大麦高糖化力的遗传分析

木研究以Hayman双列法分析了大麦最重要的啤酒麦芽性状糖化力的遗传.结果表明，在T x7双列杂交中，W*/}*回归分析显著不同于单位斜率，表明有非等位基因互作存在，不符合“加性一显性”遗传模型;当淘汰非等位基因互作较强的亲木2后，以6 x6双列杂交重新分析，结果符合模型.遗传参数估算表明，糖化力性状遗传控制的显性效应成分大于加性效应，表现为超显性(平均显性度}/H, /D分别为1.046 hLl 1.113)，控制该性状并显示显性的基因组数Cii-hz/Hz)约为13组;遗传力较低(砖男分别为29.283写和48.11600).最后根据分析结果，初步讨论了大麦高糖化力的遗传育种.     

Combined ultrasound and germination treatment on the fine structure of highland barley starch

Highland barley is a grain crop grown in Tibet, China. This study investigated the structure of highland barley starch using ultrasound (40 kHz, 40 min, 165.5 W) and germination treatments (30℃ with 80% relative humidity). The macroscopic morphology and the barley's fine and molecular structure were evaluated. After sequential ultrasound pretreatment and germination, a significant difference in moisture content and surface roughness was noted between highland barley and the other groups. All test groups showed an increased particle size distribution range with increasing germination time. FTIR results also indicated that after sequential ultrasound pretreatment and germination, the absorption intensity of the intramolecular hydroxyl (–OH) group of starch increased, and hydrogen bonding was stronger compared to the untreated germinated sample. In addition, XRD analysis revealed that starch crystallinity increased following sequential ultrasound treatment and germination, but a-type of crystallinity remained after sonication. Further, the Mw of sequential ultrasound pretreatment and germination at any time is higher than that of sequential germination and ultrasound. As a result of sequential ultrasound pretreatment and germination, changes in the content of chain length of barley starch were consistent with germination alone. At the same time, the average degree of polymerisation (DP) fluctuated slightly. Lastly, the starch was modified during the sonication process, either prior to or following sonication. Pretreatment with ultrasound illustrated a more profound effect on barley starch than sequential germination and ultrasound treatment. In conclusion, these results indicate that sequential ultrasound pretreatment and germination improve the fine structure of highland barley starch.     

Protective role of exogenous nitric oxide against oxidative-stress induced by salt stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare)

To probe into the potential of relieving the oxidative damage of salt stress, we investigated the protective role of nitric oxide on barley under salt stress. Salt stress resulted in increased ion leakage, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in barley leaves. Simultaneous treatments of barley leaves with 50 microM sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, alleviated the damage of salt stress, reflected by decreased ion leakage, and malendialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl, and hydrogen peroxide content in barley leaves. The presence of the nitric oxide donor increased the activities of superoxide dismutases (SOD), ascorbate peroxidases (APX), and catalases (CAT). Meantime, sodium nitroprusside addition increased accumulation of ferritin at the protein level, indicating that nitric oxide directly regulated ferritin accumulation. These results suggested that nitric oxide can effectively protect seedlings from salt stress damage by enhancing activities of antioxidant enzymes to quench the excessive reactive oxygen species caused by salt stress and inducing the increase of ferritin accumulation to chelate larger number of ferrous ion. Information from this study can be used to improve soil management practices for sustainable use of salt-affected soils in the future.     

葡聚糖及其衍生物对大麦细胞电融合的影响

葡聚糖及其衍生物对大麦细胞电融合的影响①王伟江志裕＊（复旦大学化学系上海２００４３３）细胞融合是指用人工方法使两个细胞融合成一个细胞的过程［１,２］．体细胞融合可在不同种,不同属,甚至更远的生物间进行,所得到的细胞可具有新的特性．对于植物细胞,有望通...     

采用可见/近红外光谱检测大麦叶片过氧化氢酶与过氧化物酶含量的研究

采用可见/近红外光谱对丙酯草醚胁迫下大麦叶片过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)与过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)含量预测进行研究。对500～900 nm光谱采用移动平均法(moving average, MA)11点平滑方法进行预处理。采用蒙特卡罗-偏最小二乘法(monte carlo-partial least squares, MCPLS)方法分别对于CAT与POD的含量预测剔除7个与8个异常样本。基于全部光谱建立了CAT与POD含量预测的PLS,最小二乘支持向量机(least-squares support vector machine, LS-SVM)与极限学习机(extreme learning machine, ELM)模型,ELM模型对CAT含量预测效果最好,建模集相关系数(correlation coefficient of calibration, R_c)为0.916,预测集相关系数R_p为0.786;PLS模型对POD含量预测效果最佳,R_c为0.984,R_p为0.876。采用连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm, SPA)算法分别为CAT与POD预测选择了8个与19个特征波长,基于特征波长建立的PLS,LS-SVM与ELM模型中,ELM模型对CAT与POD含量预测效果均最佳,CAT含量预测的相关系数为R_c=0.928,R_p=0.790;POD含量预测的相关系数R_c=0.965,R_p=0.941。基于全谱与基于特征波长的回归分析模型预测效果相当,且对POD含量的预测效果优于对CAT含量的预测效果,而这需要进一步研究以得到精度和稳定性更高的预测模型。研究结果表明,采用可见/近红外光谱结合化学计量学方法可以实现对除草剂胁迫下大麦叶片CAT与POD含量的预测。     

Structural and physico-chemical characterization of lignins solubilized during alkaline peroxide treatment of barley straw

In this paper, the seven acid-insoluble lignin preparations from barley straw were first extracted with alkaline hydrogen peroxide in order to study how the delignification and degradation of the lignin is influenced by aqueous 1.5% H₂O₂ extractant to straw ratios. The results showed that treatment of dewaxed barley straw with 1.5% H₂O₂ at 45°C for 14 h (pH 12.0) under the extractant to straw ratios of 10:1, 13:1, 15:1, 18:1, 20:1, 25:1, and 30:1 resulted in dissolution of 65.8%, 68.4%, 68.4%, 69.0%, 69.7%, 71.6%, and 72.3% of the original lignin and 78.7%, 79.8%, 82.3%, 83.4%, 84.8%, 85.3%, and 85.3% of the original hemicelluloses, respectively. The degraded seven lignin samples were analyzed with respect to their chemical compositions, content of chemically linked polysaccharides, molecular weights and structural changes. It was found that the alkaline peroxide treatment under the conditions given led to a noticeable increase in a amount of carboxyl groups due to the oxidation. The results from 13C-NMR analyses showed that the treatment was extremely effective for isolation of highly pure lignins from the straw, and the treatment under the conditions used did not affect the overall structure of lignin. The β-O-4 ether bond and β-β carbon-carbon linkage were found to be the major linkages between lignin units. Hydroxycinnamic acids, such as p-coumaric and ferulic acids, appeared to be strongly linked to lignin molecules, in which p-coumaric acid was found to be bonded to lignin by ester linkage, while ferulic acid was linked by its phenolic group via ether bond to lignin and also principally linked by its carboxyl group via ester bond to lignin and/or hemicelluloses.     

Separation of hordein proteins from european barley by high-performance liquid chromatography: Its application to the identification of barley cultivars

Summary High-performance liquid chromatography using either reversed phase or anion-exchange techniques was used for the fractionation of hordein proteins extracted from European barley. A reversed phase method is presented which utilises an Ultrapore column packed with a wide pore (30 nm) C-3 alkylbonded silica support. Using this method up to 20 components may be separated in 54 min. Elution profiles were found to be reproducible. A further method using rapid anion-exchange chromatography indicated that up to 13 components may be separated, a number which is comparable to that found with electrophoresis. The separation of proteins extracted from different barley cultivars indicated that on the basis of elution profiles high-performance liquid chromatography using either reversed phase or anion-exchange offers considerable potential as a method for barley cultivar identification.     

大麦花药培养及其胚性悬浮细胞系的高频快速建立

研究了（1）在低温预处理过程中，不同相对湿度对大麦花药出愈率的影响；（2）低温处理愈伤组织对植株分化的影响；（3）高频快速建立大麦胚性悬浮细胞系，结果表明，低温预处理的较大相对湿度能明显促进花药的出愈率，低温处理愈伤组织能提高绿苗率，以7周龄的花药胚性愈伤组织为起始材料高频快速建立了均质，分散性好的胚性悬浮细胞系，建立频率约为25%～50%，已8～9周龄的花药胚性愈伤组织作为起始材料，难以建立胚性悬浮细胞系。     

Cytological modifications in maize plants infected by barley yellow dwarf virus and maize dwarf mosaic virus

Three inbred lines of maize (33-16, MO17 and B73) differing in their susceptibility to Barley yellow dwarf virus and Maize dwarf mosaic virus were studied to compare the ultrastructural modifications induced by the two viruses in leaf tissues of different age. The results demonstrate that the alterations induced by the two viruses in the different maize lines could depend on the particular line tested.     

反相高效液相色谱法快速测定大麦籽粒中13种酚酸类化合物

建立了快速测定大麦籽粒中13种酚酸类化合物(没食子酸、原儿茶酸、绿原酸、对羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸、香草酸、丁香酸、间羟基苯甲酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸、藜芦酸、邻香豆酸和水杨酸)的反相高效液相色谱方法.采用SUPELCOAscentis(@) C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)分离,流动相为甲醇-0.1％甲酸水溶...