similar viscosity values. Both processes result in dramatic viscosity increases, up to 8 orders of magnitude. More hydrophobic surfactants, with longer alkyl chain, are shown to be more efficient as enhancers of swelling and gelation. The network that is formed at high pH or at sufficiently high concentration of surfactant can be weakened or even disrupted if monovalent or divalent salts are added, demonstrating the role of counterion entropy. 相似文献