基质固相分散-高效液相色谱法测定水稻中的痕量克百威

克百威(carbofuran)为高效内吸广谱杀虫剂。克百威的广泛使用使许多食物、作物及动物饲料中有可能含有痕量的克百威。近十几年来,各国分析工作者应用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对食物及生物样品中克百威残留的研究较多,分析的对象较广泛,但样品前处理均过于复杂[1,2]。　　基质固相分散(MSPD)是1990年Long等[3]报道的一种新的样品提取分离技术。其优点在于简化了许多传统的复杂的样品前处理,最大限度地避免了被测残留物的流失。此技术提取样品完全,且方法简单,易于操作。本文将MSPD技术用于水稻中克百威残留物的HPLC分析,并对定量检测条…     

高效液相色谱法测定果蔬中八种植物生长促进剂残留

建立了果蔬中八种植物生长促进剂残留量的检测方法。本实验采用ODS2C18色谱柱(200×4.6mm,5μm),以乙腈/磷酸-磷酸氢二铵缓冲溶液(0.01mol/L,pH=3.50)为流动相,梯度洗脱,紫外检测器变换波长检测,分离测定了赤霉素(GA3)、6-苄氨基嘌呤、对氯苯氧乙酸、噻苯隆、吲哚丁酸、2,4-滴、α-萘乙酸、氯吡脲八种植物生长促进剂。采用外标法定量,相对标准偏差均小于6.43%,方法检出限在0.26～0.75mg/kg之间。采用该法对果蔬样品中植物生长促进剂残留量进行分析,添加低、中、高三个浓度八种化合物混标,分别为2.50、10.0、25.0mg/kg,回收率为80.0%～106.0%,结果表明,该方法样品处理简单,色谱分离完全,结果准确可靠,可用于果蔬中植物生长促进剂的检测。     

顶空气相色谱法测定离子交换树脂中8种有机溶剂残留

建立了功能食品加工用离子交换树脂中甲基异丙基甲酮、丁酸甲酯、3-戊酮、1,3-二乙基苯、1,4-二乙基苯、1,2-二氯乙烷、间二氯苯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯8种有机残留物的顶空气相色谱检测方法,研究了不同类型树脂中的有机残留物种类及含量,为食品和药品中安全使用离子交换树脂提供依据。优化了样品的提取溶剂和顶空气相色谱条件,样品经二甲亚砜超声萃取,应用DB-23色谱柱(60 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm)分离,氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)检测,在顶空进样器平衡时间为30 min、平衡温度为80 ℃时有机残留物的分离和定量分析效果较好。色谱条件如下:柱温采用程序升温,初始温度60 ℃,保持16 min,再以20 ℃/min的升温速率升至200 ℃,保持2 min;进样口温度240 ℃, FID温度为300 ℃ ;载气为氮气,流速为1.2 mL/min;外标法定量。结果表明,在所考察的浓度范围0.02~200 mg/L内,8种有机物的线性关系良好,相关系数(R²)均在0.999以上,检出限为0.0050~0.0375 ng/g, 3个添加水平下的平均回收率为82.3%~109.2%,相对标准偏差为1.06%~4.16%(RSD, n=6)。用所建立的方法检测11种树脂样品,结果表明,树脂样品中均存在一定量的有机物,个别产品的残留量较高,其中苯乙烯类树脂Seplite LX-69B中甲基丙烯酸甲酯残留量达到470.8 μg/g。该方法不需要衍生,简化了样品前处理过程,操作简单,准确度和精密度良好,可同时检测离子交换树脂中多种有机残留物,能显著提高离子交换树脂中有机物的检测速率,该方法的建立对我国进出口离子交换树脂中有机残留物检验工作的开展具有重要意义。     

液相色谱法测定番茄制品中链霉素和双氢链霉素的残留量

建立了测定番茄制品中链霉素和双氢链霉素残留量的净化方案.样品中的残留物用磷酸盐缓冲液(pH4)提取,经分散固相萃取法初步净化后,再经串联双柱固相萃取净化,用RPC18(Symmetry Shield)色谱柱在梯度洗脱下分离待测物,外标法定量.链霉素的线性范围为0.05～0.8 mg/L,相关系数r＞0.999 8.方法的回收率为71％～95％,定量限(S/N=10)为0.1 mg/kg,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.6％～10.5％.该方法操作简便,净化效果好,灵敏、准确,检测成本低,适用于检测和分析番茄制品中链霉素和双氢链霉素的残留量.     

汽油燃烧残留物标准样品制备及特征组分研究

汽油燃烧残留物的检测往往是纵火案件侦破的关键,对鉴定机构的检验(鉴定)能力有很高的要求。汽油燃烧残留物的鉴定需要已知样品进行比对分析,但目前还没有相应的标准样品可以提供。因此,建立汽油燃烧残留物标准样品有助于对鉴定机构相应的鉴定能力进行培养和考察。本研究以石英砂为燃烧载体,93号汽油为助燃剂,制备汽油燃烧残留物标准样品,对比研究了溶剂法和直接顶空进样法对汽油燃烧残留物的提取效果。气相色谱-质谱法的分析结果表明,汽油在燃烧前后的特征组分存在明显差异,不同的提取方法对检测结果有一定影响,但是特征组分的变化趋势是一致的,取代的芳烃和稠环芳烃等特征组分的鉴别和含量的相对大小可以作为汽油燃烧残留物鉴定的重要判定依据。     

HPLC与ELISA法测定牛奶中黄曲霉毒素M1的比较研究

对HPLC法和ELISA法检测牛奶样品中黄曲霉毒素M1(AFM1)残留量进行了比较,探讨了牛奶中黄曲霉毒素M1的最佳检测方法。结果显示,对于已知加标样品(阳性),HPLC法回收率为68%～85%;ELISA法回收率为97%～109%,HPLC法和ELISA法具有良好的相关性。ELISA法检验成本较低、检测迅速,但可能出现少量的假阳性和假阴性,故可用于待测样品的初筛;HPLC法检测结果准确,但检测费用较高,适用于黄曲霉毒素M1残留的确证。     

响应面优化光度法测定口罩中环氧乙烷含量

对口罩中环氧乙烷残留量进行监测是确保口罩质量安全的重要手段。本文采用响应面法(Response Surface Methodology, RSM)建立了口罩中环氧乙烷含量定量检测的乙酰丙酮光度法。通过考察超声提取时间、盐酸浓度和显色反应时间优化了实验条件。发现这三个因素对加标样品平均回收率的影响交互作用明显;超声提取时间58.9 min、盐酸浓度0.24 moL·L~(-1)和显色反应时间27.78 min时,加标样品平均回收率可达最佳值(101.09%)。通过单因素法进行验证,所建立的检测方法检出限(limit of detection, LOD)和定量限(limit of quantification, LOQ)分别为0.026μg·g~(-1)和0.087μg·g~(-1)。浓度为0～50.00μg·g~(-1)范围内线性相关系数(R~2)大于0.995,平均加标回收率为98.2%～101.2%,日内精密度为1.5%～4.2%,日间精密度(7天)为1.8%～4.7%。与文献方法相比具有操作简单、检出限低等优点。对8种不同材质和放置时间的实际口罩样品进行检测。发现市售医用外科口罩样品中环氧乙烷的残留量为1.52μg·g~(-1),符合国标要求。使用后的口罩样品中环氧乙烷的残留量随着时间延长残留量下降。本文所建立的方法可用于口罩中环氧乙烷残留量的快速筛查和确证分析。     

高效液相色谱法和液相色谱-质谱法测定大豆中的磺酰脲类除草剂多残留量

建立了高效液相色谱(HPLC)法和液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)选择离子监测法同时检测大豆中10种磺酰脲类除草剂多残留量的方法。样品经乙腈提取、正己烷液-液分配、弗罗里硅土填充柱净化，然后采用RP-HPLC-DAD和HPLC-MS方法测定。对HPLC和LC-MS法的分离条件、样品前处理条件进行了优化。建立的方法简便、快速、灵敏，净化效果较好，线性、回收率、精密度和检出限均符合残留分析的要求，可同时满足进出口大豆中多种除草剂残留量同时检验的需要。     

离子色谱法测定甲醇和噻吩中硫、氯含量

建立了测定工业用甲醇和噻吩中硫、氯含量的离子色谱检测方法。样品经(700±25)℃灼烧后,残留物用蒸馏水洗涤,利用离子色谱仪进行分析。甲醇和噻吩中硫、氯检测结果的相对标准偏差为1.04%~1.26%,加标回收率为99.2%~101.2%。该方法操作简单,精密度和准确度高,可用于大部分可燃性有机化合物中硫、氯含量的检测。     

用于气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱测定植物样品中含氯有机污染物残留的样品前处理方法

根据植物样品中的主要干扰物质,建立了用于气相色谱(GC)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)测定植物样品中含氯有机污染物残留的样品前处理方法,有效提高了对植物样品中有机氯农药及多氯联苯检测的灵敏度。采用均质提取法对样品进行提取,考察了凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和固相萃取(SPE)对提取液的净化效果。结果发现,采用GC测定目标物时,提取液需经GPC和SPE两次净化;而采用GC-MS测定目标物时,仅用SPE一次净化即可。该方法快速、经济、灵敏,适合多种植物样品中有机污染物残留分析的样品前处理要求。     

Spray nebulization for sample introduction in ion mobility spectrometry

A new sample introduction system based on spray nebulization has been successfully developed to perform direct analysis of liquid samples by IMS. The system comprises a concentric nebulizer that generates a spray plume which is introduced in the ionization region of the IMS instrument through a temperature controlled transfer line. This system avoids previous problems of direct injection of liquid samples and maintains the countercurrent flow of inert gas necessary for the operation of the IMS instrument. Evaluation of the qualitative and quantitative capabilities of the methodology has been performed after a carefully study of the main variables affecting the spray nebulization and the transport of the analyte molecules through the transfer line. To demonstrate the usefulness of the new sample introduction system, direct analysis of drugs and drug metabolites in saliva or urine samples have been performed, obtaining accurate, reliable and sensitive results. Moreover, analytes with physico-chemical properties that limited the capability of thermal desorption as sample introduction method such as amino acids can be analyzed by using the spray nebulization methodology.     

植物样品中单宁的微波溶出快速测定法研究

研究了利用微波代替一般的沸水浴处理试样的方法。对不同植物样品中单宁的浸提测定，与常规方法做了对照，并讨论了微波功率、时间、酸度等因素对测定结果的影响。研究表明，此法可大大地缩短测定时间，提高测定效率，节省人力、物力，不污染环境，便于大批量样品的测定，相对标准偏差≤１．４％，测定结果较为满意。为植物样品中单宁的测定，提供了一个快速、简便、准确的分析方法，并可借鉴于其它样品的测定。     

A new valve for zone-electrophoretic sample treatment coupled on-line with high performance liquid chromatography

Summary The design of a new valve arrangement for zone-electrophoretic sample treatment (ZEST) coupled online with high performance liquid chromatography is described. Characteristics of this valve, such as the internal heat development as a function of the current, have been investigated. By using quinidine and desipramine as model compounds it is shown that charged compounds can be isolated from biological samples, in about 15 min, with high selectivity. The carry-over of proteins to the analytical column has been compared with the carry-over using a pre-column sample clean-up method. The detection limits of quinidine and hydroquinidine (50 ng/ml), using zone-electrophoretic sample treatment coupled with column liquid chromatography, are in the same range as with direct injections using pre-columns.     

Automated on-line-solid-phase extraction—high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection of phenolic compounds in sherry wine

A new analytical method has been developed for sample preconcentration and analysis of phenolic compounds in sherry wine using on-line solid-phase extraction(SPE)-HPLC-diode array detection. The samples of wine were injected and adsorbed onto polystyrene divinylbenzene cartridges; a robotic semiflexible system was used to automate the SPE stage. Chromatographic separation was carried out in a Symmetry C₁₈ steel cartridge, with a two-step elution gradient. Peaks were identified by comparing their UV spectra with the library of spectra compiled by the authors.     

Automated sample preparation method for suspension arrays using renewable surface separations with multiplexed flow cytometry fluorescence detection

In this paper, we describe a new method of automated sample preparation for multiplexed biological analysis systems that use flow cytometry fluorescence detection. In this approach, color-encoded microspheres derivatized to capture particular biomolecules are temporarily trapped in a renewable surface separation column to enable perfusion with sample and reagents prior to delivery to the detector. This method provides for separation of the biomolecules of interest from other sample matrix components as well as from labeling solutions. After sample preparation, the beads can be released from the renewable surface column and delivered to a flow cytometer for direct on-bead analysis one bead at a time. Using mixtures of color-encoded beads derivatized for various analytes yields suspension arrays for multiplexed analysis. Development of this approach required a new technique for automated capture and release of the color-encoded microspheres within a fluidic system. We developed a method for forming a renewable filter and demonstrate its use for capturing microspheres that are too small to be easily captured in previous flow cells for renewable separation columns. The renewable filter is created by first trapping larger beads in the flow cell, and then smaller beads are captured either within or on top of the bed of larger beads. Both the selective microspheres and filter bed are automatically emplaced and discarded for each sample. A renewable filter created with 19.9 μm beads was used to trap 5.6 μm optically encoded beads with trapping efficiencies of 99%. The larger beads forming the renewable filter did not interfere with the detection of color-encoded 5.6 μm beads by the flow cytometer fluorescence detector. The use of this method was demonstrated with model reactions for a variety of bioanalytical assay types including a one-step capture of a biotinylated label on Lumavidin beads, a two-step sandwich immunoassay, and a one-step DNA binding assay. A preliminary demonstration of multiplexed detection of two analytes using color-encoded beads was also demonstrated. The renewable filter for creating separation columns containing optically encoded beads provides a general platform for coupling renewable surface methods for sample preparation and analyte labeling with flow cytometry detectors for suspension array multiplexed analyses.     

Evaluation of novel sample identification approach based on chromatographic fingerprint set correlation homogeneity analysis

Instead of usual rationale for chromatographic fingerprint based sample identification which relies upon visual inspection or principal component analysis of raw or aligned chromatograms novel nonparametric statistical measure of fingerprint set homogeneity is proposed. Randomization test is applied for significance analysis of fingerprint set homogeneity while average maximum crosscorrelation is used as a merit function. Chromatogram sets generated by random selection from standard and unknown sample chromatogram collections are compared with respect to merit function values with set of chromatograms that represents standard and/or unknown sample. In that instance fingerprint homogeneity significance is represented by the fraction of random chromatogram sets that have higher merit values than the standard and/or unknown sample sets. A set of peptide maps corresponding to different haemoglobin variants has been selected for evaluation of proposed test. This approach is compared to chromatogram alignment based on correlation optimized warping coupled with principal component or cluster analysis. Proposed method is simple i.e. straightforward sample identification procedure which reliability has been evaluated here. Impact of this approach on peptide mapping validation and system suitability analysis is discussed.     

Theoretical considerations for zone electrophoretic sample treatment in liquid chromatography

Summary In this paper a concept is proposed for the selective isolation of ionogenic, low-molecular weight compounds from biological samples prior to a determination by liquid chromatography. The basis for this sample treatment method is free zone electrophoresis in a system of capillaries connected by switching valves. The influence of various parameters (the geometry of the capillaries, the conductivity of the sample and the buffers used, protein binding) on the selectivity of the method is discussed. A strategy to study reversible protein binding of ionogenic compounds is indicated. Calculations have been performed to estimate the temperature increase of the solutions during the electrophoretic process. It is shown that for a given amount of sample to be introduced and a maximum time allowed for the procedure, the temperature increase is the smallest when wide capillaries are used. Equations are given describing the zone broadening caused by diffusion, by differences in temperature and by unequal migration path lengths in bent capillaries. It is shown that in this respect the use of narrow capillaries is usually preferable. A compromise has to be found starting from the boundary conditions on loadability and speed imposed by the chromatographic determination.     

A new approach based on off‐line coupling of high‐performance liquid chromatography with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry to determine acrylamide in coffee brew

A new method based on off‐line coupling of LC with GC in replacement of conventional sample preparation techniques is proposed to analyze acrylamide in coffee brews. The method involves the preseparation of the sample by LC, the collection of the selected fraction, its concentration under nitrogen, and subsequent analysis by GC coupled with MS. The composition of the LC mobile phase and the flow rate were studied to select those conditions that allowed separation of acrylamide without coeluting compounds. Under the conditions selected recoveries close to 100% were achieved while LODs and LOQs equal to 5 and 10 μg/L for acrylamide in brewed coffee were obtained. The method developed enabled the reliable detection of acrylamide in spiked coffee beverage samples without further clean‐up steps or sample manipulation.     

Sample treatment and determination of pesticide residues in fatty vegetable matrices: A review

A demanding task in pesticide residue analysis is yet the development of multi-residue methods for the determination of pesticides in vegetables with relatively high fat content (i.e. edible oils and fatty vegetables). The separation of pesticides and other chemical contaminants from high-fat food samples prior to subsequent steps in the analytical process is yet a challenging issue to which much effort in method development has being applied. This review addresses the main sample treatment methodologies for pesticide residue analysis in fatty vegetable matrices. Even with the advent of advanced hyphenated techniques based on mass spectrometry these complex fatty matrices usually require extensive sample extraction and purification. Current methods involve the use of one or the combination of some of the following techniques for both the sample extraction and clean-up steps: liquid-liquid partitioning, solid-phase extraction (SPE), gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), etc. An overview of methods developed for these contaminants in fatty vegetables matrices is presented. Sample extraction and purification techniques are discussed and their most recent applications are highlighted. This review emphasizes that sample preparation is a critical step, but also the determination method is, and cannot be treated separately from sample treatment. In recent years, the appearance and use of new, more polar pesticides has fostered the development of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) besides gas chromatography. The main features of LC-MS for the analysis of multi-class pesticides in fatty vegetable samples will be also underlined, with an emphasis on the multi-class, multi-residue strategy and the difficulties associated.     

Direct introduction of solid samples into continuous-flow systems by use of ultrasonic irradiation

A new approach to the on-line treatment of solid samples based on the use of flow-injection analysis and acceleration of the partial dissolution (leaching) of the sample by using ultrasonic irradiation is proposed. Selection of a suitable leaching agent makes possible the solubilization of the component(s) of interest. This approach was applied to the determination of iron in plant material by acid dissolution followed by complex formation with 1,10-phenanthro- line. The results obtained are in agreement with those found by the conventional method using atomic absorption spectrometry after hot-acid treatment.