超临界CO2中甲醇和乙醇无限稀释扩散系数的分子动力学模拟与实验测定

采用分子动力学模拟(MD)方法对甲醇和乙醇在超临界二氧化碳中的无限稀释扩散系数进行了模拟计算, 并应用泰勒分散理论, 采用超临界色谱仪对模拟结果进行了实验验证. 模拟计算值与实验值较吻合, 且变化规律基本一致, 表明采用这种新方法可以准确有效地预测超临界体系的扩散性质, 能够方便地应用于工程设计.     

石墨烯狭缝受限孔道中水分子的分子动力学模拟

石墨烯是一种具有广泛应用前景的纳米材料,特别是由石墨烯片层自组装形成的二维纳米通道能够应用于物质的过滤分离.本文采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了原态石墨烯/羟基改性石墨烯狭缝孔道中水分子的微观行为,模拟计算了水的界面结构性质和扩散动力学性质,所研究的石墨烯孔宽为0.6-1.5 nm.模拟结果表明,在石墨烯狭缝孔道中,水分子受限结构呈现层状分布,在超微石墨烯孔道(0.6-0.8 nm)中水分子可形成特殊的环状有序结构,石墨烯表面可诱导产生特殊的水分子界面取向.在石墨烯孔道中,水分子的扩散运动低于主体相水分子的扩散运动,羟基化石墨烯孔道可以促使水分子的扩散能力降低.对于改性石墨烯狭缝孔道,由于羟基的作用,水分子可以自发渗入0.6 nm的石墨烯孔道内.模拟所得到的受限水分子的动力学性质与水分子在石墨烯孔道内的有序结构有关.本文研究结果将有助于分析理解水分子通过石墨烯纳米通道的渗透机理,为设计基于石墨烯的纳米膜提供理论指导.     

水和醇类分子及其混合物在纳米孔道材料中的传输扩散

随着计算机科学技术的飞速发展,理论计算特别是分子动力学模拟技术在研究受限流体的性质时发挥着独特的作用.本文综述了近年来水和醇类分子及其混合物在纳米孔道材料中传输扩散的研究进展,包括单组分水、甲醇和乙醇等在多种纳米孔道材料中的传输扩散,以及甲醇/水和乙醇/水等混合物在碳纳米管和沸石膜中的吸附和分离,讨论了体系温度、分子浓度以及纳米孔道材料结构等因素对水和醇类分子传输扩散过程的影响.     

不同螺旋结构类蛋白质分子管道传输动力学研究

采用动态蒙特卡洛模拟(Dynamical Monte Carlo,DMC)对不同螺旋结构的类蛋白质分子穿越管道的动力学过程进行了研究.计算了不同螺旋能参数下类蛋白质链的传输时间,传输成功率,管道内单体数目,形状因子<δ>,均方位移g等.结果发现螺旋能较小的链传输时间较短,变化不明显,而螺旋能较大的链随着螺旋能的增强传输时间迅速增大.计算表明相同类型的分子链其传输成功率随着电场的增大而减小.而对于不同螺旋结构的链,螺旋能参数εh=0的链传输成功率最大,达到80%左右,略小于自避链;而εh=-0.5的类蛋白质链传输成功率突然减小.随着螺旋能的增强,传输成功率又开始增大.另外的计算表明自避链的传输过程比类蛋白质链平稳.<δ>在传输过程中的变化都存在了最大值,说明链在传输时有一个最松散的构象.对于均方位移的计算得到εh=0的链均方位移变化最快,说明传输过程中扩散最快.同时发现εh=-3.0的链比εh=-1.5的链均方位移扩散快.形状因子和均方位移的趋势均能很好的解释不同螺旋参数下的类蛋白质链不同的传输性质.这些研究对生物大分子的输运行为有一定的指导意义.     

一种绿色溶剂——超临界二氧化碳(SCCO2)

本文介绍了绿色化学发展方向之一,绿色溶剂的选择、使用,并重点介绍超临界二氧化碳的发现、发展、机理和应用.     

超(近)临界水中的化学反应

水作为自然界最常用的绿色介质在化学反应中已经得到广泛应用.近年来,随 着超临界技术的发展,人们对超(近)临界水的认识逐渐深入,以超(近)临界水为介质进 行化学反应的研究引起了人们的极大兴趣,开展了许多卓有成效的工作.本文在介绍超(近)临界水性质的基础上,主要对近年来超(近)临界水中的有机合成、无机化学反应、生物质的转化反应及聚合物的降解等方面的研究进展进行了回顾总结.     

具有手性侧链的卟啉液晶化合物的合成和发光性能研究

通过在卟啉环上引入手性侧链的方法合成了两类(4个)卟啉液晶化合物,并用元素分析,UV-vis, FT-IR, ¹H NMR, MS, DSC,圆二色谱(CD)和偏光显微镜对化合物的结构进行了表征.研究结果表明,这些化合物具有液晶性质,固体荧光和电致发光性质,其中两个卟啉配体有较强的CD吸收性能.     

ε-CL-20基PBX结构和性能的分子动力学模拟——HEDM理论配方设计初探

以高能量密度化合物ε-CL-20(六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷)为主体,分别添加5种高聚物黏结剂(Estane5703、GAP、HTPB、PEG和F2314)构成高聚物黏结炸药(PBXs).用分子动力学(MD)方法模拟研究各PBX的结合能、相容性、安全性、力学性能和能量性质,通过比较和分析,为优选黏结剂、指导HEDMs配方设计提供信息和规律.由结合能预测各PBX的相容性和稳定性排序为:ε-CL-20/PEG>ε-CL-20/Estane5703≈ε-CL-20/GAP>ε-CL-20/HTPB>ε-CL-20/F2314.以对相关函数g(r)描述了组分之间相互作用的方式.5种黏结剂的少量加入均能显著改善ε-CL-20的弹性力学性能,增强各向同性.各黏结剂并非通过改变ε-CL-20的分子结构影响PBX的感度.它们主要通过自身的热容(C°p)和密度(ρ)影响PBX的安全性和能量性质.     

水汽在涂层中的扩散传输行为和存在形式

利用石英晶体微天平(QCM)为主要手段,研究了水汽在醇酸清漆和聚氨酯清漆涂层中的扩散传输行为.当相对湿度(RH)大于30％时,吸附和脱附动力学都符合Fick第二扩散定律,溶解性遵守Henry定律.计算出了平均扩散系数D.当吸水后的样品重新暴露于干燥空气时,总有一部分水残留于涂层中.傅利叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)测定表明吸水前和脱水后涂层分子结构发生了变化.残留水与涂层分子中的羰基C=O形成了氢键.水在涂层中有相当部分可能是以相互置换的链传递方式传输.形成氢键的速度比扩散速度快得多,当RH大于30％时,涂层中水的浓度足以支持其反应,扩散为吸水过程的控制步骤,此时表现为符合Fick第二扩散定律;当RH低于30％时,涂层中水的浓度不足以支持其反应,反应速度降到和扩散速度可相比,此时吸水过程开始偏离Fick第二扩散定律.     

四苯卟啉及其第一过渡金属配合物推动H^+通过水/硝基苯界面的机理研究

应用具有以正反馈技术补偿溶液电阻降功能的微机联用四电极恒电位测试系统研究了四苯卟啉(H_2TPP)及其第一过渡金属配合物(MTPP)对H~+在水/硝基苯界面转移的影响.结果表明,H_2TPP和MTPP对上述H~+转移过程均表现出一定程度的活性.当水相H~+浓度甚低于NB相的H_2TPP浓度时,后者推动H~+在W/NB界面的转移呈可逆并受扩散步骤控制.各MTPP对推动H~+通过W/NB界面的相对活性表现为NiTPP>MnTPP>CoTPP,CuTPP>ZnTPP,FeClTPP,与金属卟啉配合物的热稳定性一致. 根据实验事实,提出有关H同_2TPP推动H~+迁过W/NB界面的微观动力学机理.     

Molecular dynamic simulation of sub- and supercritical water with new interaction potential

Molecular dynamic simulation of water under sub- and supercritical conditions was performed with a new form of O···H pairwise potential with an additional non-electrostatic term corresponding hydrogen bond formation. Some structural properties of water and hydrogen bonds characteristics were calculated in a wide temperature range and pressure 50 MPa. Dependences of these values on temperature were analyzed.     

Molecular dynamics extended for fluctuating networks: Application to water

Molecular simulation models are increasingly important tools in efforts to understand the role that water plays in biochemical processes. However, existing models of water have limited capacity to deal with the characteristics of hydrogen bond networks. This article proposes a new fluctuating network (FN) algorithm as an extension of the standard molecular dynamics algorithm. The new algorithm allows for the simulation of a molecular system based on an underlying network, such as the hydrogen bond network in water. This algorithm distinguishes strong from weak network connections, applying a potential that best describes the specific connection behavior. We model liquid water with this new technique using a single‐site, isotropic, short‐range potential. We successfully reproduce liquid water's signature molecular spacing (as represented by the radial distribution function) and characterize its dynamic properties including the exponential hydrogen bond lifetime distribution, diffusion rate, and average hydrogen bonds per molecule. The FN algorithm allows exploration of the behavior of networked systems where explicit coordination limits are required. As such it could also be used to model covalent interactions, reaction dynamics, and applied to simulation of cellular networks. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

超临界水理论研究的进展*

通过计算模拟、拉曼光谱、NMR以及衍射分析对超临界水静态结构进行了广泛的研究,氢键结构是这些研究的重要内容。研究结果显示在临界点附近水的氢键结构受到很大的破坏,只有相当于常温下29％左右的氢键存在。利用微波波谱法、NMR法以及准弹性不边疆中子散射方法对超临界水动力学进行了研究。结果发现,在临界点附近,水分子的动力学重排时间急剧缩短,这就使得以超临界水为介质的化学反应速率大大增加。由于微波的周期比较长,可能大大地超过了超临界水结构的动力学重排时间,因此微波波谱法不适合于高温低密度超临界水的动力学研究。今后需要加强超临界水氢键结构变化的机理和动力学的实验与模拟的研究。     

The role of local structure on formic acid decomposition in supercritical water: A hybrid quantum mechanics/Monte Carlo study

We explored water-assisted decompositions of formic acid in supercritical water in terms of local structure near reactant. A hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulation used in this paper includes QM part as first solvation shell members around the reactant. A present QM/MM approach can simulate supercritical water solution with a reasonable computational load while keeping the simulation preciseness because a density functional theory of B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level was iterated at every 1000 Monte Carlo solute moves. The formic acid converts mainly decarboxylation by water-assisted mechanism, and the coordinated water molecules play an important role for understanding supercritical water density dependence of the reaction. We analyzed a contour map based on the solute–solvent interaction energy along with the reaction pathway. Coordinated water molecule restricted the dehydration pathway by means of hydrogen bond with formic acid, however, the coordinated water promotes the decarboxylation pathway by means of stabilization of the transition state structure with one catalytic water molecule. The contour map of the pair interaction energy along the reaction path elucidates the role of local structure on reactions in supercritical water.     

Density and temperature effect on hydrogen-bonded clusters in water - MD simulation study

Molecular dynamics NVE simulations have been performed for five thermodynamic states of water including ambient, sub-and supercritical conditions. Clustering of molecules via hydrogen bonding interaction has been studied with respect to the increasing temperature and decreasing density to examine the relationship between the extent of hydrogen bonding and macroscopic properties. Calculations confirmed decrease of the average number of H-bonds per molecule and of cluster-size with increasing temperature and decreasing density. In the sub-and supercritical region studied, linear correlations between several physical quantities (density, viscosity, static dielectric constant) and the total engagement of molecules in clusters of size k > 4, P _k>4, have been found. In that region there was a linear relationship between P _k>4 and the average number of H-bonds per water molecule. The structural heterogeneity resulting from hydrogen bonding interactions in low-density supercritical water has been also discussed.      

分子动力学模拟苯和萘在超临界二氧化碳中的无限稀释扩散系数

采用球型模型和点位-点位模型对超临界二氧化碳的自扩散系数及苯或萘在超临界二氧化碳中的无限稀释扩散系数进行了分子动力学模拟。结果表明,球型模型及点位-点位模型均可较准确地预测二氧化碳的自扩散系数,球型模型因形式简单,准确度相对较差;点位-点位模型准确度虽高,但需较长的模拟机时。两种位能模型所获得的准确度相当,但点位-点位模型可以更精细地反映体系的微观结构。     

Molecular dynamics simulations of atomistic hydration structures of poly(vinyl methyl ether)

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed on the aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) at various concentrations. Both radial and spatial distribution functions are used to investigate the detailed hydration structures. The structures of water are found to get increasingly concentrated when polymers are introduced and the water motions are severely hindered by the polymer matrix. At low concentrations, larger populations of tt conformers in meso dyads than those at higher concentrationsare found and this phenomenon is believed to be due to the increasing in bonding of water molecule to two ether oxygens in meso dyad. At higher concentrations, the size and conformations of polymers are quite similar to those in bulk. A transition of hydrogen bond fractions between PVME and water at around the concentration of 0.3 is observed and this value is perfectly in agreement with the results of conformational analysis and Raman spectra. Second neighbor hydrogen bond statistics revealed the domination of complicated hydrogen bond networks at low concentrations, but single hydrogen bonds as well as isolated clusters composed of 2-4 water molecules are usual around each polymer repeat unit.     

单嘧磺隆晶体-活性构象转换的分子动力学模拟

应用分子动力学模拟方法对单嘧磺隆在水、正辛醇和正辛烷3种不同溶剂中的构象行为、单嘧磺隆与3种溶剂之间的相互作用能及氢键相互作用进行了计算研究. 计算结果表明, 在3种不同的溶剂中, 单嘧磺隆的优势构象不同; 其构象转换过程, 特别是转换成活性构象的过程主要发生在水溶液中; 与溶剂分子间的相互作用是分子构象行为的决定因素; 单嘧磺隆的脲桥部分可以和含氢键接受体的溶剂形成氢键, 分子间与分子内氢键的竞争可能是从晶体构象转换成活性构象的主要驱动力.     

正丙醇水溶液准弹性中子散射光谱的分子动力学模拟

准弹性中子散射(QENS)光谱是获取溶液分子动力学性质的重要方法,但光谱解析模型的有效性和去耦合近似的合理性仍存在争议.本文利用分子动力学模拟方法获取纯水和正丙醇水溶液中羟基氢原子的自相关中间散射函数FS(Q,t)和去耦合近似函数FP(Q,t),以及相关性质来评价它们的合理性.结果表明,在低动量转移范围内平-转去耦合近似相对合理,水分子的平-转耦合贡献较小,混合溶液中水分子的平-转耦合项和转动项随动量转移Q值增大而增大,二者显现相互抵消趋势.对于混合溶液中的正丙醇羟基氢原子,由于FS(Q,t)和质心自相关中间散射函数FCM(Q,t)偏差较大,利用实验光谱直接拟合分子平动扩散系数是不合适的.三种平动模型获取的纯水和正丙醇水溶液分子平动扩散系数与实验结果一致,略高于Einstein均方位移方法所得结果.水分子在纯水和混合溶液中表现为跳跃转动,而不是连续转动.正丙醇分子存在转动各向异性,羟基氢原子沿羟基向量为跳跃转动,沿相对质心向量可近似为连续转动.模拟结果显示,高动量转移范围平-转耦合项贡献较大,直接拟合实验光谱获取分子转动扩散系数或弛豫时间是不合适的.鉴于低动量转移范围内转动和平转耦合贡献较小,以及二者的抵消作用,在此范围内获取水分子平动信息是现实可行的.