以N—保护消旋氨基酸为羧基组分的酶促合成肽的研究

用不同的氨基保护的消旋氨基酸或酯作为羧基组分，在α－胰凝乳蛋白酶或木瓜蛋白酶的催化下与另一氨基酸的酰胺或酯综合形成的预期的光活性肽产物，以Ｌ－构型底物计算肽的产率为５５％－８３％。化合物的物理学常数与用相应的Ｎ－保护－Ｌ－氨基酸或酯为羧基组合组分，分别用化学法或酶促法测定所得结果一致，研究结果表明，利用酶的立体专一性，在形成肽键的过程中进行立体选择可得到光学活性的产物而不需预先拆分；只要溶剂体系中     

酶促合成肽的研究 II: 含羧基侧链氨基酸的肽的酶促合成

用嗜热菌酶酶促合成了一系列含门冬氨酸、谷氨酸的肽. 实验证明, 缩合反应中羧基组份中的门冬氨酸β-羧基或谷氨酸γ-羧基毋需保护. 同时也研究了邻近氨基酸残基对缩合反应的影响.     

酶促合成肽的研究 Ⅱ.含羧基侧链氨基酸的肽的酶促合成

用嗜热菌酶酶促合成了一系列含门冬氨酸、谷氨酸的肽。实验证明,缩合反应中羧基组份中的门冬氨酸β-羧基或谷氨酸γ-羧基毋需保护。同时也研究了邻近氨基酸残基对缩合反应的影响。     

酶促合成肽的研究I.亮-脑啡肽色氨酸类似物的酶促合成

在先后以α-胰凝乳蛋白酶和和木瓜酶作催化剂的作用下,从C端的LeuNH2的氨基开始,逐个与N保护的氨基酸或其衍射生物缩合,合成了亮-脑啡肽色氨酸类似物-TyrGlyGly Trp LeuNH2.对酶的专一性、有机溶剂的选择和合成条件等进行了研究,在Z-TyrOMe和GlyGlyTrp LeuNH2的缩合反应中,比较了相转移法和均相法。上述两种酶的酶促接肽的供体以N-酰基氨基酸酯为好,比相相应的游离酸反应速度快,副反应少,如用嗜热菌蛋白酶,则以N-酰基氨基酸为好,酶促合成与从有机合成所得的产物相同。初步的体外实验表明合成的TyrGlyGlyTrpLeuNH2和天然的亮-脑啡肽对豚鼠回肠的收缩显示相同程度的鸦片样的抑制作用。     

酶促合成肽的研究——Ⅰ.亮-脑啡肽色氨酸类似物的酶促合成

在先后以α-胰凝乳蛋白酶和木瓜酶作催化剂的作用下,从C端的LeuNH_2的氨基开始,逐个与N保护的氨基酸或其衍生物缩合,合成了亮-脑啡肽色氨酸类似物—TyrGlyGly Trp LeuNH_2~(**)。对酶的专一性、有机溶剂的选择和合成条件等进行了研究,在Z-TyrOMe和GlyGlyTrp LeuNH_2的缩合反应中,比较了相转移法和均相法。上述两种酶的酶促接肽的供体以N-酰基氨基酸酯为好,比相应的游离酸反应速度快,副反应少。如用嗜热菌蛋白酶,则以N-酰基氨基酸为好。酶促合成与从有机合成所得的产物相同。初步的体外实验表明合成的TyrGlyGlyTrpLeuNH_2和天然的亮-脑啡肽对豚鼠回肠的收缩显示相同程度的鸦片样的抑制作用。     

肽的酶促合成及其反应机制

先后以α-胰凝乳蛋白酶和木爪酶作催化剂以逐级缩合方式合成了[色]⁴亮-脑啡肽酰酶(TyGlyGlyTrpLeuNH₂),在合成中,对酶的专一性,有机溶剂的选择和合成条件等进行试探,比较了固相酶促法和液相酶促法,α-胰凝乳蛋白酶和木爪酶连接肽键中,以N-酰基氨基酸酯作为供体比相应的游离酸好,如用嗜热菌蛋白酶只能以N-酰基氨基酸为羧基组份,初步的体外实验说明合成的[色]⁴-亮脑啡肽酰酶与天然亮-脑啡肽有类似的鸦片样生理活性。     

三氯氧磷辅助下缬氨酸的自组装成肽反应

多肽多数具有较强的生物活性,可作为药物或药物前体.关于多肽的合成,目前主要有固相合成法、酶促合成法和经典的氨基酸保护合成法.我们发现,在无机磷试剂辅助下α-氨基酸可发生自组装成肽反应,得到一系列多肽产物[1,2].     

(S)-4-氨基-5-巯基戊酸的简便合成方法

(S)-4-氨基-5-巯基戊酸(Glutamate thiol,Glu SH)是谷氨酸α-羧基被亚甲基巯基取代的衍生物,也可被视为半胱氨酸的衍生物.该氨基酸是海洋抗肿瘤环酯肽Apratoxin E及其结构优化物的重要组成片段.报道(S)-4-氨基-5-巯基戊酸两种简便合成方法.第一种方法是以巯基和氨基均被保护的D-半胱氨酸为原料,先与米氏酸缩合生成β-酮酯,然后还原消除酮羰基、脱羧形成内酰胺,最后去除巯基和氨基上的保护基以及将内酰胺环打开,以4步76.0%的总收率得到所需产物.第二种方法以氨基和γ-羧基被保护的谷氨酸为原料,先将α-羧基还原为伯醇,然后借助Mitsunobu反应引入巯基,最后一锅脱除氨基、巯基和羧基上的保护基得到(S)-4-氨基-5-巯基戊酸.     

有效控制活性酵母细胞催化β-羰基酯不对称还原反应立体选择性的研究

 以4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯为β-羰基酯的模型底物,对面包酵母催化其不对称还原反应立体选择性的控制进行了研究. 实验发现,利用诸如烯丙基醇和烯丙基溴等酶抑制剂对面包酵母进行预处理,可以控制反应的立体选择性. 用烯丙基醇预处理面包酵母时可以提高S型产物的立体选择性; 用烯丙基溴预处理时,可以使反应的立体选择性从通常的S型产物转变为R型产物. 立体选择性随着预处理时抑制剂浓度的增大和处理时间的延长而提高. 合适的预处理条件可使S型和R型产物的ee值分别达到95%和98%.     

酯交换法合成L-天冬酰胺叔丁酯

由氨基酸合成多肽时,除了参与成肽的羧基需要活化以外,不参与反应的羧基则需要保护,叔丁酯基是常用的羧基保护基之一。叔丁酯基空间位阻大,比较稳定,在大多数形成肽键的缩合反应条件下不分解,必要时又可方便地在三氟乙酸中脱去。由于叔丁基的位阻大,酸催化下由叔丁醇和氨基酸直     

水溶性钯配合物催化柠檬醛的选择加氢反应研究 Ⅰ.反应条件的影响

研究了在水／有机物两相体系中水溶性钯－膦配合物催化柠檬醛的加氢反应．考察了反应温度、氢气压力、底物和催化剂浓度、反应时间、水相ｐＨ值等对该反应的影响，并与几种柠檬醛衍生物的加氢结果进行了比较．发现仅用蒸馏水作水相，则主要产物是二氢香茅醛（＞９３％）；而水相中加入Ｎａ２ＣＯ３后，则主要产物为香茅醛（９７％），且加氢速度比同样条件下使用Ｐｄ／Ｃ催化剂快得多．     

自组装单层上谷氨酸晶体的生长和晶型控制

报道了谷氨酸晶体在L-半胱氨酸自组装单层上的成核和生长。 在L-半胱氨酸单层的诱导作用下,通过改变溶液的pH值,可以制备出不同晶型的L-谷氨酸,这为控制谷氨酸的晶型提供了一个简单的方法。 在pH值为2.0和2.5条件下,可得到六边形片状的β-谷氨酸,而在pH值为3.0和4.0时得到棱柱状的α晶体。 XRD结果表明,α晶体内有少量的β-谷氨酸晶体出现,这可能来自于β-谷氨酸的“二次成核”。     

A Surfactant-stable Bacillus pumilus K9 α-Keratinase and Its Potential Application in Detergent Industry

An α-keratinase producing strain was isolated with wool as the sole carbon and nitrogen source and identified as Bacillus pumilus K9. The major amino acids liberated from the keratin degradation of wool by B. pumilus K9 were glutamic acid and leucine. The α-keratinase was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity with a molecular weight of 32000. The purified enzyme exhibits an optimum activity at 60 ℃ and pH=9.0. It was stable at pH values between 8 and 11. Bacillas pumilus keratinase displays a high activity towards casein, keratin, wool and feather, which indicates its wide application range. The keratinase was completely inhibited by phenylmethyl-sulfonyl fluoride(PMSF) and β-mercaptoethanol, and moderately inhibited by ethylemediamine-tetraacetic acid(EDTA), sugges-ting it is a metallo-cysteine keratinase. This enzyme could remain stable that could even be promoted in the presence of surfactants, including sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), Tween and Triton. And Tween 40 and Triton X-100 could substantially enhance the activity of the enzyme by 54% and 35%, respectively. It may indicate the prominent feature of the keratinase to tolerate surfactants. The enzymatic properties distinguish this keratinase from others in the literature. Furthermore, this enzyme is extremely stable in the presence of a commercially available detergent with 1% concentration. Detergents ARIEL, Bluemoon and WhiteCat can enhance the activity of the keratinase by 43.56%, 15.22%, and 22.48%, respectively.     

乙酰丙酮氧钒催化氧化α-蒎烯一步转化成龙脑烯醛

以乙酰丙酮氧钒为催化剂,过氧化氢为氧化剂,研究了由α-蒎烯直接合成龙脑烯醛的反应。考察了溶剂、温度、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对催化性能的影响。结果表明,乙酰丙酮氧钒与H2O2反应得到的高价态V5+是优良的氧化还原-Lewis酸双功能催化剂,易使α-蒎烯经氧化、2,3-环氧蒎烷异构得到龙脑烯醛。在n(H2O2):n(α-蒎烯):n(乙酰丙酮氧钒)=2.5:1:0.01、反应温度为20℃、丙酮为溶剂、反应2h条件下,α-蒎烯转化率为50.2%,龙脑烯醛的选择性达58.7%,反应6h后α-蒎烯转化率可达73.0%,主要产物龙脑烯醛和马鞭草烯酮的选择性分别为47.2%和13.2%。     

Characteristics of acrylic acid-grafted polyethylene prepared by photografting using mixed solvents consisting of water and organic solvent

Photografting of acrylic acid (AA) on linear-low density polyethylene film (thickness=30 μm) was investigated at 60 °C using mixed solvent consisting of water and organic solvents such as acetone and methanol. Xanthone was used as photoinitiator, which was coated on the film earlier. With longer photoirradiation time, such as 40 and 60 min, the percentage of grafting decreased with increasing the concentration of organic solvent in the mixed solvent, where formation of homopolymer occurred preferentially over the grafting reaction. In the system with photoirradiation of 20 min, on the other hand, a maximum percentage of grafting was observed at a certain concentration of organic solvent, in which formation of grafted polymer rather than homopolymer was emphasized. Photografting using the mixed solvent resulted in AA-grafted film with homogeneous distribution of grafted chains, exhibiting larger pH-responsive character, where the grafted film shrinks in an acidic medium, while it swells in an alkaline region. Polymer catalysts for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate, which was performed at 40 °C in water/ethanol (1/4, v/v)-mixed solvent at pH=9.0, could be prepared by reacting the AA-grafted film with L-histidine and its catalytic activity was slightly influenced by location of grafted chains.     

Application of an anhydrotrypsin-immobilized precolumn for selective separation of peptides having arginine or lysine at their C-termini by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography

A column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic (CS-HPLC) system which consisted of an anhydrotrypsin (AHT)-immobilized diol-silica precolumn and a reversed-phase analytical column was developed for the selective separation of peptides having Arg or Lys at their C-termini. Tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) could be enriched almost quantitatively on the precolumn when loaded with water as a carrier solvent and the precolumn was washed with 10-30 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0). An investigation of the affinity characteristics of 55 peptides to the AHT precolumn showed that among twelve peptides having Arg or ArgNH2 at their C-termini and more than four amino acid residues, ten were retained almost quantitatively on the precolumn, and eight out of nine peptides having Lys at their C-termini were less retained. The peptide having D-Arg at its C-termini was not retained. However, twelve out of thirty peptides having no Arg or Lys at their C-termini were also retained, but the retention was greatly decreased, in contrast to the Arg peptides, when the precolumn was washed with 20 mM calcium chloride solution. The results indicate that the CS-HPLC system equipped with an AHT precolumn offers new selectivity in the HPLC selectivity in the HPLC separation of peptides.     

Capillary electrophoresis in N,N-dimethylformamide

N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a dipolar protophilic solvent with physicochemical properties that makes it suitable as solvent for capillary electrophoresis (CE). It is prerequisite for the proper application of CE to adjust and to change the pH of the background electrolyte (BGE) in a defined manner. This was done in the present work using benzoic acid-benzoate by selecting different concentration ratios of acid and salt, and calculating the theoretical pH from the activity-corrected Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The mobilities of the analytes (chloro- and nitro-substituted phenolates) were found to follow reasonably well the typical sigmoid mobility versus pH curve as predicted by theory. The actual mobilities and pK(a) values (at 25 degrees C) of the analytes were derived from these curves. pK(a) values were in the range of 11.1-11.7, being thus 3-4.4 units higher than in water. This pK(a) shift is caused by the destabilization of the analyte anion and the better stability (solubility) of the molecular analyte acid in DMF, which overcome the higher basicity of DMF compared to water. Absolute mobilities were calculated from the actual mobilities; they were between 32x10(-9) and 42x10(-9) m(2)/Vxs. Slight deviations of the measured mobilities from the theoretical mobility versus pH curve were discussed on the bases of ion pairing and heteroconjugation and homoconjugation of either buffer components or buffer components and analytes. Heteroconjugation was used as a mechanism for the electrically driven separation of neutral analyte molecules in a BGE where salicylate acted as complex forming ion. Rough estimation of the complexation constants for the phenolic analytes gave values in the range of 100-200 L/mol. Addition of water to the solvent decreased the effect of heteroconjugation, but it was still present up to the surprisingly high concentration of 20% water. Electrophoretically relevant parameters like ionic mobilities and pK(a) values, and conjugation and ion pairing are dependent on the water content of the solvent. The water uptake of DMF was measured when exposed to humidity of ambient air. The resulted behavior of the water uptake was found rather similar to that for acetonitrile and methanol.     

A ɑ-KA fluorescent probe for discrimination of blood cancer serum

Probe CH can quickly detect -KA in human serum with micelles of CTAB and could differentiate cancer from normal blood serum.     

Effects of Electron Donor and Different Solvents on Polarizability and Second Hyperpolarizability of Diradical Complex Involving X(X=B,Al, Ga)

The polarizability(a)and second hyperpolarizability(γ)were systemically investigated for singlet diradical complex involving X(X=B,Al,Ga)atom.The results show that both the a and γ can be effectively t...     

Determination of 129I/127I in environmental water before and after the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident with a solid extraction disk

A Cs selective solvent composed of 0.08 M chlorinated cobalt dicarbollide and 0.5 % PEG 400 (polyethylene glycol of average molecular weight of 400) in phenyl trifluoromethyl sulphone (PTMS) was used for the extraction of Cs(I) and Sr(II) from nitric acid solution as well as synthetic pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) high level waste (HLW) solution. Comparison was also done with analogous solvent system in nitrobenzene and xylene diluent mixture. The various experiments included acid concentration variation and PEG-400 concentration variation. A sharp decrease in the Cs(I) and Sr(II) extraction was noticed with increasing nitric acid concentration. On the other hand, while PEG-400 concentration variation had very little effect on Cs(I) extraction, it has a very significant influence on Sr(II) extraction. Batch co-current extraction studies were carried out with solvents made from both the diluent systems and the results indicated that PTMS based solvent system was superior to that containing nitrobenzene and can be used for the recovery of the metal ions from actual PHWR-HLW. Radiolytic degradation studies were also carried out and the results suggested reasonably good stability of the solvent system.