高强透明纤维素材料的制备、结构与性能

以杉木为原料,通过两步法(脱木质素和加压干燥)制备出高强透明纤维素材料.其最高透光率为68%(600 nm),雾度达到93%(600 nm),最大拉伸强度和弹性模量分别为362 MPa和9. 5 GPa.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热失重分析(TGA)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)分光光度计和拉伸试验仪等对高强透明纤维素材料的结构、纤维素晶型、力学性能、热稳定性及光学性能进行了表征和分析,初步解析了该纤维素材料具有较高透光率和抗张强度的原因.     

“加热铝箔”实验的不足与探究

人教版高中《化学1 （必修）》 的第三章“金属及其化合物”中关于金属的化学性质知识模块中,为了使学生感性认识金属铝在加热的条件下可以和空气中的氧气反应生成一层致密的氧化膜,引入一个科学探究实验：加热铝箔,观察到的实验现象为：铝箔内层的金属铝熔化,外层的金属铝和空气中的氧气反应生成一层致密的氧化薄膜,包着内层熔化的金属铝,使内层熔化的金属铝在膜内可以随着手的转动来回移动。     

浸蚀多孔金属铝模板制备超亲水/超疏水镍阵列材料

本文论述了用一种新型的金属铝隧道孔模板制备较大面积的纳/微分级结构阵列材料。结合化学镀法在该高纯铝隧道孔模板中制备了具有微纳米阵列结构的金属镍薄膜。研究发现,制备的镍阵列薄膜材料表面呈现超亲水性,以低表面能氟硅烷修饰后,该表面变为超疏水性。     

AlCl歧化反应分解法制备金属铝过程中[AlCl]_n的形成机理

利用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的广义梯度近似(GGA)法,对氧化铝真空还原氯化歧化法制备金属铝的过程中[AlCl]n(n=1-10)团簇的稳定结构、能量和团簇形成过程的过渡态及其振动频率进行了理论研究,预测了其基态结构及成长趋势.结果表明:[AlCl]n(n=1-10)团簇可能存在的结构都是以[Al]n骨架外接n个Cl原子成型,且具有较好的几何对称性;从过渡态计算得到的活化能来看,正过程的活化能总是比逆过程的活化能要小,即[AlCl]n(n=1-10)团簇具有较好的成长趋势.以上研究结果有助于进一步了解用碳热还原氯化歧化法制备金属铝过程中液态金属铝的生成.     

纳米半导体硫化银单层膜的自组装

本文使用Triton X-100作为模板剂制备半导体硫化银纳米颗粒,并研究了其吸收光谱的兰移特性。在金属铝或金基底上自组装有机双功能分子单层膜后,将其浸入所制备的纳米硫化银颗粒的微乳液中,自组装得到硫化银纳米颗粒单层膜并研究了其表面形貌特征。     

金属钯催化有机铝试剂与亲电试剂的偶联反应研究进展

有机金属铝化合物因其活性高、中心金属铝的高Lewis酸性和较低的毒性而成为有机反应中优异的亲核试剂.因此,有机金属铝试剂广泛应用于交叉偶联反应中.主要对近年来金属钯催化的有机金属铝试剂在交叉偶联反应中的应用研究成果进行了综述,涉及各种反应体系.     

钐对铸态ZK30镁合金组织和力学性能的影响

基于对高强镁合金的迫切需求,选用Sm作为合金化元素添加到ZK30镁合金中。采用真空感应熔炼炉制备ZK30-x Sm镁合金(x=0%,1%,2%,3%,4%,质量分数),研究了不同含量的Sm对铸态ZK30镁合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。通过OM,SEM,EDS,XRD观察和分析了合金的微观形貌和组织成分,并对材料进行了拉伸试验和硬度测试。结果表明:加Sm镁合金主要由α-Mg基体和Mg_(41)Sm_5相组成,并且合金组织由树枝晶转变为细小的等轴晶;合金的抗拉强度σ_b,屈服强度σ_(0. 2)和伸长率δ随着Sm含量的增加先升高后降低,当Sm含量为1%时,σ_b,σ_(0.2)和δ均达到最大值,分别为250. 4,109. 0 MPa和14. 4%;合金的硬度也在Sm含量为1%时,达到最大值59. 85 kgf·mm~(-2)。但过量的Sm恶化组织,降低了性能。添加元素Sm后合金性能的提高主要归因于细晶强化、固溶强化和析出强化的共同作用。     

基于肟-氨基甲酸酯的超强自修复水性聚氨酯胶粘剂的制备及性能分析

基于肟-氨基甲酸酯热可逆成键原理, 利用可工业批量获得的二甲基乙二肟为构建单元, 设计合成了一类具有高强动态网络结构的水性乳液, 制备出综合性能与重复利用兼顾的聚氨酯胶粘剂; 通过变温红外光谱结合差式扫描量热仪分析了肟-氨基甲酸酯升温过程的可逆成键特性, 并利用动态力学谱仪对变温过程的网络松弛行为进行了研究. 结果表明, 合理的硬段含量与结构设计赋予了胶粘剂极高的粘结强度(25 MPa, 一般商业通用热熔胶的粘结强度< 6 MPa)、 优异的乳液稳定性(粒径<100 nm)以及接近97%的修复效率(160 ℃, 10 min下的剪切搭接实验). 该类乳液具有超强、 稳定及工艺可放大等特性, 为水性自修复胶粘剂的商业化开发提供了新途径和新思路.     

高性能聚酰胺6纤维的制备技术进展

聚酰胺6纤维具有良好的综合性能如力学性能、耐热性、耐磨损性和耐化学药品性等,同时具有很高的理论模量,如果开发制备出高强高模纤维,其在军用纤维和纺织上应用前景非常可观。但是聚酰胺分子间很强的氢键作用制约了分子的取向和纤维的高倍拉伸,从而限制了制备高强高模聚酰胺纤维技术的发展。所以要拉伸得到高取向聚酰胺纤维,需通过减少链间氢键的数量来实现。许多研究者已经通过各种工艺技术提高最大拉伸比,如增塑剂法、干法纺丝、冻胶纺丝、湿法纺丝、区域拉伸和退火等。鉴于已经通过冻胶纺丝法制备出了超高分子量聚乙烯纤维,因此目前冻胶纺丝法制备高强高模聚酰胺纤维具有较大的可行性。本文将介绍各种制备聚酰胺6纤维的工艺技术,主要突出冻胶法制备聚酰胺6纤维的技术。     

铝纳米粒子表面引发聚合制备核壳纳米结构

利用硅烷偶联剂引发法制备核壳结构金属铝纳米粒子(Al NPs)@聚合物, 并研究了聚合反应时间和单体浓度对核壳结构尺寸的影响. 首先合成了硅烷偶联引发剂{2-溴-2-甲基-[3-(三甲氧基硅基)丙基]丙酰胺}, 并通过在甲苯中回流的方法, 将其锚定在金属铝纳米粒子表面. 然后, 在粒子表面引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯的原子转移自由基聚合, 形成聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)壳层. 通过核磁共振波谱仪(NMR)和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 (FTIR)证明了引发剂和PMMA的成功接枝. 透射电子显微镜(TEM)图像表明, PMMA改性后的金属铝纳米粒子的尺寸和形貌基本不变, 且被厚度约为15 nm聚合物壳层完整均匀地包覆. 此外, 利用动态光散射(DLS)进一步揭示了聚合时间和单体浓度对核壳结构水合直径(D_h)的影响, 发现延长聚合时间或增加单体浓度均可显著提高核壳结构尺寸.     

An environmental friendly approach for recycling of post‐vulcanized fluoroelastomer scraps through high‐shear mechanical milling

An environmental friendly approach for partial de‐crosslinking of post‐vulcanized fluoroelastomer (FKM) scraps through high‐shear mechanical milling has been developed for recycling of the FKM. The method not only overcomes the expensive use and recovery of organic solvents but also gives rise to reclaimed rubbers with superior mechanical properties. After 32 cycles of milling, the gel fraction of FKM decreased from its original 97.8% to 79.7%. The appearance of the –CF₂‐associated peaks C1s spectra after mechanical milling confirmed the partial de‐crosslinking of FKM. The structure change of FKM sol part before and after mechanical milling was also investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements. The reclaimed FKM exhibited excellent mechanical and thermal properties, indicating a strong potential for future applications. The tensile strength of FKM re‐vulcanizates is 6.6 MPa, retaining about 84% properties of virgin FKM vulcanizates (7.9 MPa), and the elongation at break was increased from 337.1% to 368.7%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Paper engineered with cellulosic additives: effect of length scale

Composites of cellulose fibers were made with paper-making technology. Two types of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), obtained by with either homogenization or ball milling, were blended with hardwood fibers to give composites having high strength and low air permeability. The strengthening effects of the MFCs were compared with strengthening by cellulose microparticles (CMPs) made by cryogenic milling, with and without polyamideamine-epichlorohydrin addition. The MFC from homogenization was fully retained on the fiber web due to a broad size distribution; in contrast, the retention ratio for MFC produced by ball milling was lower than 50 % because of its smaller particle size. The small size caused the resulting paper to display a more compact and denser structure. The main distinction between the papers made with the two types of MFC was the elongation at break under wet conditions, suggesting that they reinforce the paper in different ways. On the other hand, CMPs act as mechanical debonders and could find application in tissue paper, increasing paper bulk and decreasing the density and thus improve tissue softness.     

勃姆石纤维增强二氧化硅气凝胶的制备及性能

以六水合氯化铝为铝源, 通过水热法制备勃姆石纤维; 以甲基三甲氧基硅烷和正硅酸乙酯为硅源共前驱体, 采用溶胶-凝胶法进而常压干燥制备了勃姆石纤维掺杂的二氧化硅复合气凝胶; 探究了勃姆石纤维的掺杂量对复合气凝胶性能的影响. 当勃姆石纤维的掺杂量(质量分数)为1%时, 气凝胶的机械性能最好, 能够承受17.1%的压缩应变, 最大压缩强度为1.12 MPa, 压缩模量高达2.57 MPa, 复合气凝胶在150 ℃仍然具有较低的导热系数(0.0670 W·m^?1·K^?1). 勃姆石纤维能够一定程度地抑制二氧化硅颗粒在高温下的烧结和相转变, 对二氧化硅气凝胶的耐高温性能有显著的提升作用, 复合气凝胶在1100 ℃高温热处理后, 仍能保持良好的隔热性能和较高的机械强度.     

γ-Al2O3柔性纳米纤维膜的制备及机械性能

以氯化铝和异丙醇铝为原料, 水和乙醇为溶剂, 通过溶胶凝胶结合静电纺丝法制备了柔性γ-Al2O3纳米纤维膜.表征了纤维膜的形貌和机械性质, 并研究了纤维膜的形成过程.组成纤维膜的纤维直径均匀, 平均直径188 nm, 纤维由粒径在15~30 nm的纳米颗粒组成且表面光滑.制备的纤维膜具有较好的柔性及抗拉强度(1.01 MPa).     

γ-Al2O3柔性纳米纤维膜的制备及机械性能

以氯化铝和异丙醇铝为原料, 水和乙醇为溶剂, 通过溶胶凝胶结合静电纺丝法制备了柔性γ-Al₂O₃纳米纤维膜. 表征了纤维膜的形貌和机械性质, 并研究了纤维膜的形成过程. 组成纤维膜的纤维直径均匀, 平均直径188 nm, 纤维由粒径在15~30 nm的纳米颗粒组成且表面光滑. 制备的纤维膜具有较好的柔性及抗拉强度(1.01 MPa).     

Effect of temperature and volume on the tensile and adhesive properties of photocurable resins

Knowing the mechanical properties of UV‐curable resins at cryogenic conditions is important to ongoing fusion‐energy research and to emerging aerospace applications. The tensile and interfacial shear strengths of two commercially available UV‐curable resins were measured at room‐temperature and cryogenic conditions for both bulk and reduced (subnanoliter) specimen volumes. The tensile properties of cured specimens are remarkably sensitive to both testing temperature and specimen size. For one type of resin, the cold (?150 °C) tensile strength of subnanoliter specimens is ～9× larger (179 ± 19 MPa) than bulk values at room temperature. The interfacial shear strength between SiC fibers and small volumes of resin volumes is comparable to the bulk, room‐temperature tensile strength, but it varies over a wide range at ?150 °C (15–53 MPa). All resins were fully cured, and an analysis of fractured surfaces revealed microstructural features. The enhanced strength in microscopic specimens may be related to inhomogeneous stress fields that develop during cure. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014 , 52, 936–945     

Preparation of iron-aluminum powders from aqueous solutions and their physicochemical properties

Iron and iron-aluminum powders were obtained by the reduction of Fe(III) to α-Fe, occurring on a dispersed aluminum support. Their physical and mechanical properties were studied, and the possibility of obtaining compact samples with a lower bulk density as compared to known analogs, an elevated strength, and a high porosity was examined.     

Surface Modification of Rice Husk Ash by Ethanol-assisted Milling to Reinforce the Properties of Natural Rubber/Butadiene Rubber Composites

Rice husk ash(RHA), obtained by pyrolysis of rice husks, can be used as a potential reinforcing filler for rubber composites. In this work, ball milling in ethanol(ethanol-assisted milling) was used to hydroxylate the surface of RHA, promoting the graft modification of bis-(γ-triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide(Si69). The obtained modified RHA(RHA-EM-Si69) was filled into the natural rubber/butadiene rubber(NR/BR) composites, and the filler-rubber interactions were enhanced. In consequence, RHA-EM-Si69 filled NR/BR composites showed overall improvement in the mechanical properties compared with RHA filled NR/BR composites. The tear strength increased from 13.37 kN/m to 34.71 kN/m, and the tensile strength increased from 1.84 MPa to 7.75 MPa. Carbon black(N774) was also used for comparison under the same conditions. This method provides a potential for promoting the value of RHA in rubber industry.     

Ferroelectric Ionic Molecular Crystals with Significant Plasticity and a Low Melting Point: High Performance in Hot-Pressed Polycrystalline Plates and Melt-Grown Crystalline Sheets

Among ferroelectric crystals based on small molecules, plastic/ferroelectric crystals are currently receiving particular attention because they can be used as bulk polycrystals. Herein, we show that an ionic molecular ferroelectric crystal, guanidinium tetrafluoroborate, exhibits significant malleability and multiaxial ferroelectricity despite the absence of a plastic crystal phase. Powder samples of this crystal can be processed into transparent bulk crystalline plates either by press-forming or by melt-growing. The plates show high ferroelectric performance and related properties, demonstrating the largest hitherto reported spontaneous polarization for bulk polycrystals of small-molecule-based ferroelectrics. Owing to the ready availability of large-scale materials and processability into various bulk crystalline forms, this ferroelectric crystal represents a highly promising functional material that will boost research on diverse applications as bulk crystals.     

含钪Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金组织性能的研究

采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜研究了微量钪对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr系合金组织的影响，测试了不同热处理状态下台金的力学性能和电导率。结果表明，添加微量Sc可以明显细化合金的铸态晶粒，显著提高Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金的力学性能和电导率，其作用机制主要为AJ3（Sc，Zr）引起的细晶强化、亚结构强化和沉淀强化；Al-9．0Zn-2．5Mg-1．2Cu-0．15Zr-0．12Sc和Al-9．5Zn-2．5Mg-1．2Cu-0．15Zr-0．12Sc经强化固溶和T6处理后，抗拉强度分别达到829．4和818．6MPa。