Curve-fitting overlapped bands: quantification and improvement of curve-fitting robustness in the presence of errors in the model and in the data

Estimation of the band parameters of overlapped bands often relies on curve-fitting. It has been demonstrated that curve-fitting provides the maximum likelihood estimation of band parameters under a series of assumptions. One of these assumptions is that the curve-fitting model is correct and any error in the data is random. Under real conditions, we have to acknowledge the unavoidable presence of errors in the model and systematic errors in the data. Here, we derive an expression for the estimation of how these errors affect the quality of the parameters obtained from curve-fitting. In addition, we derive theoretical expressions to quantify the extent to which different methods can improve the curve-fitting robustness to these errors. The methods considered are: (i) deterministic and (ii) probabilistic constraints in the band parameters, (iii) curve-fitting band-narrowed data, and (iv) building a more accurate model. The theoretical expressions obtained are tested in the curve-fitting of a synthetic noisy spectrum with either baseline or band shape errors, and in the curve-fitting of the experimental infrared amide I band of the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Ethyl 5-Amino-1-[（5′-methyl-1′- t-butyl-4′-pyrazolyl）carbonyl]-3-methylthio-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate

1INTRODUCTIONPolarizedketenedithioacetalshavebeenex-tensivelyusedasbuildingblocksinorganicsyn-thesis,especiallyinthesynthesisofheterocycliccompounds[1～6].Pyrazoleanditsderivativesrepre-sentoneofthemostactiveclassesofcompoundspossessingwidespectraofbiologicalactivities.Overthepastfewyears,considerableevidenceshavebeenaccumulatedtodemonstratetheefficacyofpyrazolederivatives,suchasantibacterial[7],fun-gicidal[8],herbicidal[9],insecticidal[10]andotherbiologicalactivities[11,12].Uptonow,alarg…     

Preliminary characterization of anhydrous ethanol used in Brazil as automotive fuel

This work reports preliminary studies on the characterisation of anhydrous ethanol (AEA) used as an automotive fuel mixed with gasoline in Porto Alegre (South Brazil). Pre-concentration of the impurities contained in 1000 ml of AEA was carried on through solid-phase extraction using XAD4 resin. The main compounds in the extract were identified by means of spectral data from the library of the equipment. The concentrate was then fractionated using a preparative liquid chromatographic column filled with activated silica gel and the elution procedure was carried out with, n-hexane, n-hexane-benzene (1:1, v/v) and dichloromethane. Prior to analysis by GC-MS, each fraction was reduced to 1 ml with a gentle stream of nitrogen. Saturated linear hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons eluted in the first fraction and oxygenated compounds such as aldehydes. ketones and alcohols, eluted in the second one. were the main compounds detected in the sample.     

Spectrofluorimetric analysis of cefoxitin in pharmaceutical dosage

A fluorescence method involving sample pre-treatment is investigated concerning the determination of cefoxitin. A fluorescent product is formed when samples containing cefoxitin are subjected to alkaline hydrolysis with 1.0M sodium hydroxide and heated for 60 min at 90 degrees . The fluorescence is measured in ethanol/water medium (50% v/v) at approximately pH 2.0 provided by adding of 0.1M hydrochloric acid. The fluorescence excitation and emission maxima were 317 and 400 nm, respectively. The quantitative range is between 0.020 and 1.40 mug/ml. A detection limit of 2 x 10(-3) mug/ml was found. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of cefoxitin in commercial injections, saline and glucosed physiological serum.     

Comparative voltammetric study of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), albumin and DNP-albumin as an analytical approach to the use of DNP as a universal label in immunoelectrochemical assays

A comparative electrochemical study of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), albumin and DNP-albumin has been carried out at a hanging mercury drop electrode, in order to use DNP as a universal label in immunoelectrical assays. Several electrochemical techniques have been used. Differential pulse voltammetry has proved to be the most suitable. Wide dynamic linear ranges (more than three orders of magnitude for DNP-albumin) and low detection limits have been achieved (5 x 10(-10)M, 2 x 10(-10)M, 3 x 10(-12)M for DNP, albumin and DNP-albumin, respectively). Good reproducibility has been obtained in all cases (R.S.D. < 2.2%).