新型碳纳米材料在低温燃料电池催化剂中的应用

 碳纳米管及其衍生纳米碳材料是一种介于富勒烯与石墨之间的碳的存在形式,具有独特的电子性质. 碳纳米材料可与其表面负载的金属活性相产生一种特殊的载体-金属相互作用; 纳米管中电子转移的动力学行为极佳,并且其特殊的纳米级孔道结构有利于反应物及产物的传质,因此作为低温燃料电池催化剂载体备受关注. 综述了多种新型碳纳米材料如碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维、碳纳米盘、碳纳米角和碳纳米分子筛等在低温燃料电池催化剂中的应用,并对其存在的问题和可能的发展方向进行了讨论.     

质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂稳定化方法研究进展

Pt/C催化剂稳定性是制约质子交换膜燃料电池商业化的关键技术挑战之一,因此增强燃料电池催化剂稳定性研究一直是该领域的热点。指出Pt纳米粒子的溶解再沉积、团聚长大,中间物种在Pt表面的吸附钝化,有害杂质中毒及碳载体腐蚀是Pt/C催化剂稳定性衰减的主要因素,概述了近些年提高质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂稳定性的研究进展。指出Pt合金化、采用更稳定载体及进一步加强金属载体间相互作用是增强催化剂稳定性的发展方向。     

聚吡咯改性炭载Pd催化剂促进甲酸电氧化

直接甲酸燃料电池(DFAFC)阳极活性炭载Pd催化剂活性组分易聚集,分散差且存在炭载体的电腐蚀作用,造成催化活性低稳定性差。 为解决上述问题,本文通过调控炭载Pd催化剂的载体改善催化活性和稳定性。 采用低温化学氧化法制备了聚吡咯(PPy)与活性炭复合材料,在聚合过程中加入活性炭,经过高温热解聚吡咯形成复合碳载体负载Pd催化剂,并表征了热解聚吡咯碳修饰催化剂表面形貌,发现聚吡咯修饰后的催化剂载体表面氮元素以吡咯氮的形式存在,催化剂活性组分Pd纳米粒子可稳定在2.25 nm。 通过甲酸电催化氧化性能测试,结果表明,Pd单位质量比活性比Pd/C催化剂提高了2.5倍。     

电催化剂纳米碳基载体的研究进展

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFCs)因具有工作温度低、结构紧凑、无腐蚀、启动快和灵活性好等优点,受到人们广泛关注.但其工作时动力学迟缓且易受CO毒化影响,往往需要负载Pt等贵金属催化剂,导致PEMFCs的成本高昂,阻碍了其商业化应用.为提高Pt贵金属的利用率,通常将Pt负载在载体材料上来提高Pt的分散性以减少Pt颗粒集聚,因此,合适的载体材料对于降低PEMFCs成本具有极大意义.纳米碳材料由于具有高稳定性、可控的孔结构、可变的物理形态、可修饰的表面化学以及低成本等特点,是一种理想的催化剂载体材料,已被广泛应用于PEMFCs电催化剂中.本文综述了PEMFCs电催化剂的纳米碳基载体的最新研究进展,重点讨论了纳米碳的纳米结构和表面物理化学性质对电催化剂性能的影响,主要从孔结构、杂原子掺杂以及功能性碳基载体方面对其进行概述.在孔结构方面,纳米碳载体的孔形貌和孔径大小能够显著地影响PEMFCs电催化剂的催化性能.相比于无序孔,有序孔能够减小反应物分子的传质阻力,可使反应物分子更好地与载体孔道内的催化活性位点结合,增加Pt催化剂的可及性,从而提高反应活性.合适的孔径不仅能够使纳米碳载体具有足够的传质通道,还能提供充足的用于电催化反应的高比表面积,从而增加电催化剂的催化性能.在杂原子掺杂方面,向纳米碳载体中掺入氮、硫和磷等杂原子能够稳定碳载体结构,并增加载体表面与金属纳米粒子之间的结合位点,提高金属纳米颗粒的分散性,通过金属-载体之间的相互作用和协同作用提升电催化剂性能.在功能性碳载体方面,通过对纳米碳载体进行有针对性地改性得到具有特定功能的碳化物载体,改性后的功能性碳化物载体能够通过加速CO反应中间体氧化以增加电催化剂的抗CO毒化能力,并能够通过降低燃料电池腐蚀电流的方式提升电催化剂的耐久性.本文讨论了纳米碳载体的最新进展,指出PEMFC电催化剂载体的未来发展方向,为PEMFC催化剂的未来研究和设计提供参考意见,为推动PEMFC的市场化提供帮助.     

碳纳米材料及其在多相催化中的应用

碳纳米材料（包括零维、一维、二维碳纳米材料以及碳纳米孔材料）是一类新型的催化剂或催化剂载体材料,在氧化脱氢、选择加氢、合成氨、氨分解制氢以及燃料电池等多相催化领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了近年来新型碳纳米材料在多相催化领域中的应用研究进展,介绍了这类催化材料的制备方法,重点阐述了碳载体的微/介观结构、掺杂、电子性质、表面性质、限域效应等对所担载的催化活性组分的分散,对反应物的扩散以及对催化反应的活性和选择性等方面的影响。     

Pt纳米颗粒在氮掺杂空心碳微球上的高分散负载及其氧还原性能

通过热解自聚合多巴胺法制备了氮掺杂空心碳微球(N-HCMS), 并采用微波辅助乙二醇还原方法把Pt纳米粒子负载于N-HCMS上制得了Pt/N-HCMS催化剂. 催化剂的表面形貌、晶体结构及其比表面积和孔径分布等分别采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪及比表面分析仪等进行表征. 采用循环伏安法和线性扫描伏安法研究了Pt/N-HCMS 催化剂在酸性条件下的电催化氧还原性能. Pt/N-HCMS 催化剂由于Pt纳米粒子的均匀分散、N-HCMS载体的快速电子传递及其独特的微孔和中空结构而具有很高的电催化氧还原活性, 其质量比活性是E-TEK Pt/C 催化剂的近两倍. Pt/N-HCMS 催化剂还具有优良的稳定性. 本工作对于开发高性能的燃料电池阴极催化剂具有重要意义.     

新型碳材料作为直接醇类燃料电池催化剂载体的评述

 电催化反应过程涉及固、液、气传输以及电子和质子传导, 为确保反应的顺利进行和提高催化剂中贵金属的利用率及延长催化剂的寿命, 理想的电催化剂载体必须同时具备高比表面积、导电性好、合适的孔结构、耐腐蚀以及合适的表面基团等. 为此, 碳载体的改性工作受到关注, 常用的方法是通过酸、碱、氧化和高分子等手段改变载体的结构和表面性质, 以期接近理想电催化剂载体的要求; 同时在开发新型碳载体方面做了更大量的工作. 本文简要评述了商品炭载体如碳黑 Vulcan XC-72R 以及其它的乙炔黑、黑珍珠-2000、Printex XE-2 和 Ketjen Black EC 等碳材料在直接醇燃料电池中的应用, 但对纳米碳纤维、碳纳米管、有序多孔碳、中间相碳小球、碳纳米角、碳纳米卷和碳气凝胶等新型碳载体则进行了较全面的评述. 与商品碳载体相比, 新型碳载体在一定程度上都表现出比 XC-72R 更优的性能, 这主要是因为新型碳材料具有特殊的结构、更高的结晶性能 (导电性) 和更好的传质能力.     

聚吡咯-碳载Pd催化剂的制备及对甲酸的电催化氧化

通过低温氧化法在活性碳表面修饰聚吡咯(PPy-C), 并以PPy-C为载体制备了纳米Pd催化剂(Pd/PPy-C). 采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等手段对载体PPy-C及催化剂Pd/PPy-C进行了表征, 电化学测试结果表明, Pd/PPy-C催化剂电极不但能够增强催化剂对甲酸催化氧化的活性, 而且还能够大幅度提高催化剂的稳定性, 因此以PPy-C为载体的Pd/PPy-C催化剂是一类具有潜在应用前景的直接甲酸燃料电池阳极催化剂. 通过分析电化学比表面随循环伏安次数的变化及多电势阶跃实验结果表明, 催化剂电极活性衰减的主要原因是载体被氧化及电极表面积累强吸附物种的结果.     

Preparation of Polypyrrole-Carbon Black Supported Pd Catalyst for Formic Acid Electrooxidation

通过低温氧化法在活性碳表面修饰聚吡咯（PPy-C）,并以PPy-C为载体制备了纳米Pd催化剂（Pd/PPy-C）.采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等手段对载体PPy-C及催化剂Pd/PPy-C进行了表征,电化学测试结果表明,Pd/PPy-C催化剂电极不但能够增强催化剂对甲酸催化氧化的活性,而且还能够大幅度提高催化剂的稳定性,因此以PPy-C为载体的Pd/PPy-C催化剂是一类具有潜在应用前景的直接甲酸燃料电池阳极催化剂.通过分析电化学比表面随循环伏安次数的变化及多电势阶跃实验结果表明,催化剂电极活性衰减的主要原因是载体被氧化及电极表面积累强吸附物种的结果.     

介孔Al2O3负载纳米Au催化剂用于低温催化氧化CO

 用不同模板剂合成了具有较高比表面积和较多表面碱性位的介孔Al2O3载体,并采用均相沉积-沉淀法制备了Al2O3负载纳米Au催化剂,对制备的介孔Al2O3载体及相应催化剂采用低温N2吸附法、TEM和XPS等手段进行了表征,考察了载体表面碱性对纳米Au粒子在载体表面的沉积及相应催化剂在CO氧化反应中催化性能的影响. 以CO2-TPD法测定载体表面碱性,结果表明,介孔氧化铝的表面碱性与其合成过程中所用的模板剂有关. 以表面碱性位较丰富的介孔Al2O3为载体制备的催化剂表面Au粒子分布较均匀且粒径(3.1～3.2 nm)较小,在CO完全氧化反应中催化活性最高,表明载体表面的碱性位有利于稳定其表面沉积的纳米Au粒子. XPS分析结果表明,催化剂表面的Au主要以Au0金属态形式存在,它在CO氧化反应中表现出较高的催化活性.     

碳化硅和碳化硼在电催化中的应用

燃料电池是具有广泛应用前景的新能源技术。碳载铂基催化剂(Pt/C)是最常用的燃料电池电极催化剂,不过Pt/C稳定性较差、且成本高昂,严重限制了燃料电池的规模化应用。共价型碳化物碳化硅和碳化硼,由于具有极强的共价键,其物化稳定性优异,成为制备高稳定性、低成本的燃料电池催化剂的重要基础材料。本文总结了相关研究成果,介绍了碳化硅和碳化硼的独特优势,讨论了相关研究的发展方向。     

碳化硅和碳化硼在电催化中的应用

燃料电池是具有广泛应用前景的新能源技术。碳载铂基催化剂（Pt/C）是最常用的燃料电池电极催化剂,不过Pt/C稳定性较差、且成本高昂,严重限制了燃料电池的规模化应用。共价型碳化物碳化硅和碳化硼,由于具有极强的共价键,其物化稳定性优异,成为制备高稳定性、低成本的燃料电池催化剂的重要基础材料。本文总结了相关研究成果,介绍了碳化硅和碳化硼的独特优势,讨论了相关研究的发展方向。     

低温燃料电池的纳米电催化材料:综述(英文)

Low temperature fuel cells are an attractive technology for transportation and residential applica‐tions due to their quick start up and shut down capabilities. This review analyzed the current status of nanocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells and alkaline membrane fuel cells. The preparation process influences the performance of the nanocatalyst. Several synthesis methods are covered for noble and non‐noble metal catalysts on various catalyst supports including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, nanowires, and graphenes. Ex situ and in situ characterization methods like scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and fuel cell testing of the nanocatalysts on various supports for both proton exchange and alkaline membrane fuel cells are discussed. The accelerated durability estimate of the nanocat‐alysts, predicted by measuring changes in the electrochemically active surface area using a voltage cycling method, is considered one of the most reliable and valuable method for establishing durabil‐ity.     

Ion‐Exchange‐Assisted Synthesis of Pt‐VC Nanoparticles Loaded on Graphitized Carbon: A High‐Performance Nanocomposite Electrocatalyst for Oxygen‐Reduction Reactions

Carbide‐based electrocatalysts are superior to traditional carbon‐based electrocatalysts, such as the commercial Pt/C electrocatalysts, in terms of their mass activity and stability. Herein, we report a general approach for the preparation of a nanocomposite electrocatalyst of platinum and vanadium carbide nanoparticles that are loaded onto graphitized carbon. The nanocomposite, which was prepared in a localized and controlled fashion by using an ion‐exchange process, was an effective electrocatalyst for the oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR). Both the stability and the durability of the Pt‐VC/GC nanocomposite catalyst could be enhanced compared with the state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C. This approach can be extended to the synthesis of other metal‐carbide‐based nanocatalysts. Moreover, this straightforward synthesis of high‐performance composite nanocatalysts can be scaled up to meet the requirements for mass production.     

Research on Performance Decay Mechanism of Pt/C Catalyst in Long-Term ORR Test北大核心CSCD

In proton exchange membrane fuel cells,cost,performance and durability are important issues that are need to be resolved before commercialization. The main reason for fuel cell performance degradation during operation is the loss of electrochemical surface area during long-term aging or transient. These losses mainly come from the degradation of the catalyst metal and the corrosion of the carbon support. This is a continuous and irreversible process that will greatly shorten the service life of the fuel cell. In order to explore this problem,20%（mass fraction）Pt/C catalyst is prepared based on carbon carrier etched by sulfuric acid. The morphology characterization test shows that it is uniformly dispersed and uniform in particle size,which is considered as an excellent material for long-term oxygen reduction （ORR） stability test. Next,the ORR stability test method with different cyclic voltammetry （CV） cycles is used to observe its performance degradation,and a series of physical characterizations,e. g. transmission electron microscopy（TEM）,high-resolution electron microscopy（HRTEM）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）and Raman spectroscopy （Raman）,are used to further intuitively analyzed the attenuation mechanism. It is reported that the reasons for the degradation of the stability of Pt/C catalysts are mainly from the dissolution,agglomeration,oxidation and migration of Pt particles and the corrosion of carbon supports. This study elucidates the source of the impact on the stability of fuel cells during operation,and provides a reference for designing high-stability commercial ORR catalysts. © 2022, Science Press (China). All rights reserved.     

A Double‐Passivation Water‐Based Galvanic Displacement Method for Reproducible Gram‐Scale Production of High‐Performance Platinum‐Alloy Electrocatalysts

Preparation of large quantities of high‐performance supported Pt‐alloy electrocatalysts is crucial for the faster development and implementation of low‐temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). One of the prospective nanofabrication synthesis methods is based on the galvanic displacement (GD) reaction. A facile, highly reproducible, gram scale, water‐based double passivation GD method is now presented for the synthesis of carbon‐supported Pt‐M nanoparticles (M=Cu, Ni, Co). It offers great flexibility over the catalyst design, such as the choice of the sacrificial metal (M), variation of the chemical composition of alloy, variation of total metal loading (Pt+M) on carbon support, or even variation of the carbon support itself. The obtained Pt‐alloy catalysts are several times more active compared to a Pt reference and exhibits better stability during accelerated degradation tests performed at 60 °C.     

Pt-decorated PdCo@Pd/C core-shell nanoparticles with enhanced stability and electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction

A simple method for the preparation of PdCo@Pd core-shell nanoparticles supported on carbon based on an adsorbate-induced surface segregation effect has been developed. The stability of these PdCo@Pd nanoparticles and their electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were enhanced by decoration with a small amount of Pt deposited via a spontaneous displacement reaction. The facile method described herein is suitable for large-scale, lower-cost production and significantly lowers the Pt loading and thus the cost. The as-prepared PdCo@Pd and Pd-decorated PdCo@Pd nanocatalysts have a higher methanol tolerance than Pt/C in the ORR and are promising cathode catalysts for fuel cell applications.     

Preparation and electrocatalytic properties of Pt-SiO2 nanocatalysts for ethanol electrooxidation

Due to their high stability in general acidic solutions, SiO(2) nanoparticles were selected as the second catalyst for ethanol oxidation in sulfuric acid aqueous solution. Pt-SiO(2) nanocatalysts were prepared in this paper. The micrography and elemental composition of Pt-SiO(2) nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. The electrocatalytic properties of Pt-SiO(2) nanocatalysts for ethanol oxidation were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Under the same Pt loading mass and experimental conditions for ethanol oxidation, Pt-SiO(2) nanocatalysts show higher activity than PtRu/C (E-Tek), Pt/C (E-Tek), and Pt catalysts. Additionally, Pt-SiO(2) nanocatalysts possess good anti-poisoning ability. The results indicate that Pt-SiO(2) nanocatalysts may have good potential applications in direct ethanol fuel cells.     

通过载体提高燃料电池催化剂的稳定性

Pt/C是目前质子交换膜燃料电池使用最广泛的一种催化剂,制约其实际应用的关键技术之一是稳定性,增强燃料电池催化剂稳定性研究一直是该领域的热点. 本文结合作者课题组的研究工作,综述了通过改进载体材料来提高Pt基催化剂稳定性的一些方法,指出采用更稳定的载体材料以及发展与金属催化剂纳米颗粒有强相互作用的载体材料,是增强催化剂稳定性的努力方向.     

Pt–Ni alloy nanoparticles supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes for methanol oxidation in alkaline media

The Pt–Ni alloy nanoparticles with different Pt/Ni atomic ratios supported on functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes surface were synthesized via an impregnation-reduction method. The nanocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical techniques. XRD demonstrated that Pt was alloyed with Ni. TEM showed that the Pt–Ni alloy nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed on the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) surface, indicating appropriate amount of Ni in Pt–Ni alloy which facilitates the dispersion of nanoparticles on the MWCNT surface. XPS revealed that the Pt 4f peak in Pt–Ni/MWCNT (4:1) catalyst shifted to a lower binding energy compared with Pt/MWCNT catalyst, and nickel oxides/hydroxides such as NiO, Ni(OH)₂, and NiOOH were on the surface of Pt–Ni nanoparticles. Electrochemical data based on cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometric curves indicated that Pt–Ni (4:1) alloy nanoparticles exhibited distinctly higher activity and better stability than those of Pt/MWCNTs toward methanol oxidation in alkaline media.