利用MALDI-TOF MS鉴定芽苗菜中解鸟氨酸拉乌尔菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的研究

应用基质解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)方法对芽苗菜中检出率较高的2种微生物进行鉴定,结果为解鸟氨酸拉乌尔菌(33.3%)和肺炎克雷伯菌(43.5%)。应用SARAMIS Premium软件对这2种微生物的蛋白质图谱进行分析,获得解鸟氨酸拉乌尔菌特征标识峰16组,肺炎克雷伯菌特征标识峰10组;对分离微生物进行全标识峰和加权特征峰相关性分析,结果表明特征峰的加权会影响微生物鉴定结果间的相关关系,增强微生物的辨识度;对两种微生物进行多方面比较,发现两种微生物生化特性比较接近,但16Sr DNA分辨率较高,质谱相关分析虽有相交但可辨识。实验结果表明MALDI-TOF MS具有检测芽苗菜中微生物的能力并在其特征分析及溯源研究上具有一定的优势,MALDI-TOF MS为开放平台,对农产品微生物蛋白质特征图谱的收集与优化可提高其鉴定准确性。     

基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法对中药材霉菌污染的快速鉴定

通过N-烷基吡啶同位素季铵化反应(NAPIQ)结合基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)对中药材的霉变情况进行了快速鉴定。运用氯仿对中药材中的甾醇进行提取后,以吡啶、氘代吡啶以及三氟甲磺酸酐作为衍生化试剂对提取出的甾醇进行衍生化反应以提高其质谱响应,并利用MALDI-TOF MS进行检测。利用该方法在新鲜的药材中仅检测到谷甾醇、豆甾醇等植物甾醇,而在霉变的药材中,除了植物甾醇外,还检测到羊毛甾醇等动物甾醇以及麦角甾醇等菌类甾醇。将该方法与药典中的微生物计数法进行了对照,在只检测到植物甾醇的新鲜药材中未发现霉菌,而在产生了动物甾醇和菌类甾醇的霉变药材中检测到的微生物数均大于药典规定的10~2 cfu/g,证明了该方法符合药典标准,可以对中药材受霉菌污染的状况进行快速评价。     

基于MALDI-TOF MS微生物检测的一次性纸基靶板开发

针对基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)目前使用的不锈钢靶板或一次性可抛弃塑料靶板存在的清洗流程复杂,易有残留从而产生交叉污染或需要回收、污染环境等问题,开发了一种可一次性使用的纸基靶板。该靶板成本低,使用后方便处理,不会对环境造成污染。并利用标准品从分辨率、灵敏度、重现性、微生物鉴定4个方面对纸基靶板进行了测试,结果表明开发的纸基靶板在分辨率、灵敏度等指标方面与钢靶板基本一致,样品检测重现性较好,具有应用于临床微生物检测的潜力。     

基于小分子化合物分析的MALDI-TOF MS新型基质研究进展

基质辅助激光解吸附离子化-飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)是一种新型的软电离生物质谱,近十年来得到了快速发展,在小分子化合物的分析检测中发挥了重要作用。其基质的选择一直是关注的重点,目前,研究者们已开发出多种新型MALDI-TOF MS基质,主要分为纳米材料和新型有机化合物两大类,基质性能的完善与提高使得MALDI-TOF MS的检测结果有了更高的准确度和灵敏度,更小的背景噪音,更干净的谱图,但目前尚处于研究阶段,现阶段仍无法替代传统有机基质。该文通过对新型基质的研究进展进行整理,总结出不同种类基质的优点、特性及适用对象,并对未来的MALDI-TOF MS基质研究作出了展望。     

功能化磁性纳米粒子联合质谱技术用于金属硫蛋白的富集及鉴定研究

金属硫蛋白(Metallothionein,MT)是一种具有结合金属能力和高诱导特性的低分子量蛋白质,因此常被作为一种重要的生物标志物用于水环境重金属污染评估。传统的金属硫蛋白富集检测方法耗时较长,操作复杂。本研究制备了金包覆四氧化三铁的核壳纳米粒子(Fe_3O_4@AuNPs),具有磁场的快速响应和特殊的光学特性的优点,并且可利用Au-S的强亲和力实现纳米粒子对金属硫蛋白的快速富集,进一步将纯化的蛋白质通过基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF/MS)进行分析检测。结果表明,Fe_3O_4@Au纳米粒子可以直接从复杂的溶液中富集MT,采用MALDI-TOF/MS鉴定分析,检出限达10 fg/mL。     

MALDI质谱技术在酶活性分析中的应用

酶作为生物催化剂参与很多重要的生理过程,同时也是一类重要的生物分子。酶的活性分析对于疾病诊断和治疗具有重要意义。基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)具有操作简单、分析速度快、灵敏度高和易于实现高通量分析的特点,已被广泛用于各种组学研究和生物分子的检测,在酶的检测和活性分析中亦发挥了重要作用。该文综述了国内外利用MALDI-TOF MS分析酶活性和进行药物筛选的策略,总结了各种方法的优缺点,提出了MALDI质谱技术在酶活性分析领域存在的问题和挑战,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

以石墨烯为基质的MALDI-TOF MS对有机及药物小分子的检测

以石墨烯为基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)的新型基质,对氨基酸、多胺化合物、雌激素、环磷酰胺、脱氧核糖核苷酸、胞嘧啶β-D-阿糖等一些典型有机小分子、药物小分子及一些有机反应中间体等进行检测分析。实验结果显示,新型二维石墨烯纳米材料可作为MALDI-TOF MS的新型基质替代三氟乙酸(TFA)等传统基质,实现了对有机及药物小分子的高灵敏检测,且分辨率、解吸/电离效率均较传统基质有着显著提升,具有重现性及耐盐性。     

高效液相色谱-基质辅助激光解吸电离串联飞行时间质谱分离鉴定牛乳铁蛋白素

建立了高效液相色谱-基质辅助激光解吸电离串联飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF/TOF MS)分离鉴定牛乳铁蛋白素(bovine lactoferricin, LfcinB)的方法。采用胃蛋白酶酶解牛乳铁蛋白,酶解液离心后取上清液,经过离子交换色谱、反相液相色谱、透析等技术分离,对分离得到的目标产物进行抗菌活性分析、蛋白含量测定和MALDI-TOF/TOF MS鉴定。分离得到高活性的LfcinB,其相对分子质量为3124.89,蛋白含量为18.20 μg/mL。本方法具有精度高、分析速度快和分辨能力强等优点,是其他传统的分析鉴定LfcinB方法所无法比拟的,为进一步研究LfcinB奠定了基础。     

利用MALDI-TOF质谱技术研究MPEG-b-PCL两嵌段共聚物的嵌段长度及嵌段分布

利用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)结合源后分解(PSD)技术对甲氧基封端的聚乙二醇-b-聚己内酯(MPEG-b-PCL)两嵌段共聚物进行了结构分析. 根据得到的MALDI-TOF MS谱图和PSD碎片信息清晰地确定了嵌段共聚物的嵌段长度和嵌段分布. 结果表明, 采用MALDI-TOF MS结合PSD技术研究这类嵌段共聚物链结构非常有效. 这为更好地认识和应用这类嵌段共聚物提供了重要的依据, 同时也建立了分析这类嵌段共聚物的方法.     

HPLC与MALDI-TOF MS联用技术分析蛋黄中的磷脂

蛋黄中含有大量磷脂,其中磷脂酰胆碱(PC)和磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)最为丰富.本研究采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)与基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)联用技术分析了蛋黄中磷脂粗提物.将从蛋黄中提取的多种磷脂通过HPLC预先分离,收集各组分后分别进行MAIDI-TOF MS分析得到比较清晰的质谱图.通过质谱图解析确定了蛋黄中磷脂酰胆碱、神经鞘磷脂(SM)的脂肪酸组成.     

Investigation of the sorption of water vapor on cation-substituted vermiculite. 2. Thermodynamic description of sorption equilibria

The changes in the thermodynamic functions of the sorbents were calculated for the first time from measurements of the deformations of vermiculite during the sorption of water vapor and adsorption-calorimetric data.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Institute of Colloid Chemistry and the Chemistry of Water, Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 252180 Kiev. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1270–1275, June, 1992.     

Thermodynamics of ionization of water over wide ranges of temperature and pressure

We have summarized results of many experimental investigations of the thermodynamics of ionization of H₂O(liq.) from 0–300°C and from 1.0 atm to nearly 8000 atm. Results of these investigations (equilibrium constants, enthalpies of ionization, heat capacities, partial molal volumes, and compressibilities) have been used for a number of thermodynamic calculations. It is particularly noteworthy that it is possible to use thermal data from 0–145°C with an equilibrium constant for 25°C in calculating reasonably accurate equilibrium constants for temperatures as high as 300°C. Similarly, it is possible to use volumetric data that refer to 1.0 atm in calculating useful equilibrium constants that apply for pressures as high as 2000 atm.Much of the work reported here was done while the author was on leave at the University of Lethbridge.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases. VIII. Enthalpies of hydration of 6-alkyluracils

Enthalpies of solution in water H _sol ^o and enthalpies of sublimation H _sub ^o were determined for a number of crystalline derivatives of uracil: 1,6-dimethyluracil (m ₂ ^1,6 Ura), 1,3,6-trimethyluracil (m ₃ ^1,3,6 Ura), 6-ethyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (e⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura), 6-propyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (pr⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura) and 6-butyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (but⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura). Standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o and standard enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells were calculated. The data obtained show that dependence of H _int ^o on the number of-CH₂- groups of n-alkyl chain added upon substitution of diketopyrimidine ring is nonlinear. This finding is discussed in connection with results of X-ray diffraction structure determinations for the crystalline compounds.     

计量数比规则与等物质的量规则的比较

指出了计量数比规则存在的缺陷:不利于贯彻有关物质的量及其单位摩尔的SI规定,不能继承当量定律的数据资料,不能表示反应的性质,不能正确表达水硬度、碱度、树脂交换容量及电解定律,缺乏科学的导出过程及计量关系表达式,计算过程繁杂。而等物质的量规则继承和发展了当量定律,使整个滴定分析计算简单规范。     

从科学哲学的视角分析科学课堂教学——以“质量守恒定律”为例

以“质量守恒定律”为例,选取科学革命、科学问题、科学实验、归纳与重复、解释与预测等几个视角对科学课堂教学的各个环节进行了分析。通过分析,各环节中所蕴含的科学哲学内容得以显现,对科学课堂教学的认识更为全面,对科学本质的认识更加深刻。     

Thermodynamics of lonization of aqueous lodic acid,an “almost-strong” electrolyte

We have made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of dilution of aqueous iodic acid and have used these results for evaluation of the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). We have also made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of addition of perchloric acid solution to aqueous solutions of KIO₃, KNO₃, NaIO₃, and NaNO₃ and have used these results to obtain further values for the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). On the basis of all these results, we have selected H^o=–660±125 cal-mole^–1 as the best available standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.) at 298.15°K, compared to the previously accepted –2400 cal-mole^–1. Using the best available K=0.157 for ionization, we also obtain G^o=1097 cal-mole^–1 and S^o=–5.9 cal-^oK^–1-mole^–1 for ionization of HIO₃(aq) at 298.15°K.On study leave from Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.On study leave from Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, N.S.W. 2500, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.     

对离子反应发生条件中“放出气体”的再认识

离子反应发生条件中的“放出气体”,与其他资料中对生成物的描述不一致,也与有关反应事实不符。“放出气体”的出现,使教材中对气体生成物的描述时此时彼,没有时序性、规律性。对其与化学反应的关系及其与“生成气体”的区别进行了论述,并提出了修改的建议。     

Computation of the Number of Isomers of Coordination Compounds Containing Identical Monodentate Ligands and Chelating Ligands

This paper outlines a simple method of counting the number of isomers of coordination compounds containing identical monodentate ligands and chelating ligands.     

Thermodynamics of vaporization of gallium trichloride

The unsaturated and saturated pressures of gallium trichloride vapor were measured by the static method with membrane-gauge manometers in wide pressure (0.2–760 Torr) and temperature (313–1071 K) intervals. Scanning calorimetry was used to determine the thermodynamic characteristics of GaCl₃ fusion. The thermodynamic characteristics were obtained for sublimation, fusion, vaporization, and association in the vapor of GaCl₃ molecules. The enthalpies of formation and the absolute entropies of GaCl₃ in the liquid and gaseous phases and Ga₂Cl₆ in the gaseous phase were calculated using literature data. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1266–1269, July, 2007.     

Effect of specific adsorption of anions on the kinetics of the current relaxation after pulsed anodic activation of dissolution of hydrophilic metals

Based on the model of spatial separation of the dissolution and passivation of hydrophilic metals, the effect of strong specific adsorption of anions on the shape of curves for the relaxation of anodic current of metals in acid solutions after switching an anodic activation pulse off is considered by using iron as an example.