基于纳米金/硫堇层层自组装的新型电流型酶-癌胚抗原免疫传感器

将Nafion 膜固定在金电极(Au)表面, 通过静电吸附和共价键合作用将硫堇(Thi)和纳米金颗粒(nano-Au)层层自组装到Nafion膜修饰的金电极表面. 再通过形成的纳米金单层吸附癌胚抗体(anti-CEA), 最后用辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)代替牛血清白蛋白(BSA)封闭电极上的非特异性吸附位点, 并同时起到放大响应电流信号的作用, 从而制得高灵敏、高稳定电流型酶-癌胚抗原(CEA)免疫传感器. 通过循环伏安和交流阻抗考察了电极表面的电化学特性, 并对该免疫传感器的性能进行了详细的研究. 该传感器对CEA检测的线性范围为2.5~80.0 ng/mL, 检测限为0.90 ng/mL.     

表面等离子体子共振生物传感器用于乙肝表面抗原的测定

运用自行研制的表面等离子体子共振（SPR）生物传感器，采用自组装成膜技 术并以戊二醛作偶联剂，在传感片表面修饰HBsAg单克隆抗体，将其用于乙肝表面 抗原（HBsAg)的检测。实验结果表明SPR生物传感器对HBsAg的检出限为0.06ng/mL 。与传统的酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）相比，SPR生物传感器的检出灵敏度明显高 于ELISA法。用该SPR生物传感器对HBsAg质控血清与纯化的HBsAg溶液进行比较检测 ，结果表明该SPR生物传感器对HBsAg具有好的特异选择性。     

基于网状混合自组装膜的压电免疫传感器及其应用

结合纳米金及混合自组装技术, 制备了一种新型网状混合膜, 提出了一种新的生物分子固定化方法, 研制了一种用于检测人血清抗精子抗体的压电免疫传感器. 首先, 将纳米金溶胶、巯基丙酸和1,6-二巯基己烷按一定的比例混合制得网状混合自组装膜, 然后将此膜组装到压电石英晶振的金电极表面, 经EDC/NHS活化后, 再将抗原固定到电极上, 实现对抗精子抗体的检测. 结果表明, 该方法能明显提高抗体抗原结合效率, 从而提高传感器的灵敏度, 并降低传感界面的非特异性吸附. 将此传感器应用于人血清抗精子抗体的检测, 线性范围为10~800 mU/mL, 检出限为7 mU/mL. 此传感器为抗精子抗体的临床检测提供了新平台.     

基于金纳米棒和超氧化物歧化酶层层自组装的超氧自由基生物传感器

超氧自由基（O2·-）检测对于研究氧化损伤有关的生化及病理过程具有重要意义.本文基于金纳米棒/超氧化物歧化酶层层自组装方法构建了一种新型超氧自由基电化学传感器.通过带正电的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）包裹的金纳米棒（AuNRs）与带负电的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）在半胱氨酸（Cys）修饰的金（Au）电极上层层自组装制备了（SOD/AuNRs）2/Cys/Au电极,证明了金纳米棒/SOD双层组装膜能有效增强SOD与电极之间的电子转移,并且该电极中的SOD保持有良好的生物活性,可在还原电位下实现O2·-电催化还原,从而达到检测O2·-的目的.该超氧自由基电化学传感器表现出了良好的电分析性能,其检测线性范围为200nM～0.2mM,检测限为100nM（S/N=3）,灵敏度为22.11nAcm-2μM-1,响应时间为5s.此外,该传感器还显示了较好的稳定性以及排除常见共存物过氧化氢、尿酸和抗坏血酸等干扰的能力.因此,对于第三代超氧化物歧化酶传感器的制作来说,酶与纳米材料层层自组装方法能够提供一种有效的电极构建方式.     

基于电聚合膜和纳米金自组装的生物分子固定化新方法的研究

结合电聚合膜和纳米金自组装技术,提出了一种新的生物分子固定化方法,研制成一种检测抗胰蛋白酶的压电免疫传感器。通过在石英晶振金电极表面电聚合邻苯二胺膜,再在膜表面自组装一层纳米金粒．以静电吸附作用固定抗体(抗原),实现对相应抗原(抗体)的检测。利用扫描电镜技术,从形态上考察了晶振金电极上自组装纳米金后的表面形貌。研究了抗体的固定化条件,探讨了传感器的响应与再生性能结果表日月．这种固定化方法对所固定的生物分子的生物活性影响小,传感器的测定灵敏度高．响应性能和再生性能较好。     

新型纳米二氧化钛的制备、表征及其在甲胎蛋白免疫传感器中的应用

以猪皮胶原和硫酸钛为原料,经过鞣制反应高温煅烧后,制得纳米二氧化钛（TiO₂）。基于静电吸附作用,将制备的二氧化钛（TiO₂）与壳聚糖（Chitosan）纳米复合物固定在金电极上,利用壳聚糖上丰富的氨基吸附纳米金颗粒,最后吸附甲胎蛋白抗体,从而成功制得甲胎蛋白免疫传感器。通过紫外可见光谱（UVVis）、红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线衍射（XRD）和透射电镜（TEM）对纳米二氧化钛粒子进行表征。在最优实验条件下,该免疫传感器对AFP的线性检测范围为0.01¹00 ng/mL,相关系数为0.998 2,检出限为0.003ng/mL。     

自组装夹心式功能化碳纳米管复合材料构建电流型甲胎蛋白免疫传感器的研究

在玻碳电极表面自组装一种夹心式的功能化碳纳米管复合膜,即首先在玻碳电极表面滴涂一层Na-fion分散的多壁碳纳米管,通过离子交换作用吸附硫堇分子后,利用硫堇分子与金纳米颗粒之间的共价键合作用组装一层金纳米颗粒功能化的多壁碳纳米管,双重增大电极比表面积,提高抗体固载量的同时可进一步提高电子传递速率,以此为甲胎蛋白抗体的固定化基质,制得电流型甲胎蛋白免疫传感器.实验结果表明,用此夹心式自组装膜固载抗体蛋白分子制得的电流型甲胎蛋白免疫传感器具有高的灵敏度和良好的选择性,检出限(S/N=3)为0.12 ng·mL-1.     

新型有机-无机氧化还原复合膜层层组装的无试剂高灵敏电流型 前列腺特异性抗原免疫传感器研究

以前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)和前列腺特异性抗体(anti-PSA)为生物模型分子, 采用电沉积技术和共价键合作用, 研制了新型高灵敏电流型免疫传感器. 利用具有良好导电性和热稳定性的新型有机材料[苝四甲酸二酐(PTCDA)衍生物, 简写为PTC-NH2]膜具有的多孔结构, 该膜可与电沉积制得的冰晶状普鲁士蓝(PB)颗粒进行层层组装镶嵌, 形成多层稳定的有机-无机氧化还原复合膜以增加 PB 的固定量和稳定性, 从而提高电极的电流响应信号; 同时, 通过复合膜表面丰富的氨基吸附大量纳米金以增加抗体的固定量, 从而提高免疫传感器的灵敏度. 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对PTC-NH2膜的形貌和结构进行表征, 通过循环伏安法考察了电极修饰过程的电化学特性, 详细研究了该免疫传感器的性能. 该免疫电极对前列腺特异性抗原检测的线性范围为0.5～16.0 ng/mL, 相关系数为0.985, 检测限为0.02 ng/mL. 实验结果表明, 利用该方法制备的免疫传感器具有灵敏度高、稳定性和选择性好等优点.     

基于微机电系统技术和纳米金自组装膜的安培型免疫传感器研究

基于微机电系统(MEMS)技术制备安培型免疫传感器,并利用基于硫醇单层膜的纳米金单层膜自组装技术设计传感器界面,用于固定人免疫球蛋白(IgG)抗体,研制了一种新型的安培型免疫传感器。采用MEMS技术,在硅片上制备微型的三电极系统以及SU-8反应池。基于自组装技术,先在金电极上自组装巯基乙胺单层膜,利用膜上氨基与纳米金共价结合组装纳米金单层膜,得到可用于固定抗体的界面。实验探讨了影响抗体固定的主要实验参数和条件;考察了采用此固定化方法传感器的响应性能,与金电极直接吸附固定法和戊二醛共价交联固定法进行了比较。对IgG检测的实验结果表明,采用纳米金自组装膜固定抗体,具有活性高、非特异性吸附小、检测线性范围宽等优点。并且,基于MEMS技术的安培型免疫传感器具有微型化、与集成电路工艺相兼容、易于实现传感器的阵列化和实时多参数检测等优点。     

基于纳米四氧化三铁-二茂铁构建甲胎蛋白免疫传感器的研究

用对交联剂1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨苪基)-碳化二亚胺/N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺将壳聚糖中的氨基与二茂铁甲酸中的羧基交联,并将制备好的纳米四氧化三铁加入其中反应形成富含氨基和羧基的磁性纳米复合物。该纳米复合物修饰到金电极表面,通过氨基及静电作用,吸附纳米金溶胶及甲胎蛋白抗体(anti-AFP)含量,从而成功制得高灵敏电流型甲胎蛋白免疫传感器。通过循环伏安法考察了电极表面的电化学特性。研究了孵育时间、温度、pH对免疫传感器的影响。在最优实验条件下,甲胎蛋白(AFP)质量浓度在0.01~10 ng/mL和10~120 ng/mL范围内,该免疫传感器的还原峰电流值与AFP的质量浓度有良好的线性关系,检出限为3 pg/mL。     

Ultrasensitive potentiometric immunosensor based on SA and OCA techniques for immobilization of HBsAb with colloidal Au and polyvinyl butyral as matrixes

A novel potentiometric immunosensor for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been developed by means of self-assembly (SA) and opposite-charged adsorption (OCA) techniques to immobilize hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) on a platinum electrode. A cleaned platinum electrode was first pretreated in the presence of 10% HNO3 and 2.5% K2CrO4 solution and held at -1.5 V (vs SCE) for 1 min to make it negatively charged and then immersed in a mixing solution containing hepatitis B surface antibody, colloidal gold (Au), and polyvinyl butyral (PVB). Finally, HBsAb was successfully immobilized onto the surface of the negatively charged platinum electrode modified nanosized gold and PVB sol-gel matrixes. The modified procedure was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The immobilized hepatitis B surface antibody exhibited direct electrochemical behavior toward hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The performance and factors influencing the performance of the resulting immunosensor were studied in detail. More than 95.7% of the results of the human serum samples obtained by this method were in agreement with those obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The resulting immunosensor exhibited fast potentiometric response (<3 min) to HBsAg. The detection limit of the immunosensor was 2.3 ng.mL(-1), and the linear range was from 8 to 1280 ng.mL(-1). Moreover, the studied immunosensor exhibited high sensitivity, good reproducibility, and long-term stability (>6 months).     

Potentiometric Immunosensor Based on Immobilization of Hepatitis B Surface Antibody on Platinum Electrode Modified Silver Colloids and Polyvinyl Butyral as Matrixes

A highly sensitive immunosensor based on immobilization of hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) on platinum electrode (Pt) modified silver colloids and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) as matrixes has been developed for potentiometric immunoanalysis to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in this study. HBsAb molecules were immobilized successfully on nanometer‐sized silver colloid particles associated with polyvinyl butyral on a platinum electrode surface. The modification procedure was electrochemically monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The HBsAb‐silver‐PVB‐modified electrode exhibited direct electrochemical behavior toward HBsAg. The factors influencing the performance of the resulting immunosensor were studied in detail. More than 94.7% of the results of human serum samples obtained by this method were in agreement with those obtained by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The resulting immunosensor exhibited a sigmoid curve with log HBsAg concentration, high sensitivity (39.8 mV/decade), wide linear range from 16.0 to 800 ng mL^?1 with a detection limit of 3.6 ng mL^?1, fast potentiometric response (<3 min) and long‐term stability (>4 months). The response mechanism of the immunosensors was also studied with AC impedance techniques.     

Fabrication, characterization, and application of potentiometric immunosensor based on biocompatible and controllable three-dimensional porous chitosan membranes

A novel three-dimensional porous chitosan membrane material was prepared as a matrix to encapsulate hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) for fabrication of immunosensors. The porous chitosan matrix was prepared by electrodepositing a designer nanocomposite solution of chitosan-encapsulated silica nanoparticle hybrid film on an ITO electrode, and then removing the silica nanoparticles with HF solution. Using HBsAb as a model, the potentiometric immunosensor was constructed by linking HBsAb molecules to the three-dimensional porous chitosan film using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the surface morphology of the three-dimensional porous chitosan films. Cyclic voltammograms and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to probe the interfacial properties of the immunosensor. Results showed that the fabricated immunosensor with three-dimensional porous structure possessed high surface area, good mechanical stability, and good hydrophilicity, which provided a biocompatible microenvironment for maintaining the bioactivity of the immobilized protein and increased the protein loading. Therefore, the present immunosensor exhibits a wide linear range from 6.85 to 708 ng mL(-1) with a low detection limit of 3.89 ng mL(-1) for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). This work implied that the biocompatible and controllable three-dimensional porous chitosan membrane possessed potential applications for biosensing.     

A Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor for Clostridium Difficile Toxin B Based on One-Step Immobilization of Thionine in a Silica Matrix

A label-free amperometric immunosensor was fabricated to test clostridium difficile toxin B. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were modified on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode by electrodeposition. A sol-gel method was developed to encapsulate thionine in an electrochemically induced three-dimensional porous silica matrix by a one-step process. Gold nanoparticle layers were constructed by covalent bonds and electrostatic adsorption with thionine. The clostridium difficile toxin B antibody was immobilized on the gold nanoparticles to construct the immunosensor. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry demonstrated that the formation of antibody-antigen complexes decreased the peak current of thionine. The morphologies of the nanocomposites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectrometry. The electrode was shown to be sensitive and specific to detect clostridium difficile toxin B from 1.0 to 80.0 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 0.3 ng/mL.     

Amperometric Immunosensor for the Determination of α‐1‐Fetoprotein Based on Core‐Shell‐Shell Prussian Blue‐BSA‐Nanogold Functionalized Interface

In the present work, a newly functional nanoparticle has been prepared to immobilize the protein for the detection of α‐1‐fetoprotein (AFP). Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticle was initially synthesized under ultrasonic condition, then bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used to coat the PB nanoparticle to improve the stability of the PB nanoparticle as well as functionalize the surface of PB nanoparticle, and then gold colloids were loaded on the BSA‐coated PB nanoparticle to construct a core‐shell‐shell nanostructure via the conjunction of thiolate linkages or alkylamines of the BSA. Finally, a convenient, effective and sensitivity amperometric immunosensor for the detection of α‐1‐fetoprotein (AFP) was constructed by the employment of these functional core‐shell‐shell microspheres. The preparation of the nanoparticle (Au‐BSA‐PB NPs) was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the assembly of the biosensor was characterized with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The dynamic range of the resulted immunosensor for the detection of AFP is from 0.02 ng/mL to 200.0 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.006 ng/mL (S/N=3). Moreover, this biosensor displays good selectivity, stability and reproducibility.     

On‐Off PVC Membrane Based Potentiometric Immunosensor for Label‐Free Detection of Alpha‐Fetoprotein

A poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) membrane based potentiometric immunosensor for the direct detection of alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) has been developed. First, Au colloid particle was chemisorbed upon amino groups of o‐phenylenediamine, which were dissolved in plasticized PVC membrane. Then alpha‐fetoprotein antibody (anti‐AFP) was immobilized upon the surface of the Au colloid particle to prepare a potentiometric AFP immunosensor. The Au colloid particle modified PVC membrane was characterized by digital photo and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The immunosensor exhibited fast potentiometric response (≤4 min) and showed specific response to AFP in the range of 4.9 to 158.5 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9971 and a detection limit of 1.6 ng/mL. The factors influencing the performance of the immunosensor were also studied in detail. Moreover, the proposed method is economical and efficient as well as potentially attractive for clinical immunoassays.     

Sandwich-type electrochemiluminescence immunosensor based on N-(aminobutyl)-N-ethylisoluminol labeling and gold nanoparticle amplification

A novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sandwich-type immunosensor for human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) on a gold nanoparticle modified electrode was developed by using N-(aminobutyl)-N-ethylisoluminol (ABEI) labeling. The primary antibody, goat-anti-human IgG was first immobilized on a gold nanoparticle modified electrode, then the antigen (human IgG) and the ABEI-labeled second antibody was conjugated successively to form a sandwich-type immunocomplex. ECL was carried out with a double-step potential in carbonate buffer solution (CBS) containing 1.5 mM H₂O₂. The ECL intensity increased linearly with the concentration of hIgG over the range 5.0-100 ng/mL. The limit of detection was 1.68 ng/mL (S/N = 3). The relative standard deviation was 3.79% at 60 ng/mL (n = 9). The present immunosensor is simple and sensitive. It has been successfully applied to the detection of hIgG in human serums.     

The Signal‐Enhanced Label‐Free Immunosensor Based on Assembly of Prussian Blue‐SiO2 Nanocomposite for Amperometric Measurement of Neuron‐Specific Enolase

A signal‐enhanced label‐free electrochemical immunosensor was constructed by the employment of Prussian blue doped silica dioxide (PB‐SiO₂) nanocomposite. At first, PB‐SiO₂ nanocomposite which was produced by using a microemulsion method was used to obtain a nanostructural monolayer on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. Next amino‐functionalized interface were prepared by self‐assembling 3‐aminopropyltriethoxy silane (APTES) on the PB‐SiO₂ nanoparticle surface. Then chitosan stabled gold nanoparticle (CS‐nanoAu) was subsequently attached, while the entire surface was finally loaded with neuron‐specific enolase antibody (anti‐NSE) via the adsorption of gold nanoparticle. The sensitivity of the proposed immunosensor has greatly improved as the PB‐SiO₂ nanostructural sensing film provides plenty of active sites which might catalyze the reduction of H₂O₂. The immunosensor exhibited good linear behavior in the concentration range from 0.25–5.0 and 5.0–75 ng/mL for the quantitative analysis of neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), a putative serum marker of small‐cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), with a limit of detection of 0.08 ng/mL. The resulting NSE immunosensor showed high sensitivity and long‐term lifetime which can be attributed to the extremely high catalytic activity and biocompatibility of CS‐nanoAu/APTES/PB‐SiO₂ nanostructural multilayers.     

Silver nanoparticles coated graphene electrochemical sensor for the ultrasensitive analysis of avian influenza virus H7

A new, highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor with a sandwich-type immunoassay format was designed to quantify avian influenza virus H7 (AIV H7) by using silver nanoparticle-graphene (AgNPs-G) as trace labels in clinical immunoassays. The device consists of a gold electrode coated with gold nanoparticle-graphene nanocomposites (AuNPs-G), the gold nanoparticle surface of which can be further modified with H7-monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The immunoassay was performed with H7-polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) that were attached to the AgNPs-G surface (PAb-AgNPs-G). This method of using PAb-AgNPs-G as detection antibodies shows high signal amplification and exhibits a dynamic working range of 1.6 × 10⁻³∼16 ng/mL, with a low detection limit of 1.6 pg/mL at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3σ. In summary, we showed that this novel immunosensor is highly specific and sensitive to AIV H7, and the established assay could potentially be applied to rapidly detect other pathogenic microorganisms.     

Highly sensitive potentiometric immunosensor for hepatitis B surface antigen diagnosis

Immunosenors are of great interest because oftheir potential utility as specific, simple, label-free anddirect detection techniques and reductions in size, costand time of analysis compared with conventional im-munoassay techniques. The immunoassays with …