Porphyrin‐based polymer‐supported palladium as an excellent and recyclable catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction in water

A porphyrin‐based polymer with high surface area was synthesized using 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphyrin through a one‐pot Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction. Pd(II) was successfully supported on this polymer. This strategy provides an easy approach to produce highly stable Pd–porphyrin‐based polymer. The resulting Pd catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopies and N₂ adsorption–desorption measurements. This porphyrin‐based polymer‐supported Pd was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction in water. The results demonstrated that this Pd catalyst indeed exhibited excellent catalytic activity and recycling performance in water, even for inactive aryl chloride substrate. A new heterogeneous strategy for catalyzing the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction in water is provided.     

Stereospecific synthesis of aryltetraline lignan analogues using 1,6-bis(dipropylboryl)hexa-2,4-diene

A novel convenient two-stage synthesis of aryltetraline lignin analogues from aromatic aldehydes and diallyl diboron derivatives on the basis of intramolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction has been developed.     

Preparation of Mg–Al hydrotalcite from the effluent of Friedel–Crafts reaction and its application as a catalyst in Knoevenagel reaction

Abstract

Hydrotalcite containing magnesium and aluminium (Mg–Al HT) with a molar ratio of Mg(II)/Al(III) = 2.5 has been prepared by a co-precipitation method using the effluent of a Friedel–Crafts acylation reaction. The HT was calcined at 500°C and reconstructed with deionized water. The synthesized HT was characterized by XRD and FT-IR spectroscopy and was successfully used as a catalyst in the Knoevenagel reaction of aldehydes and active methylene compounds. The catalyst was found to be reusable.     

Synthesis of novel chiral 1,3-aminophenols and application for the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes

Novel chiral 1,3-aminophenols were efficiently synthesized by applying a Friedel–Crafts reaction and optical resolution. The catalytic activity of the aminophenols was studied for the addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The results showed that (S)-5a with bulky tert-butyl groups on the stereogenic carbon atom and 4,6-positions of phenol favored higher enantioselectivity (94% ee). The same ligand was also used with other aldehydes, to give optically active alcohols in good chemical yields and ee values (up to 99%).     

Highly stereoselective imidazolethiones mediated Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indole derivatives

The asymmetric Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes was promoted by the novel imidazolethiones to afford the corresponding adducts in moderate to excellent yields and high enantioselectivities under mild reaction conditions.     

Total Synthesis of Indole‐Derived Allocolchicine Analogues Exhibiting Strong Apoptosis‐Inducing Activity

A series of novel pyrrolo‐allocolchicine derivatives (containing a 1‐methyl‐1H‐indol‐5‐yl moiety replacing ring C) was synthesized. The tetracyclic ring system was constructed by Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of a 1‐methylindole‐5‐boronate with an ortho‐iodo‐dihydrocinnamic acid derivative and subsequent intramolecular Friedel–Crafts acylation. After reduction of the resulting ketone, the nitrogen functionality was introduced in a Mitsunobu‐type reaction by using zinc azide followed by LiAlH₄ reduction. Structural assignments were supported by X‐ray crystallography. The compounds synthesized were then tested against BJAB tumor cells and found to exhibit pronounced cytotoxic activity (proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction). The ketone 24 b was even active at sub‐nanomolar concentration. In addition, the antitumor potential of the compounds was confirmed by using B lymphoid cell lines.     

有机催化吲哚与环状酮亚胺膦酸酯的傅-克反应合成含手性季碳胺基膦酸衍生物

在有机合成中,季碳中心的构建始终是一项充满挑战的课题.含手性季碳中心的胺基膦酸化合物以其多样的生物活性,如酶抑制剂、抗真菌剂、抗菌剂和抗病毒剂等,受到了科研工作者的广泛关注.目前已有许多合成策略报道,其中亲核试剂与α-酮亚胺膦酸酯的不对称加成策略为含手性季碳中心胺基膦酸衍生物的合成提供了一条简洁有效的路径,但是却鲜有报道,已有的报道也仅局限于乙酰氰、丙酮、硝基甲烷和芳基硼酸作亲核试剂.为满足多样的手性胺基膦酸衍生物的合成需求,新的合成策略和亲核源仍有待进一步发展.值得一提的是,不对称傅-克反应是一种非常有效的构建碳-碳键的合成方法,并已有广泛报道.基于吲哚与亚胺底物的傅-克反应经验,我们研究组发展了一种有机催化吲哚与环状酮亚胺膦酸酯傅-克反应合成含手性季碳胺基膦酸衍生物的方法,使用的有机催化剂是手性磷酸.通过对溶剂、催化剂和温度的筛选发现,使用在3,3′-位引入吸电子的3,5-二三氟甲基苯基取代的H8-BINOL衍生的手性磷酸作催化剂,反应温度为30 oC,溶剂为均三甲苯时,最高能以98%对映选择性得到含手性季碳胺基膦酸酯化合物.该反应操作简单,条件温和,不仅适用于吲哚衍生物,对吡咯也能取得较好结果.总之,该方法提供了一条简洁有效的合成手性胺基膦酸衍生物的途径.     

Synthesis of Arylidene – Isoquinolinones bearing Combretastatin Skeleton by Cyclocarbopalladation/cross coupling Tandem Heck-Suzuki Miaura Reactions using nano catalyst Pd@Py-IL-SPION

Cyclocarbopalladation/cross-coupling cascade intramolecular Heck–Suzuki–Miyaura reactions is applied for the first time by palladium immobilized on pyridine-imidazolium ionic liquid supported magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle catalyst (denoted Pd@Py-IL-SPION) for the last step to synthesize trisubstituted arylidene–isoquinolinones derivatives having Combretastatin skeleton. The reaction is performed via propargylamide intermediates prepared by Ugi 4-CR reactions, which undergoes intramolecular Heck–Suzuki–Miyaura domino reaction to produce the desired trisubstituted arylidene-isoquinolinones. The method shows full regio- and stereoselectivity derives from the particular Pd-catalyzed syn-insertion of triple bond.     

New thiourea organocatalysts and their application for the synthesis of 5-(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-diones a source of chiral 3-indoylmethyl ketenes

The stereoselective properties of modified thiourea organocatalysts were tested in the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indole with 5-arylidene-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-diones, which produces chiral 5-((1H-indol-3-yl)(aryl)methyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-diones. Based on a tentative reaction mechanism for ((S)-N-benzyl-2-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thioureido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamide organocatalysts, modifications were applied in four selected regions. Systematic structure-stereoselectivity relationship study allowed designing the best efficient organocatalyst for the investigated Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indole with 5-arylidene-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-diones.     

Friedel–Crafts Acylation on Graphene

There is an excitement around graphene as a promising new material for nanotechnological and nanoarchitectonic applications. Despite the low chemical reactivity of graphene, chemical functionalization remains a prominent and viable solution to tailor its chemical, physical, and electronic properties. Herein, we report the covalent functionalization of reduced graphene oxide through Friedel–Crafts reactions under mild conditions of polyphosphoric-acid/phosphorus-pentoxide and 4-aminobenzoic acid. Successful functionalization was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. The success of the Friedel–Crafts reaction provides an important expansion of the synthetic “toolbox” for future modifications of graphene towards the specific needs of different applications.     

Hydrogen bond donor solvents enabled metal and halogen-free Friedel–Crafts acylations with virtually no waste stream

We have developed a metal and halogen-free Friedel–Crafts acylation protocol with virtually no waste stream generation. We propose a hydrogen bonding donor solvent will form a hydrogen bonding network and may provide significant rate enhancement for Friedel–Crafts reactions. Trifluoroacetic acid is one of the strongest H-bond donor solvents, which is also volatile and can be easily recovered by distillation without need for reaction workup. Our protocol is a ‘green’ Friedel–Crafts acylation process: 1) the catalyst can be recovered and reused; 2) using halogen free starting material (carboxylic acids anhydride or carboxylic acids); 3) no need for aqueous reaction work-up; 4) minimum or no waste steam generation.     

Convenient and Efficient Synthesis of 1,1‐Bis‐(4‐alkylthiophenyl)‐1‐alkenes via Tandem Friedel–Crafts Acylation and Alkylation of Sulfides and Acyl Chlorides

1,1‐Bis(4‐alkylthiophenyl)‐1‐alkenes were conveniently and efficiently prepared from alkyl phenyl sulfides and acyl chlorides via a tandem Friedel–Crafts acylation and alkylation in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride. The scope, limitation, and mechanism of the tandem reaction were also discussed.     

Bioinspired Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reaction: A Rapid Access to the Highly‐Strained Cyclopropane‐Fused Polycyclic Skeleton

A bioinsipred gold‐catalyzed tandem Diels–Alder/Diels–Alder reaction of an enynal and a 1,3‐diene, forming the highly‐strained benzotricyclo[3.2.1.0^2,7]octane skeleton, was reported. In contrast, a Diels–Alder/Friedel–Crafts tandem reaction occurred instead when silver salts were used as the catalyst. Although both reactions experienced the similar Diels–Alder reaction of a pyrylium intermediate with a 1,3‐diene, they have different reaction mechanisms. The former proceeded with a stepwise Diels–Alder reaction, while the latter one with a concerted one.     

Application of Highly Efficient,Recyclable Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Material Immobilized Palladium Catalyst in Amine‐ and Phosphine‐Free Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction

Palladium immobilized on organic–inorganic (silica‐gel) hybrid materials behaves as a very efficient heterogeneous catalyst in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. Aryl iodides, bromides, and activated chlorides, coupled with organoboronic acids (Suzuki–Miyaura reaction), smoothly afford the corresponding cross‐coupling products in excellent yields under phosphine‐free and amine‐free reaction conditions in the presence of 3‐aminopropyl functionalized silica‐gel immobilized palladium (silica‐APTS‐Pd) as catalyst. Furthermore, the silica‐supported palladium catalyst could be recovered and recycled by simple filtration of the reaction solution. It could be reused for more than 15 consecutive trials without significant loss of its catalytic activity.     

Fe(OTf)3‐Catalyzed α‐Benzylation of Aryl Methyl Ketones with Electrophilic Secondary and Aryl Alcohols

Acid‐catalyzed Friedel–Crafts alkylation of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with electrophilic alcohols, is known to be an effective C? C bond forming reaction. However, until now, this reaction has not been amenable for α‐alkylation of aryl methyl ketones because of the notoriously low nucleophilicities of these compounds. Therefore, α‐alkylation of aryl methyl ketone relies on precious metal catalysts and also, the use of primary alcohols is mandatory. In this study, we found that a system composed of a Fe(OTf)₃ catalyst and chlorobenzene solvent is sufficient to promote the title Friedel–Crafts reaction by using benzhydrols as electrophiles. 3,4‐Dihydro‐9‐(2‐hydroxy‐4,4‐dimethyl‐6‐oxo‐1‐cyclohexen‐1‐yl)‐3,3‐dimethyl‐xanthen‐1(2 H)‐one was also applicable as an electrophile in this type of benzylation reaction. On the basis of this result, a three‐component reaction of salicylaldehyde, dimedone, and aryl methyl ketone was also developed, and this provided an efficient way for the synthesis of densely substituted 4H‐chromene derivatives.     

Linking Conformational Flexibility and Kinetics: Catalytic 1,4‐Type Friedel–Crafts Reactions of Phenols Utilizing 1,3‐Diamine‐Tethered Guanidine/Bisthiourea Organocatalysts

Herein, we present details of our conformationally flexible, 1,3‐diamine‐tethered guanidine/bisthiourea organocatalysts for chemo‐, regio‐, and enantioselective 1,4‐type Friedel–Crafts reactions of phenols. These organocatalysts show a unique stereo‐discrimination governed by the differential activation entropy (ΔΔS^≠), rather than by the differential activation enthalpy (ΔΔH^≠). Extensive kinetic analyses using Eyring plots for a series of guanidine/bisthiourea organocatalysts revealed the key structural motif in the catalysts associated with a large magnitude of differential activation entropy (ΔΔS^≠). A plausible guanidine–thiourea cooperative mechanism for the enantioselective Friedel–Crafts reaction is proposed.     

Synthesis of new thioxanthenes by organocatalytic intramolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction

An efficient organocatalytic route has been developed to synthesize novel substituted thioxanthenes (2a–2v) starting from diaryl thioether alcohols (1a–1v) using the intramolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction. The starting materials were obtained in two stages via a coupling reaction followed by the Grignard reaction. In this study, we tried for the first time to use some organic Brønsted acids as organocatalysts (3a–3h) in the intramolecular Friedel–Crafts cyclization reaction of thioether alcohols. The synthesis of original substituted thioxanthenes was achieved within 15?minutes by using N-triflylphosphoramide (3h) with quantitative yields in THF at room temperature.     

A highly efficient memantine-modified palladium catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction

A new simple Pd(memantine)₂Cl₂ complex was synthesized and characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and X-ray single crystal structure determination. The Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of aryl bromides catalyzed by Pd(memantine)₂Cl₂ complex was investigated in air with different temperature. The high turnover numbers of 650,000 have been obtained in the reaction of 4-bromonitrobenzene with phenylboronic acid at 80 °C. At room temperature, the complex also showed high activity for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of aryl bromides with a wide range of functional groups under air, and the turnover number of up to 99,000 was achieved. The catalytic system also gives good yields toward the reaction of several heteroaryl bromides with thiophenylboronic acid.     

Scalable Total Syntheses and Structure–Activity Relationships of Haouamines A,B, and Their Derivatives as Stable Formate Salts

Haouamines A, B, and their derivatives were synthesized via Suzuki–Miyaura coupling and three key cyclization reactions as follows: the newly developed palladium(0)-catalyzed arylative cyclization of phenylalanine-derived alkyne–aldehydes with 2-bromoarylboronic acid (an “anti-Wacker”-type cyclization); BF₃ ⋅ OEt₂-promoted Friedel–Crafts-type cyclization of symmetrical electron-rich aromatic rings adjacent to a tertiary allylic alcohol leading to the indeno-tetrahydropyridine skeleton; and (cyanomethyl)trimethylphosphonium iodide-mediated macrocyclization of amino alcohols to afford aza-paracyclophane precursors. The palladium-catalyzed reduction of mono- and di-triflate intermediates in the later stages enabled the alteration of both the position and number of hydroxyl groups on the C-ring. The instability of haouamine B was dramatically improved by salt formation with formic acid. An unambiguous evaluation of the cytotoxicity of the prepared haouamine derivative formates with and without hydroxyl groups at different positions on the C-ring indicated that the catechol structure in haouamine B produced weak cytotoxicity.     

(N-Heterocyclic carbene) ion-pair palladium complexes: Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling studies in neat water under mild conditions

The synthesis and characterization of a series of (N-heterocyclic carbene)PdCl₃⁻(NMe₃H)⁺ ion-pair complexes are presented. Applying the quaternary ammonium salt as the function with NHC–Pd(II) complexes yields the new ion-pair complexes. The NHC–Pd(II) ion-pair complexes work well by undergoing the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction with aryl chloride substrates in water under mild conditions in air at room temperature. Twenty products resulting from Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions carried out in the presence of the new NHC–Pd(II) ion-pair complex under mild optimal conditions were examined to determine the optimum yields.