无有机模板剂水热合成Co同晶取代的丝光沸石分子筛

在硅酸钠、硫酸铝、硝酸钴和氢氧化钠的全无机体系条件下, 采用无有机模板剂水热法合成了Co同晶取代的丝光沸石分子筛. 通过粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电感耦合等离子体(ICP)光谱、氮气吸附、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)光谱、热重(TG)分析等手段对所得固体产物的织构性质以及钴在分子筛中的存在状态进行了表征. 结果表明, 该方法成功地将Co离子引入到丝光沸石分子筛的骨架结构中, 未发现骨架外Co物种. 典型的合成条件为n(Co)/n(SiO₂) =0.01-0.04, n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃) =20-50, n(H₂O)/n(SiO₂) =40, n(Na₂O)/n(SiO₂)=0.4, 晶化温度170 °C, 晶化时间3-7 d. 讨论了Na+离子在无有机模板剂合成中的结构导向作用. 全无机体系合成得到的产物无需进行传统的高温煅烧处理, 即可获得开放的微孔孔道, 实现了低成本、低能耗、环境友好的Co-丝光沸石的合成.     

晶种导向干凝胶法制备成型ZSM-5分子筛

在干凝胶法制备ZSM-5 分子筛的体系中添加晶种导向剂, 控制分子筛的生长, 制备了纳米沸石组装的无粘结剂成型多级孔ZSM-5 分子筛, 一步完成纳米分子筛的制备及组装成型, 即克服了传统纳米粒子难以过滤分离的问题, 同时组装所形成的多级孔有助于改善分子在催化剂内的扩散, 从而提高催化反应效率. 以硅胶、薄水铝石为原料, 四丙基氢氧化铵(TPAOH)和ZSM-5 晶种导向胶作为粘结剂, 通过混捏、挤条得到直径2 mm的条状前驱物, 随后通过干凝胶转换法制备成型分子筛. 所用晶种导向剂组成为0.35TPAOH:1SiO₂:20H₂O:4C₂H₅OH. 通过X射线衍射(XRD), 热重(TG)分析和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱等方法对分子筛晶化过程进行了表征, 结果表明晶种导向剂加入量对分子筛生长速度及多级孔结构均有影响. 当所加晶种导向剂中TPAOH与SiO₂的摩尔比为0.025时, 经过3 h晶化, 分子筛相对结晶度达到100%. 扫描电镜(SEM)结果表明, 合成的分子筛尺寸约为200 nm, 组装形成的多级孔分子筛的介孔体积为0.28 cm³·g^-1. 通过NH₃ 程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)考察了所得成型分子筛的酸性, 发现该分子筛酸性与市售的粉末H-ZSM-5分子筛类似.     

Eu3+、Ga3+共掺杂SiO2基质材料的制备及其发光性质

通过溶胶-凝胶方法制备了稀土离子Eu³⁺和Ga³⁺共掺杂的SiO₂材料;利用IR、XRD等研究了材料的结构,结果表明材料属于非晶态,800 ℃退火后样品的主要结构仍为SiO₂的网状结构。400 ℃退火的样品在393 nm激发下发射光谱显示了Eu³⁺的特征发射光谱,产生3条明显谱带,分别是576 nm(⁵D₀-⁷F     

Cu的负载方法对CuSAPO-34脱除柴油车尾气中NOx的影响

采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、原子吸收、程序升温还原、X射线吸收近边吸收谱、X射线光电子能谱、氮吸附等手段对水热合成(HS)、等体积浸渍(PVI)与离子交换(IE)法制备的CuSAPO-34样品进行了表征,并评价了老化前后催化剂上C₃H₆-SCR与NH₃-SCR脱除模拟柴油车尾气中NO_x的反应活性.结果表明,IE法制得的催化剂活性最高,尤其在C₃H₆-SCR低温阶段;PVI法制得的催化剂活性最差.制备方法影响CuSAPO-34催化剂的比表面积、孔径分布和活性组分价态从而改变其催化活性.各催化剂均存在Cu⁺和Cu²⁺,但比例明显不同.HS样品以Cu²⁺为主,另两种样品则含较多的Cu⁺.老化不仅部分破坏了分子筛的形貌、降低了分子筛的比表面积,尤其是表面Cu含量,而且有部分Cu生成了CuSO₄,使得老化后催化剂的脱硝活性降低.PVI法制得的催化剂老化后活性下降幅度最小,表明该分子筛抗老化能力较强.     

红色荧光粉CePO4-6LaPO4@4SiO2:Eu3+的发光特性

采用溶胶凝胶-高温固相法制备CePO₄-6LaPO₄@4SiO₂∶Eu³⁺荧光粉,通过XRD、TEM、EDS、IR以及激发光谱和发射光谱对荧光粉的结构和发光性能进行了表征。XRD和EDS结果证明了目标产物,其由晶态的LaPO₄、CePO₄和非晶态的SiO₂构成;TEM图显示样品形貌为不规则形状,并且显示CePO₄-6LaPO₄@4SiO₂∶Eu³⁺荧光粉形成核壳结构;HRTEM图可以清楚地看出晶格条纹的形成;IR谱图显示结果与XRD和EDS的分析结果一致;荧光光谱图显示：在466 nm激发下,CePO₄-6LaPO₄@4SiO₂∶Eu³⁺荧光粉在615 nm处出现属于Eu³⁺的⁵D₀→⁷F₂跃迁的强烈红光发射。     

Zr/Ti摩尔比对锶锆钛复合氧化物在可见光下光催化性能的影响

通过分步沉积法制备了不同Zr/Ti 摩尔比的锶锆钛(SZT)复合氧化物催化剂, 以X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)漫反射光谱等表征手段考察不同Zr/Ti 摩尔比下SZT催化剂的结构形态, 以可见光下光催化降解亚甲基蓝为模型反应考察样品的光催化活性. 结果表明: Zr/Ti 摩尔比<1 时SZT催化剂发生Zr⁴⁺与Ti⁴⁺同质替换, 引起晶格缺陷, 光催化活性小幅提高; Zr/Ti 摩尔比≥1 时SZT催化剂产生SrZrO₃/Ti_nO_2n-1 (n=4, 9)的新晶相, Ti_nO_2n-1 (n=4, 9)的存在有利于光生电子-空穴的传导与分离, 可大幅提高催化剂光催化活性. 其中, SZT-5/5 表现出最高的光催化活性, 其一级反应速率常数达到0.2133 min^-1, 是同等光照条件下纯SrTiO₃样品(0.0158 min^-1)的13.5倍.     

溶胶凝胶模板法制备SiO2∶Sm3+纳米阵列材料

采用溶胶凝胶模板法制备了不同Sm³⁺掺量的SiO₂∶Sm³⁺纳米阵列材料,通过SEM、EDS、FTIR等对材料的形貌和结构进行测试表征。FTIR分析表明Sm³⁺进入SiO₂网络结构形成了Si-O-Sm键。SEM、EDS分析显示Sm³⁺掺量的增大促使阵列由纳米管向纳米线的转变。此外,腐蚀清洗等后处理工艺对保持纳米阵列的形貌至关重要。最后,讨论了溶胶凝胶模板法制备SiO₂∶Sm³⁺纳米阵列的机理。     

低硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛的合成及其正庚烷裂化反应性能

以氨水为矿化剂,通过添加NH₄⁺离子水热合成了具有较低骨架硅铝比的ZSM-5分子筛。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、固体核磁共振(MAS-NMR)等表征手段,研究了硅源、铝源、矿化剂、阳离子等对ZSM-5分子筛的结晶度、形貌尺寸和骨架硅铝比等的影响,研究了ZSM-5分子筛的骨架硅铝比对正庚烷催化裂化反应的影响。研究表明,投料硅铝比越低,铝原子越难进入到分子筛骨架中;当氨水为矿化剂、正硅酸四乙酯为硅源时可以合成骨架硅铝比较低的氢型ZSM-5分子筛,添加NH₄⁺离子可以增强骨架铝的嵌入,进一步降低分子筛的骨架硅铝比(24.2)。正庚烷裂化反应结果表明,降低分子筛的骨架硅铝比可以提高正庚烷裂化反应的活性,但会降低低碳烯烃的选择性。     

基于羧甲基纤维素钠制备氮掺杂多孔炭及其电容性能研究

以羧甲基纤维素钠(NaCMC)为碳源, 利用直接炭化工艺(无需进一步活化)制备多孔炭材料; 然后, 以CO(NH₂)₂为氮源, 形成了氮掺杂多孔炭材料. 氮的存在形式包括吡啶N、石墨N和吡咯N. 实验结果表明, 羧甲基纤维素钠与CO(NH₂)₂之间的配比可以有效控制氮存在形式、含量、样品的比表面积及孔的结构等. 样品的电化学性能测试表明, 氮掺杂后多孔炭材料的超电容性能得到了显著提升. 以carbon-N-1:20为例, 其比表面积可达858 m²·g^-1, 远高于未经氮掺杂carbon-blank 的463 m²·g^-1, 其质量比电容则由94.0 F·g^-1提高到了156.7F·g^-1.     

类钙钛矿甲酸盐的线性和非线性光学响应

采用原位溶剂热法合成了2种混合有机阳离子杂化甲酸盐(CH (NH₂)₂)[RE (HCOO)₄](RE=Y、Er)。这2种材料是同构的(手性空间群C222₁),并具有有趣的类钙钛矿结构。进行了包括线性和非线性光学特性在内的光物理研究。(CH (NH₂)₂)[Y (HCOO)4]和(CH (NH₂)₂)[Er (HCOO)₄]分别表现出5.59和5.61 eV的宽光学带隙,对应于222和221 nm的紫外吸收边缘。粉末倍频测量表明,(CH (NH₂)₂)[Y (HCOO)₄]和(CH (NH₂)₂)[Er (HCOO)₄]的倍频效应分别是基准KH₂PO₄(KDP)的0.32和0.37倍。测量得到(CH (NH₂)₂)[Y (HCOO)₄]和(CH (NH₂)₂)[Er (HCOO)₄]的双折射率分别为0.013和0.015。第一性原理研究表明,2个π共轭的(CH (NH₂)₂)⁺和HCOO^-基团是光学性质的主要贡献者。     

不同硅铝比Al-ITQ-13分子筛的甲醇制丙烯反应催化性能

采用晶种法直接合成了硅铝比(SiO_2/Al_2O_3物质的量比)为137、224和309的三种Al-ITQ-13分子筛,并采用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N_2吸附-脱附、固体核磁共振(MAS NMR)和NH_3-程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)等分析方法对不同硅铝比分子筛进行了表征,并在固定床微型反应评价装置上,考察了硅铝比对甲醇转化制丙烯反应性能的影响。结果表明,不同硅铝比Al-ITQ-13分子筛呈现出相似的织构性质,酸量及酸强度随着硅铝比的升高逐渐下降。硅铝比对甲醇转化反应的产物分布存在较大的影响;随着硅铝比的升高,氢转移反应和芳构化反应活性降低,使得乙烯选择性下降,而丙烯和丁烯的选择性升高。硅铝比由137提高到309,丙烯的选择性(质量分数)由46.04%增加到55.52%,而丙烯/乙烯比由3.39提高到6.57。     

Solvothermal synthesis of uniform and high aspect ratio of CdS nanowires and their optical properties

Uniform and high aspect ratio CdS nanowires (NWs) were successfully synthesized by the solvothermal reaction of the solution containing Cd(NO₃)₂, (NH₄)₂S and ethylenediamine (NH₂(CH₂)₂NH₂). In this research, the effects of molar contents of the stating materials, reaction temperatures and lengths of time on phase, vibration modes, morphologies, and optical properties of the as-synthesized products were studied using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, SAED, HRTEM, UV–vis spectroscopy and PL spectroscopy. They were found to be controlled by the contents of the stating materials, reaction temperatures and lengths of time. Mixed nanoparticles and short nanorods of CdS were synthesized by the 200 °C and 24 h solvothermal reaction of the solutions containing 0.0001–0.0050 mol of the starting materials. Upon increasing the content of the starting materials to 0.0100 mol, the completely uniform CdS NWs with aspect ratio of >250 were synthesized.     

Synthesis and Morphology Control of AM‐6 Nanofibers with Tailored ‐V‐O‐V‐ Intermediates

Microporous vanadosilicates with octahedral VO₆ and tetrahedral SiO₄ units, better known as AM‐6, have been hydrothermally synthesized with different morphologies by controlling the Na/K molar ratio of the initial gel mixtures. The morphology of the AM‐6 materials changed from bulky cube to nanofiber aggregates as the Na/K molar ratio decreased from 1.9 to 0.2. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the VO₃^? intermediate species plays an important role in the formation of the nanofiber morphology. The orientation of ‐V‐O‐V‐ chains in nanofiber aggregates was examined by confocal polarized micro‐Raman spectroscopy. It was found that these aggregates are assemblies of short ‐V‐O‐V‐ chains perpendicular to the axis of nanofibers. The obtained AM‐6 nanofibers greatly increase the exposed proportion of V? O terminals, and thus improve the catalytic performance.     

Optically transparent silica aerogels based on sodium silicate by a two step sol–gel process and ambient pressure drying

Interest in improving the optical transmission of sodium silicate-based aerogels by ambient pressure drying led to the synthesis of aerogels using a two-step sol–gel process. To produce optically transparent silica aerogel granules, NH₄F (1 M) and HCl (4 M) were used as hydrolyzing and condensation catalysts, respectively. The silica aerogels were characterized by their bulk density, porosity (%), contact angle and thermal conductivity. Optical transmission of as synthesized aerogels was studied by comparing the photos of aerogel granules. Scanning electron microscopic study showed the presence of fractal structures in these aerogels. The degree of transparency in two step sol–gel process-based aerogels is higher than the conventional single step aerogels. The N₂ adsorption–desorption analysis depicts that the two step sol–gel based aerogels have large surface areas. Optically transparent silica aerogels with a low density of ∼0.125 g/cc, low thermal conductivity of ∼0.128 W/mK and higher Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller surface area of ∼425 m²/g were obtained by using NH₄F (1 M), HCl (4 M), and a molar ratio of Na₂SiO₃::H₂O::trimethylchlorosilane of 1::146.67::9.46. The aerogels retained their hydrophobicity up to 500 °C.     

Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline CoFe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> deposited on SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>: in situ sol–gel process

In situ base catalyst assisted sol–gel process is used for the synthesis of nanocrystalline CoFe₂O₄ deposition on SiO₂ particles. The SiO₂ particles were prepared using base catalyst assisted sol–gel process and the consecutive formation and deposition of nanocrystalline CoFe₂O₄ on SiO₂ particles was monitored using Powder X ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo Gravimetric And Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). The crystallite size of CoFe₂O₄ is calculated using Scherrer’s formula and it is found to be 8 nm. The HRTEM images and selective area electron diffraction (SAED) results confirmed the formation of nanocrystalline CoFe₂O₄ particles deposited over SiO₂ spheres.     

Direct synthesis of o-bromobenzonitrile by catalytic and gas-phase ammoxidation of o-bromotoluene

The VCrPO/SiO₂ catalyst was obtained by doping a Cr element into VPO/SiO₂. Using this catalyst for the ammoxidation of o-bromotoluene (OBT) to o-bromobenzonitrile (OBBN), we studied the influence and effect of each single factor such as reaction temperature, the molar ratio air/OBT (air ratio), the molar ratio NH₃/OBT (NH₃ ratio), and the molar ratio H₂O/OBT (H₂O ratio) in the feed and feed load on the reaction. As the results show, the most appropriate reaction conditions of the catalyst are a temperature of 360°C, an air ratio of 30, a NH₃ ratio of 8, an H₂O ratio of 0.6, and a feed load of 57 g/(1 Cat h). With these parameters the conversion of OBT is 99.4 mol% and the mole productivity of OBBN is 77.9%. The function of the doped Cr element is mainly to increase the lattice defects in the catalyst and improve the quantity and activity of lattice oxygen [O^2?], which contributes to increasing the activity of the catalyst and to reducing the most appropriate reaction temperature.     

Synthesis of Si-MCM-41 from ternary SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>–CTAOH–H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O system via dry gel conversion route

Steam assisted dry gel conversion method was employed for the synthesis of Si-MCM-41 from ternary SiO₂:CTAOH:H₂O systems wherein fumed silica was used as a source of silica. The influence of synthesis time, molar ratios of CTAOH/SiO₂ in dry gel and the water content at the bottom of autoclave on the quality and formation of mesophases has been investigated. Powder XRD, N₂ adsorption–desorption, TEM and hydrothermal stability test were the techniques used for sample characterization. Keeping molar ratio of CTAOH/SiO₂ constant, shorter synthesis time, lower unit cell parameter and d spacing were observed when steam assisted dry gel conversion method was employed in place of conventional hydrothermal method. There exists an optimum lower limit for water content at the bottom of autoclave for reducing the synthesis period. Keeping synthesis temperature and CTAOH/SiO₂ molar ratio fixed, Si-MCM-41 with improved hydrothermal stability was obtained by steam assisted dry gel conversion route.     

Synthesis and Structure Analysis of Aurivillius Phases Pb1‐xBi4‐+Ti1‐xMnxO15

Synthesis Pb_1‐xBi_4+xTi_4‐xMn_xO₁₅ compounds (0 ≤ × ≤ 1) were carried out by molten salts method using eutectic mixture of Na₂SO₄/K₂SO₄ salts (1:1 molar ratio) as the flux. The samples were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction and refined by Le Bail method using Rietica program. The refinement results revealed that the compounds with the composition 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6 formed Aurivillius phase with the space group A2₁am while the other composition (x ≥ 0.8) showed another phase beside A2₁am. The ratio b/a of the lattices constants for all the samples are larger than 1 indicating the direction of the orthorhombic along the b axis of their cells. The lattice parameters and volume of the unit cells decrease as the Mn content increasing from x = 0 to 0.6, for x ≥ 0.8 a second phase were observed. The morphologies of Pb_1‐xBi_4+xTi_4‐xMn_xO₁₅ samples were observed by SEM and show plate‐like aggregate crystals, typical of layered compounds belonging to the Aurivillius phase.     

Composite of SiO2 and Hydrogel Having Microphase Separated Structure: Physical Properties Dependence on pH

Abstract

Organic-inorganic composite gel was prepared by using PEG-modified urethane acrylate (PMUA) gel and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). PMUA gel was prepared by the phase-inversion emulsion polymerization of PMUA emulsion. The gelation of PMUA emulsion using this method enables PMUA gel to swell with H₂O, TEOS, and ethanol. Hydrolysis and condensation reaction rates of the sol-gel process are strongly influenced by the pH controlled by catalysts such as HCl and NH₄OH. Additionally, the morphology on the cross section of composite and the amount of silica ingredient incorporated into the composite gel were dependent on solvent, the molar ratio of H₂O to TEOS, as well as the pH value.

As the silica content increased, due to hydrogen bonds interacting between PMUA gel and SiO₂, particles, the tensile strength of composites considerably increased, whereas the elongation at break decreased. The incorporation of silica ingredient in PMUA gel/silica composites was verified with FTIR/ATR and SEM. The amount of the silica component in the composite was indirectly investigated by using TGA thermal analysis.