钙钛矿纳米材料的微波辐照制备及性能表征综合化学实验*

以将前沿的科研成果转化为大学综合化学实验为目标,介绍了全无机型CsPbX₃荧光钙钛矿纳米材料的微波辐照制备和性能表征实验。学生将通过本实验提升文献调研和阅读能力,了解微波辐照法合成的基本原理和特点,探索温度、反应物比例等因素对CsPbX₃纳米晶体形成的影响。在实验中巩固晶体结构相关知识,掌握紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱、X射线衍射等常用的表征方法,对实验结果进行合理分析,培养学生严谨的科研思维。本实验适用于高年级本科生的综合化学实验课。     

多孔MOFs(UiO-66和UiO-68)合成与表征的综合性大学化学实验*

结合科研工作设计了一个综合性大学化学实验--多孔MOFs(UiO-66,[Zr₆O₄(OH)₄(BDC)₄]_n (H₂BDC=对苯二甲酸)和UiO-68,[Zr₆O₄(OH)₄(ATDA)₄]_n (H₂ATDA=2′-氨基-[1,1′:4′,1″-三联苯]-4,4″-二羧酸))的合成、表征及相关性能研究。该设计实验选择具有不同长度的配体与锆离子组装得到晶态材料,整个实验过程包括有机合成、溶剂热合成、X射线单晶衍射和粉末衍射、红外光谱、热重分析等内容,综合了各大化学知识点于一身。经过此实验,学生不仅能有效了解并掌握MOFs材料的合成、性能测试与相关仪器的操作,还可做到理论结合实际、基础知识结合现代科研手段,培养学生的化学科研素养。     

大学化学综合实验:Fe/Fe3O4磁性材料的合成、结构性质与磁性能的测定*

推荐一个大学化学综合实验: Fe/Fe3O4磁性材料的合成、结构性质与磁性能的测定,该实验涉及材料的合成、结构表征和磁性能的测定。通过该实验可以使学生掌握一些大型仪器的基本原理和基本操作,掌握材料合成的方法、材料结构及形貌的表征手段以及磁滞曲线的测定方法。使学生在掌握材料研究的基础理论和基本实验技能的同时,培养学生独力实验能力和创新意识,尤其是培养他们综合运用知识的能力。进一步缩短教学与科研的距离。     

BODIPY基荧光探针的合成、表征及对铜离子的检测——推荐一个大学综合化学实验

介绍了一个大学综合化学实验——BODIPY基荧光探针的合成、表征及对铜离子的检测。该实验是一个科研转化的大学生综合化学实验,内容包括3,5-二氯BODIY的合成、BODIPY基荧光探针分子的合成,以及利用紫外-可见分光光度计和荧光光谱仪检测目标分子对金属离子的响应性。通过本实验,使学生了解BODIPY基荧光传感器这一科研前沿领域,激发学生对科学研究的兴趣,培养学生的科研探究能力。本实验综合了有机化学、仪器分析和应用波谱学知识点的学习,培养学生的实验操作技能,提升学生的综合及创新能力,建议纳入高年级综合化学实验课程。     

环境化学开放性实验设计:重金属污染土壤的化学淋洗*

介绍了一个开放性环境化学实验。该实验以被重金属污染的土壤为研究对象,分别使用稀盐酸、乙二胺四乙酸、氯化钙为淋洗剂,对其进行化学淋洗修复。通过电感耦合等离子体光谱仪分析比较修复前后土壤中铅、镉的含量,用以帮助学生加深理解配合/螯合作用、酸-碱反应、离子交换反应、胶体的性质、土壤重金属形态、土壤性质与组成等相关环境化学知识。实验所用的土壤样品由学生自选,不同类型土壤的理化性质影响淋洗效果,从而增加了实验结果的不确定性。本实验贴近学科前沿且联系工程实际,可激发学生独立思考和探索精神,提高学生的科研能力与解决复杂问题的能力。     

碳布负载氢氧化镍电极材料的合成及其电容性能分析——推荐一个综合化学实验

作为超级电容器的电极材料,Ni(OH)₂具有理论比电容高、来源丰富、环境友好等优点,但较低的电导率影响了其实际性能。解决该问题的一种有效方法是在碳布导电基底上原位生长Ni(OH)₂薄膜。以此为基础设计综合化学实验,通过Ni(OH)₂/碳布薄膜电极的制备、表征及电化学性能测试,使学生进一步理解化学平衡原理在材料合成中的应用,了解材料的基本表征方法,掌握循环伏安法、恒流充放电法等电化学分析方法在实际测试中的运用与解析,从而达到巩固电化学理论知识、培养学生的实验技能、提高学生综合实验能力的目的。本实验的开展还可以帮助学生了解储能领域的科技前沿,激发学生的科研兴趣,培养学生的科研创新意识,适合在大学化学实验中推广应用。     

基于镍纳米团簇-铕混合物的纸基比率荧光传感器检测四环素——推荐一个研究型综合化学实验

介绍了一个科研转化的综合化学实验项目，基于镍纳米团簇(NiNCs)-铕混合物(NiNCs-Eu³⁺)荧光传感器检测四环素。实验包括NiNCs-Eu³⁺的制备、表征及对四环素的响应性能，纸基传感器的构建及可视化识别的分析方法探究。该实验综合性强、操作简便、成本低，有利于培养学生的实验技能和科研探究能力，让学生体验到一个“看得见”的综合化学实验。     

科研成果向教学实验的转化设计与实践成效*

围绕学校高水平应用型人才培养目标,依托省级重点实验室与省级化学化工大学生创新训练中心等科研教学平台,将“零排放型化学镀镍及其废液资源化为掺杂型LiFePO₄/C复合材料”的科研成果进行拆解和提炼,设计为分阶段、多层次的10个教学实验项目,并予以实践。结果表明,该科教融合模式营造出良好的科研氛围,有利于学生科研素养与创新意识的培养、实践能力与创新能力的提升。     

NaYF4:Nd3+,Yb3+纳米粒子用于生物体系温度测量

采用溶剂热法制备了Nd³⁺敏化Yb³⁺的近红外纳米探针NaYF₄:Nd³⁺,Yb³⁺,观察到材料在980与865 nm两处发光峰的强度比值随温度的升高而降低。通过对探针中Nd³⁺/Yb³⁺比例的调节,综合考虑材料的发光强度与温敏效率,确定了NaYF4:2%Nd, 20%Yb为所测条件下适用于测量生物体系温度的较优组成。材料转水相前后温敏效率均随着Yb³⁺离子掺杂增加而提高,环己烷中最高可达1.9%·K^-1,水相中最高为0.46%·K^-1。通过盖肉片模拟及激光加热活体成像实验,研究了温敏材料在生物环境中发光随温度的变化情况,以及组织遮挡前后荧光比值未发生明显变化的结果,初步验证了使用该探针测量生物体系温度的可行性。     

研究型综合化学实验设计:碳量子点的制备及其在叶酸检测中的应用

以高校创新型人才培养为目标,设计了一个研究型综合化学实验。以柠檬酸和尿素为原料,通过水热法制备了发射强烈蓝色荧光的碳量子点,表征了其紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱,进一步研究了该碳量子点在叶酸的检测中的应用。本实验涉及纳米材料制备、表征及应用相关知识,适合作为高年级本科生的研究型综合化学实验,有助于激发学生的研究兴趣和培养学生的科研思维。     

Crystal structure of Ca12Al14O32Cl2 and luminescence properties of Ca12Al14O32Cl2:Eu

The crystal structure of Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₂Cl₂ was determined from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data (CuKα₁) using the Rietveld method, with the anisotropic displacement parameters being assigned for all atoms. The crystal structure is cubic (space group , Z=2) with lattice dimensions a=1.200950(5) nm and V=1.73211(1) nm³. The reliability indices calculated from the Rietveld method were R_wp=8.48% (S=1.21), R_p=6.05%, R_B=1.27% and R_F=1.01%. The validity of the structural model was verified by the three-dimensional electron density distribution, the structural bias of which was reduced as much as possible using the maximum-entropy methods-based pattern fitting (MPF). The reliability indices calculated from the MPF were R_B=0.75% and R_F=0.56%. In the structural model there are one Ca site, two Al sites, two O sites and one Cl site. This compound is isomorphous with Ca₁₂Al_10.6Si_3.4O₃₂Cl_5.4. Europium-doped sample Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₂Cl₂:Eu²⁺ was prepared and the photoluminescence properties were presented. The excitation spectrum consisted of two wide bands, which were located at about 268 and 324 nm. The emission spectrum, when excited at 324 nm, resulted in indigo light with a peak at about 442 nm.     

Subsolidus phase equilibria and properties in the system Bi2O3:Mn2O3±x:Nb2O5

Subsolidus phase relations have been determined for the Bi-Mn-Nb-O system in air (750-900 °C). Phases containing Mn²⁺, Mn³⁺, and Mn⁴⁺ were all observed. Ternary compound formation was limited to pyrochlore (A₂B₂O₆O′), which formed a substantial solid solution region at Bi-deficient stoichiometries (relative to Bi₂(Mn,Nb)₂O₇) suggesting that ≈14-30% of the A-sites are occupied by Mn (likely Mn²⁺). X-ray powder diffraction data confirmed that all Bi-Mn-Nb-O pyrochlores form with structural displacements, as found for the analogous pyrochlores with Mn replaced by Zn, Fe, or Co. A structural refinement of the pyrochlore 0.4000:0.3000:0.3000 Bi₂O₃:Mn₂O_3±x:Nb₂O₅ using neutron powder diffraction data is reported with the A and O′ atoms displaced (0.36 and 0.33 Å, respectively) from ideal positions to 96g sites, and with Mn²⁺ on A-sites and Mn³⁺ on B-sites (Bi_1.6Mn²⁺_0.4(Mn³⁺_0.8Nb_1.2)O₇, (?227), a=10.478(1) Å); evidence of A or O′ vacancies was not found. The displacive disorder is crystallographically analogous to that reported for Bi_1.5Zn_0.92Nb_1.5O_6.92, which has a similar concentration of small B-type ions on the A-sites. EELS spectra for this pyrochlore were consistent with an Mn oxidation between 2+ and 3+. Bi-Mn-Nb-O pyrochlores exhibited overall paramagnetic behavior with negative Curie-Weiss temperature intercepts, slight superparamagnetic effects, and depressed observed moments compared to high-spin, spin-only values. At 300 K and 1 MHz the relative dielectric permittivity of Bi_1.600Mn_1.200Nb_1.200O₇ was ≈128 with tan δ=0.05; however, at lower frequencies the sample was conductive which is consistent with the presence of mixed-valent Mn. Low-temperature dielectric relaxation such as that observed for Bi_1.5Zn_0.92Nb_1.5O_6.92 and other bismuth-based pyrochlores was not observed. Bi-Mn-Nb-O pyrochlores were readily obtained as single crystals and also as textured thin films using pulsed laser deposition.     

Yb3Cu6Sn5, Yb5Cu11Sn8 and Yb3Cu8Sn4: crystal structure of three ordered compounds

Yb₃Cu₆Sn₅, Yb₅Cu₁₁Sn₈ and Yb₃Cu₈Sn₄ compounds were prepared in sealed Ta crucibles by induction melting and subsequent annealing. The crystal structures of Yb₃Cu₆Sn₅ and Yb₅Cu₁₁Sn₈ were determined from single crystal diffractometer data: Yb₃Cu₆Sn₅, isotypic with Dy₃Co₆Sn₅, orthorhombic, Immm, oI28, a=4.365(1) Å, b=9.834(3) Å, c=12.827(3) Å, Z=2, R=0.019, 490 independent reflections, 28 parameters; Yb₅Cu₁₁Sn₈ with its own structure, orthorhombic, Pmmn, oP48, a=4.4267(6) Å, b=22.657(8) Å, c=9.321(4) Å, Z=2, R=0.047, 1553 independent reflections, 78 parameters. Both compounds belong to the BaAl₄-derived defective structures, and are closely related to Ce₃Pd₆Sb₅ (oP28, Pmmn). The crystal structure of Yb₃Cu₈Sn₄, isotypic with Nd₃Co₈Sn₄, was refined from powder data by the Rietveld method: hexagonal, P6₃mc, hP30, a=9.080(1) Å, c=7.685(1) Å, Z=2, R_wp=0.040. It is an ordered substitution derivative of the BaLi₄ type (hP30, P6₃/mmc). All compounds show strong Cu-Sn bonds with a length reaching 2.553(3) Å in Yb₅Cu₁₁Sn₈.     

g-C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合材料制备及其光催化性能

利用类石墨氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)和亚稳相钙钛氧化物(CaTi_2O_5)固相法制备C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合材料。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及附带能谱分析仪(EDS)和N2吸附-脱附对样品的显微结构和比表面积进行检测分析,并用紫外-可见吸收光度计(UV-Vis)测试了样品的光吸收性能,研究C_3N_4与CaTi_2O_5物质的量之比(nC_3N_4/nCaTi_2O_5)对C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合样品的物相结构和微观形貌的影响,同时考察C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合样品在可见光照射下光催化降解罗丹明染料效果。实验结果表明:相比纯C_3N_4和CaTi_2O_5样品,C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合样品在可见光下具有较高的光催化性能,随着nC_3N_4/nCaTi_2O_5增加,样品的光催化降解率随之增加而后降低,当nC_3N_4/nCaTi_2O_5=1∶1时,样品的光催化降解率达到最大值99.5%,并且循环重复利用5次后,样品的光催化剂降解率仍几乎保持不变。复合样品光催化性能提高主要归因于复合能级结构有效地抑制了电子和空穴复合所致。     

(H2NC4H8NCH2CH2NH2)(HNCH2CH2NH2)3Zn2Ge2Se8: A new,templated one-dimensional ternary semiconductor stabilized by mixed organic cations

The novel, 1D semiconductor (H₂NC₄H₈NCH₂CH₂NH₂)(HNCH₂CH₂NH₂)₃Zn₂Ge₂Se₈ has been synthesized under solvothermal conditions using N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine as solvent and templating agent at 200 °C. The material was characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, IR and Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The compound consists of 1D anionic [Zn₂Ge₂Se₈]⁴⁻ chains made of alternating edge-shared [ZnSe₄] and [GeSe₄] tetrahedra that charged balanced by one N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazinium and three piperazinium cations. The optical properties were investigated with solid state UV–Vis/near IR spectroscopy and the results show that the solid is a medium gap semiconductor with an absorption edge at 1.8 eV.     

A new ordered triple Hollandite: Ba1.33Sb2.66Al5.33O16

Ba_1.33Sb_2.66Al_5.33O₁₆ is a triple Hollandite, which crystallizes in a tetragonal cell (I4/m no. 87) with a=b=9.86090(5) Å and c=8.77612(6) Å. Its crystal structure was characterized using electron diffraction and X-ray powder diffraction; it is isotypic to K_1.33Mg_3.11Sb_4.89O₁₆, K_1.76Mg_3.25Sb_4.75O₁₆ and to K_1.8Li_2.45Sb_5.55O₁₆. In the rutile chains of Ba_1.33Sb_2.66Al_5.33O₁₆, the ordering of Al and Sb atoms into unmixed sites induces the tripling of the c parameter compared to a ‘single’ Hollandite structure. The Ba²⁺ cations are dispersed along c, in the largest tunnels on non-split and fully occupied sites. They lie into Ba-Ba pairs separated by vacancies. Their regular arrangement has been confirmed by high resolution electron microscopy. Electrochemical experiments have also been performed in Li-ion cell but no Li insertion was detected.     

g-C3N4/CaTi2O5复合材料制备及其光催化性能

利用类石墨氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）和亚稳相钙钛氧化物（CaTi₂O₅）固相法制备C₃N₄/CaTi₂O₅复合材料。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及附带能谱分析仪（EDS）和N₂吸附-脱附对样品的显微结构和比表面积进行检测分析,并用紫外-可见吸收光度计（UV-Vis）测试了样品的光吸收性能,研究C₃N₄与CaTi₂O₅物质的量之比（n_C3N4/nCaTi₂O₅）对C₃N₄/CaTi₂O₅复合样品的物相结构和微观形貌的影响,同时考察C₃N₄/CaTi₂O₅复合样品在可见光照射下光催化降解罗丹明染料效果。实验结果表明：相比纯C₃N₄和CaTi₂O₅样品,C₃N₄/CaTi₂O₅复合样品在可见光下具有较高的光催化性能,随着n_C3N4/nCaTi₂O₅增加,样品的光催化降解率随之增加而后降低,当n_C3N4/nCaTi₂O₅=1：1时,样品的光催化降解率达到最大值99.5%,并且循环重复利用5次后,样品的光催化剂降解率仍几乎保持不变。复合样品光催化性能提高主要归因于复合能级结构有效地抑制了电子和空穴复合所致。     

The Ternary System Li2O-Al2O3-B2O3: Compounds and Phase Relations

The ternary system Li₂O-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃ is reinvestigated with solid-state reaction and X-ray powder diffraction technique to clarify some long-standing uncertainties. The phase relations are constructed based on the phase identifications of 51 ternary samples. Six ternary compounds, Li₂AlB₅O₁₀, LiAlB₂O₅, Li₃AlB₂O₆, Li₂AlBO₄, LiAl₇B₄O₁₇ and a compound with a composition close to 0.66Li₂O·0.06Al₂O₃·0.28B₂O₃, are observed or confirmed in this system, and the thermal stability of these ternary compounds is also discussed on the basis of DTA experimental results.     

PrCo2Al8 and Pr2Co6Al19: Crystal structure and electronic properties

The praseodymium cobalt aluminides, PrCo₂Al₈ and Pr₂Co₆Al₁₉, were prepared by reaction of the elemental components in an arc-melting furnace, followed by heat treatment at 900 °C for several days. Their chemical composition was checked by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, and their crystal structure was refined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. PrCo₂Al₈ adopts the CaCo₂Al₈ type of structure, crystallizing with the orthorhombic space group Pbam, with four formula units in a cell of dimensions at room temperature: , , . Pr₂Co₆Al₁₉ crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m, with four formula units in a cell of dimensions at room temperature: , , and β=103.903(1)°. Its structure belongs to the U₂Co₆Al₁₉ type. The crystal structures of both compounds studied can be viewed as three-dimensional structures resulting from the packing of Al polyhedra centred by the transition elements. Along the c-axis, the coordination polyhedra around the Pr atoms pack by face sharing to form strands, which are separated one from another by an extended Co-Al network. Magnetic measurements have revealed that PrCo₂Al₈ orders antiferromagnetically at , with a clear metamagnetic transition occurring at a critical field H_c=0.9(1) T. The temperature dependence of the susceptibility of Pr₂Co₆Al₁₉ does not provide any evidence for long-range magnetic ordering in the temperature domain 1.7-300 K. At low temperatures (T<10 K), the susceptibility saturates in a manner characteristic of a non-magnetic singlet ground state. At high temperatures, the magnetic susceptibility of each compound follows a Curie-Weiss law, with the effective magnetic moment per Pr atom of 3.48(5)μ_B and 3.41(2)μ_B for PrCo₂Al₈ and Pr₂Co₆Al₁₉, respectively. These values are close to the theoretical value of 3.58μ_B expected for a free Pr³⁺ ion and exclude any contribution due to the Co atoms. Both compounds exhibit in the temperature range 5-300 K metallic-like electrical conductivity, and their Seebeck coefficient is of the order of several μV/K.     

Stabilization of Mo6S8 by halogens; new superconducting compounds: Mo6S6Br2, Mo6S6I2

We present a study of the properties of the series Mo₆X_8?xY_x (X = S, Se, Te; Y = Br, I) having the hexagonal rhombohedral structure of the PbMo₆S₈ type. For X = S we have found two new superconducting compounds Mo₆S₆Br₂ and Mo₆S₆I₂, having critical temperatures of 13.8 and 14.0°K, respectively. We further find that Mo₆Te₈ becomes superconducting (T_c ≈ 2.6°K) upon substitution of Te by small quantities of iodine, and that in the case of Mo₆Se₈ substitution of a Se atom by a halogen, raises T_c up to about 7.6°K.