基于铁催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键的研究进展

过渡金属催化的C-H键活化及在此基础上的C-C键形成的反应因其高原子经济性和高效的合成效率而备受人们的关注.铁元素具有含量丰富、廉价、易得、环境友好等优点,在催化反应中得到了越来越广泛的应用.近几年来,人们关于Fe催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键反应的研究也取得了一定的进展.本文对铁催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键的最新研究进展作了综述,并且按照铁催化剂的不同价态进行了分类归纳,也对催化机理进行了阐述与总结.     

氧气催化氧化环己烷

本文系统综述了O₂氧化剂用于环己烷催化氧化体系的研究进展,包括金属配合物催化、金属纳米粒子催化、金属氧化物粒子催化、分子筛催化、碳材料催化、光促进催化、杂多酸催化、金属-有机骨架材料催化等。本文认为研究、开发以O₂为氧化剂,高活性高选择性的非均相环己烷催化氧化体系将成为今后环己烷催化氧化研究的主要方向,尤其是多金属甚至多元素复合体系。本综述不仅对开发高催化活性高选择性的环己烷催化氧化体系,改进目前工业上的环己醇环己酮制备工艺具有重要的参考价值,而且还对其他烃类C-H键和C-C键高效催化氧化体系甚至其他氧化体系的研究与开发也具有重要的参考价值。     

过渡金属催化的酰胺C-N键活化

过渡金属催化的酰胺C-N键活化已成为有机化学和金属有机化学热门的研究领域之一。酰胺中羰基C-N键的切断可分为5种不同模式:1)氧化加成反应;2)形成季铵盐后的酰基转移反应;3)质子解反应;4)氢化反应;5)脱羧反应。而酰胺非羰基C-N键的切断可分为4种不同模式:1)氧化加成反应;2)亲核取代反应;3)形成亚胺或亚胺盐;4)β-氨基消除反应。本文综述了近年来过渡金属催化的酰胺中羰基C-N键和非羰基C-N键的不同切断模式。     

纳米金属催化在偶联反应中的应用*

在过去的一二十年里,纳米材料科学的发展主要集中在纳米材料的合成,结构的修饰与表征以及相应的物理性质,而纳米材料在有机反应中的催化还未受到应用的重视。最近具有大的表面积和高反应活性的纳米形态受到广泛的关注。利用晶型的纳米金属粒子作为催化剂在有机合成领域得到了越来越多的应用,本综述主要概括了各种金属纳米粒子在偶联反应中的应用,包括C-C键、C-N键、C-O键和C-S键的形成。     

镍催化构筑C(sp3)—C(sp3)键反应研究进展

过渡金属催化的偶联反应是构筑C-C键的高效方法,在有机合成中得到了广泛的应用.然而,相对于Heck反应、Negishi偶联与Suzuki偶联等构筑C（sp²）-C（sp²）键的反应,过渡金属催化的构筑C（sp³）-C（sp³）键的偶联反应较难进行,发展较晚.近年来,烷基-烷基C-C键偶联反应受到广泛的重视,一些高效催化剂被开发出来,其中镍催化剂展示出独特的催化活性和选择性.本文将综述镍催化烷基-烷基C-C键偶联反应最新研究进展,主要包括烷基亲电试剂与金属有机试剂交叉偶联反应、导向基参与的C（sp³）-H键活化的偶联反应、镍-光反应催化剂协同催化偶联反应、烷基亲电试剂与亲电试剂的还原偶联反应和镍催化烯烃加成反应等.     

氯化钯催化的交叉偶联反应

钯催化的交叉偶联反应已经成为有机合成化学中构建C-C键最重要的方法之一.其中,氯化钯及其配合物所组成的催化体系具有高效、高选择性、稳定以及价廉等优点,因而在交叉偶联反应中得到较为广泛的应用.综述了氯化钯及其配合物催化的交叉偶联反应,其中包括Suzuki反应、Stille反应、Hiyama反应和Kumada反应等.     

水溶性氮杂环卡宾金属配合物的研究进展

氮杂环卡宾(NHCs)金属配合物作为一类重要的催化剂一直是有机合成领域研究的热点。近年来,通过引入水溶性配体而得到的水溶性氮杂环卡宾过渡金属配合物受到广大科研工作者的青睐。本文主要总结了水溶性NHCs的分类、合成及其在C-C偶联反应、复分解反应以及催化加氢反应中的应用,并对水溶性NHCs金属配合物的发展趋势进行了展望。     

钌(Ⅱ)卟啉催化含氮芳杂环的酰亚胺化

目前,N-N键形成的方法尽管有:催化胺化[1],利用叠氮化合物[2,3],氯氨-T法[4],亚硝化-还原,羟胺氧磺酸等方法。这些方法都各有千秋,互相补充。但我们为合成目标化合物在尝试这些方法时,仅过渡金属配合物Ru(TTP)(CO)催化胺化法得到较为理想结果。加之近年来卟啉配合物催化形成C-N键已成为获得某些天然产物和生物活性分子的具有吸引力的方法之一[5-13]。我们希望利用Ru(TTP)(CO)催化的氮宾插入反应在含sp2N的杂环N上直接引入磺酰亚胺,为我们进一步获得新的生物活性化合物以及进行体外筛选提供可能。也为合成一些具有生物活性化合物开辟…     

三乙醇胺-Co（Ⅱ）金属胶束催化4-硝基苯酚乙酸酯水解反应

本文分别研究了在有和无CTAB及Triton x-100两种表面活性剂存在时,三乙醇胺-Co(Ⅱ)配合物催化4-硝基苯酚乙酸酯(PNPA)水解反应动力学,实验结果表明,三乙醇胺-Co(Ⅱ)配合物对PNPA水解有较强的催化作用,与金属配合物键合的水分子离解所产生的活性物种ML-OH-是金属配合物催化水解PNPA的主要因素。表面活性剂胶束的存在对金属配合物催化水解PNPA有加速作用,这种加速作用主要是由于胶束的存在增大了与配合物键合的水分子的酸离解常数,从而使活性物种的数量增加所致。建立了催化反应的动力学数学模型,获得了催化反应相关的热力学和动力学参数。     

活性钌、锇-配体多重键配合物研究进展

金属一配体多重键配合物的反应性研究有助人们深入理解许多重要的金属催化过程,如生物体系中的氧化和固氮及有机合成中的金属催化原子或基团转移反应．含Os=N多重键的锇（VI）氮合物在还原剂存在下发生氮偶合反应生成双核氮分子桥连配合物,为与固氮机理有关的金属氮合物氮偶合反应提供实验证据．一系列具有可调结构和氧化性含M=O,M=NR,M=CR^1R^2（M=Ru,Os）多重键的活性钌／锇氧合物,钌亚胺基配合物,钌／锇卡宾配合物（包括手性配合物）已被成功分离,其结构已通过光谱手段和x射线单晶衍射确定．这些活性金属一配体多重键配合物分别能与有机化合物发生氧原子、亚胺基、卡宾转移反应,包括烯烃环氧化、环氮化、环丙烷化、cis双羟基化,c—H键羟基化、酰胺化、卡宾插入等,从而允许直接研究相应催化过程中金属．配体多重键中间体的原子或基团转移反应,为金属催化原子或基团转移反应（包括不对称催化反应）提供重要机理信息．已发展出一系列涉及钌．配体多重键活性物种的高选择性钌催化反应,包括2,6-Cl2pyNO与烯烃的环氧化和Wacker型氧化成醛,H2O2水溶液氧化烯、炔烃和醇为羧酸或cis-二醇,PhI=NR与饱和c—H键的酰胺化,重氮化合物的卡宾偶合,分子内卡宾插入c—H键,重氮化合物、亚胺、烯／炔烃的三组分偶合,及以“PhI（OAc）2＋RNH2”为氮源的金属催化C—N键形成反应等．     

Computational mechanistic studies of acceptorless dehydrogenation reactions catalyzed by transition metal complexes

Acceptorless dehydrogenation (AD) that uses non-toxic reagents and produces no waste is a type of catalytic reactions toward green chemistry. Acceptorless alcohol dehydrogenation (AAD) can serve as a key step in constructing new bonds such as C-C and C-N bonds in which alcohols need to be activated into more reactive ketones or aldehydes. AD reactions also can be utilized for hydrogen production from biomass or its fermentation products (mainly alcohols). Reversible hydrogenation/ dehy-drogenation with hydrogen uptake/release is crucial to realization of the potential organic hydride hydrogen storage. In this article, we review the recent computational mechanistic studies of the AD reactions catalyzed by various transition metal complexes as well as the experimental developments. These reactions include acceptorless alcohol dehydrogenations, reversible dehydrogenation/hydrogenation of nitrogen heterocycles, dehydrogenative coupling reactions of alcohols and amines to construct C-N bonds, and dehydrogenative coupling reactions of alcohols and unsaturated substrates to form C-C bonds. For the catalysts possessing metal-ligand bifunctional active sites (such as 28, 45, 86, 87, and 106 in the paper), the dehydrogenations prefer the "bifunctional double hydrogen transfer" mechanism rather than the generally accepted-H elimination mechanism. However, methanol dehydrogenation involved in the C-C coupling reaction of methanol and allene, catalyzed by the iridium complex 121, takes place via the-H elimination mechanism, because the Lewis basicity of either the-allyl moiety or the carboxyl group of the ligand is too weak to exert high Lewis basic reactivity. Unveiling the catalytic mechanisms of AD reactions could help to develop new catalysts.     

Transition metal-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond activation

This tutorial review deals with recent developments in the activation of C-C bonds in organic molecules that have been catalyzed by transition metal complexes. Many chemists have devised a variety of strategies for C-C bond activation and significant progress has been made in this field over the past few decades. However, there remain only a few examples of the catalytic activation of C-C bonds, in spite of the potential use in organic synthesis, and most of the previously published reviews have dwelt mainly on the stoichiometric reactions. Consequently, this review will focus mainly on the catalytic reaction of C-C bond cleavage by homogeneous transition metal catalysts. The contents include cleavage of C-C bonds in strained and unstrained molecules, and cleavage of multiple C-C bonds such as C[triple bond]C triple bonds in alkynes. Multiple bond metathesis and heterogeneous systems are beyond the scope of this review, though they are also fascinating areas of C-C bond activation. In this review, the strategies and tactics for C-C bond activation will be explained.     

Pd and Mo Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation

The ability to control the alkylation of organic substrates becomes ever more powerful by using metal catalysts. Among the major benefits of metal catalysis is the possibility to perform such processes asymmetrically using only catalytic amounts of the chiral inducing agent which is a ligand to the metal of the catalyst. A unique aspect of asymmetric metal catalyzed processes is the fact that many mechanisms exist for stereoinduction. Furthermore, using the same catalyst system, many types of bonds including but not limited to C-C, C-N, C-O, C-S, C-P, and C-H can be formed asymmetrically. An overview of this process using palladium and molybdenum based metals being developed in my laboratories and how they influence strategy in synthesizing bioactive molecular targets is presented.     

Ligand properties of aromatic azines: C-H activation, metal induced disproportionation and catalytic C-C coupling reactions

The reaction of aromatic azines with Fe₂(CO)₉ yields dinuclear iron carbonyl cluster compounds as the main products. The formation of these compounds may be rationalized by a C-H activation reaction at the aromatic substituent in ortho position with respect to the exocyclic C-N double bond followed by an intramolecular shift of the corresponding hydrogen atom toward the former imine carbon atom. The second imine function of the ligand does not react. Additional products arise from the metal induced disproportionation of the azine into a primary imine and a nitrile. So also one of the imine C-H bonds may be activated during the reaction. Depending on the aromatic substituent of the azine ligands iron carbonyl complexes of the disproportionation products are isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography. C-C coupling reactions catalyzed by Ru₃(CO)₁₂ result in the formation of ortho-substituted azines. In addition, ortho-substituted nitriles are identified as side-products showing that the metal induced disproportionation reaction also takes place under catalytic conditions.     

Synthesis and characterization of Rh(III) corroles: unusual reactivity patterns observed during metalation reactions

A new approach to the synthesis of Rh(III) corrole complexes is developed and an unusual activation of C-C and C-N bonds is disclosed.     

Metal promoted synthesis of heterocycles from heteroacyclic compounds

New synthetic methods, based upon metal mediated or catalyzed C-C/C-O/C-N bond formation, for heterocycles and their application to natural product syntheis are described.     

Ruthenium-catalyzed cross-coupling of 7-Azabenzonorbornadienes with alkynes. an entry to 3a,9b-dihydrobenzo[g]indoles

Electron-rich half-sandwich ruthenium complex CpRuI(PPh3)2, generated in situ, catalyzed the coupling reaction of 7-azabenzonorbornadienes with alkynes to form 3a,9b-dihydrobenzo[g]indoles. This transformation involves the cleavage of one C-N bond of the bicyclic alkene and formation of two (C-C and C-N) bonds at the acetylenic carbons. The scope and limitations of the reaction are addressed according to the substitution patterns of the alkyne and of the substituent at the nitrogen atom of the azabenzonorbornadiene.     

Quantum chemical study of butane isomerization on clusters of aluminum and cobalt chlorides. Mixed complexes

Activated complexes and routes of the model catalytic process, viz., butane isomerization by the aluminum and cobalt chloride complexes, were calculated by the DFT/PBE/TZ2p quantum chemical method. Alkanes are activated via the alkyl mechanism to form binuclear bimetallic alkyl clusters, where the Co atoms are linked by the metal-metal bonds. The revealed binuclear complexes can transform into bimetallic alkyl clusters with similar energy in which the transition metal atoms are linked by bridges of the Cl atoms. The full model of the catalytic cycle was developed for the maximum multiplicity (7), and particular key regions related to the cleavage and formation of the C-C bonds were calculated with a lowered multiplicity (5 and 3). The sequence of mutual rearrangements of the polynuclear complexes provides the possibility of C-C bond cleavage in alkanes and formation of the metal-carbon bonds. The calculated energy barriers of particular stages of the cyclic catalytic process of butane isomerization are not higher than 29 kcal mol^?1 for multiplicity 7 and by ～10 kcal mol^?1 lower for a lower multiplicity.     

Activity of palladium on charcoal catalysts in cross-coupling reactions

Comparison of the activity of several commercially available Pd/C catalysts in C-C, C-N, and C-S bond forming cross-coupling reactions has demonstrated the importance of the choice of the catalyst source. Investigations showed marked difference in activity between the catalysts. Moreover, the catalytic activity of each catalyst varies with respect to the coupling. The first Pd/C catalyzed Hiyama coupling is reported.     

铜催化碳杂偶联反应的新进展

某些过渡金属可催化亲电性不饱和碳与含活泼氢的氮、氧、硫、碳原子直接成键,这种交叉偶联反应是现代有机合成中重要的手段之一.与钯、镍等过渡金属相比,铜是一种廉价且毒性低的金属,用铜来催化这些交叉偶联反应不仅可以节省贵金属的消耗,降低成本,而且可以减少对环境的污染,促进绿色化学的发展.对铜催化碳杂键偶联反应的最新研究进展做了综述。