多级孔HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的制备及低碳烃芳构化应用

采用0.2 mol/L的NaOH溶液对HZSM-5分子筛进行了不同时间的碱改性处理, 并对分子筛的结构和酸性进行表征, 考察了碱改性对HZSM-5催化剂的低碳烃芳构化活性的影响. 结果表明, HZSM-5分子筛经碱改性后会产生少量介孔, 且随改性时间延长, 介孔数量增加, 平均孔径增大, 总酸量降低, B酸/L酸比值降低. 120 min碱改性HZSM-5催化剂的活性、 稳定性以及目标产物苯、 甲苯、 乙苯和二甲苯(统称BTEX)的选择性最高.     

芳香胺氰乙基化催化反应的研究进展

从催化剂的应用角度,总结了酸、路易斯酸、固体酸性氧化物、强酸性阳离子交换树脂、无机碱、有机碱以及由酸/路易斯酸、路易斯酸/路易斯酸、路易斯酸/路易斯碱等催化体系在催化芳香胺的氰乙基化反应中的应用进展,阐述了芳香胺的氰乙基化反应的酸催化和碱催化机理,并对芳香胺的氰乙基化反应的今后发展方向进行了展望。     

用变色硅胶检验酸碱反应生成水的实验探究

在分析用无水硫酸铜检验酸与碱反应生成水的实验中存在问题的基础上,提出了用变色硅胶检验酸与碱反应生成水这一更为合理的方法。经实验验证,发现变色硅胶检验酸与碱反应生成水的灵敏性要比无水硫酸铜的强。另外,变色硅胶经回收处理后可重复使用。     

软硬酸碱规则与体内微量元素

阐述了ＳＨＡＢ规则,分类,酸碱软硬度的定量标度和理论解释。根据ＳＨＡＢ规则把体内微量元素分为Ｌｅｗｉｓ硬酸,软酸与交界酸和硬碱,软碱与交界碱,体内不同体液和器官含有丰富的软硬配体,与各类软硬酸（金属离子）结合成不同稳定性的配合物,发挥其生物活性作用。     

吸附量热技术和金属氧化物催化剂的表面酸碱性

 探讨了吸附量热技术及其在测定固体表面酸碱性中的应用．使用NH3和CO2为探针分子,吸附量热技术能够定量地描述固体表面酸碱中心的数目和强度分布．结合原位红外光谱,还能够详细地了解表面酸碱中心的性质：金属氧化物表面的Lewis酸中心和碱中心分别是表面配位不饱和的金属离子和氧负离子,Brnsted酸中心和碱中心则是金属氧化物表面的羟基．通过测量吸附热,金属氧化物的表面酸碱性强度可与Sanderson电负性关联起来,也可以考虑使用Drago参数来描述固体表面的酸碱性．根据酸碱性与电负性的关系以及对表面配位不饱和离子的要求,有可能通过选择合适的复合金属氧化物组成,获得具有一定酸（碱）量和酸（碱）强度的固体酸（碱）．     

品红褪色机理的探究

通过品红与酸、碱、氧化剂、还原剂作用的褪色情况,以及在不同极性溶剂中的显色情况,探讨品红的褪色机理。     

将知识发展为观念的“酸和碱”复习课

从物质类别的角度复习了酸和碱的通性,引入"阴阳鱼太极图"将物质分为酸、碱2大阵营,解释了酸碱反应规律的合理性;再现与工业、农业、生活紧密联系的具体反应,使学生学会从"反应物"、"现象"和"生成物"等多个角度认识反应,帮助学生将酸和碱的知识发展成为化学基本观念。     

2-(1-环己烯基)环己酮的合成

以酸或碱做催化剂，环己酮自身催化缩合生成以2-(1-环己烯基)环己酮为主的缩合产物，同时还生成2-环己亚烷基环己酮，以及副产物三聚物。考察了使用酸、碱在不同反应条件下的缩合反应，试验表明，硫酸做催化剂的工艺较为可取。     

不同水煤浆分散剂与煤之间的相互作用规律研究 Ⅶ 酸碱脱灰处理煤的性质变化及其对成浆性的影响

研究了酸－碱脱灰处理对鹤壁、淮南和靖远煤的有机组成、表面性质以及成浆性的影响。结果表明，酸－碱脱灰处理后煤质特性都发生了明显变化。主要表现在灰分下降，水分增加，挥发分降低，总碳量和芳香碳增加；氧的质量分数下降，酚羟基氧质量分数增加；硫的质量分数降低。酸－碱脱灰处理后煤的成浆性明显变差，在煤粒度分布、分散剂种类和用量相同时，脱灰处理使鹤壁、淮南、靖远三种煤成浆的定黏（1 000 mPa·s）浓度，分别比相应原煤下降了4.6%，6.6%和4.4%。进一步研究表明，经酸－碱脱灰处理，上述3种煤对所用4种分散剂的吸附量都明显增加，煤粒的Zeta电位也明显增加。酸－碱脱灰处理使研究用煤的成浆性变差，主要是由于煤的有机组成和表面性质变化引起的。     

构建化学概念之间的联系 促进学生知识系统化——以“酸、碱、盐专题”复习教学为例

以“酸、碱、盐专题复习”的教学设计和教学实践为例,研究了促进学生知识系统化的教学方法.首先,基于酸、碱、盐的知识特点,构建出了酸、碱、盐的概念关系图,以概念关系图的形成过程为基础设计了具有梯度性的学习任务,通过每个学习任务的完成帮助学生逐步形成系统化的知识结构,使之能够从化学概念层面综合运用酸、碱、盐的知识.     

Near-wall velocities of particles suspended in shear flow and a streamwise electric field

Particles with a diameter of ∼0.5 µm in a dilute (volume fractions φ_∞ < 4 × 10⁻³) suspension assemble into highly elongated structures called “bands” under certain conditions in combined Poiseuille and electroosmotic flows in opposite directions through microchannels at particle-based Reynolds numbers Re_p < < 1. The particles are first concentrated near, then form “bands” within ∼6 µm of, the channel wall. The experiments described here examine the near-wall dynamics of individual “tracer” particles during the initial concentration, or accumulation, of particles, and the steady-state stage when the particles have formed relatively stable bands at different near-wall shear rates and electric field magnitudes. Surprisingly, the near-wall upstream particle velocities are found to be consistently greater in magnitude than the expected values based on the particles being convected by the superposition of both flows and subject to electrophoresis, which is in the same direction as the Poiseuille flow. However, the particle velocities scale linearly with the change in electric field magnitude, suggesting that the particle dynamics are dominated by linear electrokinetic phenomena. If this discrepancy with theory is only due to changes in particle electrophoresis, electrophoresis is significantly reduced to values as small as 20%–50% of the Smoluchowski relation, or well below previous model predictions, even for high particle potentials.     

Approximate analytic expressions for the electrophoretic mobility of spheroidal particles

Approximate analytic expressions are derived for the electrophoretic mobility of spheroidal particles (prolate and oblate) carrying low zeta potential in an electrolyte solution under an applied tangential or transverse electric field. The present approximation method, which is based on the observation that the electrophoretic mobility of a particle is determined mainly by the distortion of the applied electric field by the presence of the particle. The exact expression for the equilibrium electric potential distribution around the particle, which can be expressed as an infinite sum of spheroidal wave functions, is not needed in the present approximation. The electrophoretic mobility values calculated with these approximate expressions for spheroidal particles with constant surface potential or constant surface charge density are in excellent agreement with the exact numerical results of previous reports with the relative errors less than about 4%.     

On the electrophoretic mobility of a cylindrical soft particle

A previous theory for the electrophoresis of a cylindrical soft particle (that is, a cylindrical hard particle covered with a layer of polyelectrolytes) [7], which makes use of the condition that the electrical force acting on the polymer segments is balanced with a frictional force exerted by the liquid flow, is modified by replacing this condition with an alternative and more appropriate boundary condition that pressure is continuous at the boundary between the surface layer and the surrounding electrolyte solution. The general mobility expression thus obtained is found to reproduce all of the approximate analytic mobility expressions derived previously. Received: 20 July 2000/Accepted: 21 August 2000     

Modelling Induced Tension in a Growing Catalyst/Polyolefin Particle: A Multi‐Scale Approach for Simplified Morphology Modelling

A multi‐scale modelling approach is proposed as a means of eventually overcoming the limitations of the multigrain and polymer flow models of particle growth. It is demonstrated that there is a need to introduce some sort of macroheterogeneity into the evolution of the stress build‐up in the growing macroparticles in order to see a local rupture of the particle structure. Different simulations are proposed and qualitatively compared to previously published experimental results in order to validate the approach.

     

Crosslinking network structure governing particle shape and size distribution by one-step emulsion polymerization in the presence of particle coagulation

In this study, sub-200?nm, crosslinked latex particles with a narrow particle size distribution were prepared by one-step emulsion polymerization in the presence of particle coagulation. The relationship between the particle shape and particle coagulation was investigated by varying the time of crosslinking network structure formation and particle coagulation. Particles with irregular shapes such as doublet, triplet, and ellipsoid were obtained using divinylbenzene (DVB) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the crosslinking agents, because the crosslinking network structure of particles was formed before the particle coagulation. In contrast, latex particles with a uniform spherical shape were also prepared using triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) or dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate (DCPA) as the crosslinking agents by delaying the time of crosslinking network structure formation. Alternatively, uniform spherical latex particles were prepared by bringing forward the particle coagulation time using cationic initiator, 2, 2′-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH). This study presents a new idea that would further broaden the application of particle coagulation in emulsion polymerization.     

On the evolution of the rate of polymerization,number and size distribution of particles in styrene emulsion polymerization above CMC

This work is an extension of a communication reported by two of the authors [Carro and Herrera‐Ordoñez, Macromol Rapid Commun 2006, 27, 274], where bimodal particle size distributions (PSD), obtained by asymmetric flow‐field flow fractionation (AFFF, AF⁴), were taken as evidence of certain degree of stability of primary particles. Now, emulsion polymerizations of styrene were performed under conditions employed before by other researchers, intending to examine if the behavior observed is general. The number of particles (N) and PSD were studied by means of dynamic light scattering and AF⁴. By the later, bimodal PSDs were detected in all cases, where the population corresponding to primary particles (diameter <20 nm) depends on reaction conditions. Regarding N, AF⁴ results show that it is constant during interval II, in contrast to DLS results. Primary particle coagulation was evidenced as minimums in N evolution and the rate of polymerization curves, monitored by calorimetry and gravimetry, which are enhanced when higher particle number is generated and/or the ionic strength is increased. These results suggest that particle coagulation is not as extensive as it would be expected according to the coagulative theory. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3152–3160, 2010     

SYNTHESIS OF BOWL-LIKE PARTICLES BY EMULSION POLYMERIZATION AND RELEASE BEHAVIOR OF SOLVENT FROM THE PARTICLES

Poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) particles having bowl-shaped hollow structures were synthesized by swollen seed emulsion polymerization. The PS emulsion synthesized through soap-free emulsion polymeri:ation was swollen by toluene, and then the mixture of second monomers was added under polymerization condition So a thin shell of poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) cross-linked by triethylene glycol diacrylate was formed around the swollen PS particle. The bowl-shaped particles were obtained after the collapsing of the thin shell when the toluene emanated from the particles, but the shapes were effected by the degrees of cross-linking. The shape of the particles was observed by SEM. The release behavior of solvent from the particles was examined by TG     

SYNTHESIS OF BOWL-LIKE PARTICLES BY EMULSION POLYMERIZATION AND RELEASE BEHAVIOR OF SOLVENT FROM THE PARTICLES

1. INTRODUCTION Hollow particles have been produced usually by the alkali swelling procedure (ASP), dynamic swelling method (DSM), and water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion polymerization [1]. Because particles can reserve various chemicals in their hollow, they could be used as reservoir and release material [2]. But almost all the work was to make hollow spheres. One kind of hollow particles, the bowl-shaped polymer particles have some advantages because of their special shape [3~6]…     

纳米刚性微粒与橡胶弹性微粒同时增强增韧聚丙烯的研究

通过力学性能测试、动态力学试验、ＤＳＣ 分析以及材料断面形貌与结构分析等手段,对以纳米二氧化硅（ＳｉＯ２） 为刚性微粒、以三元乙丙橡胶（ＥＰＤＭ） 为弹性微粒组成的聚丙烯（ＰＰ）／ 纳米ＳｉＯ２／ＥＰＤＭ 的同时增强增韧效果进行了研究．结果显示,上述两种微粒可同时大幅度提高ＰＰ 的韧性、强度和模量,当ＰＰ／ 纳米ＳｉＯ２／ＥＰＤＭ 为８０／３／２０ 时,两种微粒体现较明显的协同增韧效应．纳米ＳｉＯ２ 可提高ＰＰ 的结晶温度和结晶速度,并使球晶细化．纳米ＳｉＯ２ 刚性微粒在ＰＰ连续相中以微粒团聚体形态分布,构成团聚体的平均微粒数约为６ ～７ ,其与ＰＰ基体表现出较强的结合牢度．ＰＰ／ 纳米ＳｉＯ２／ＥＰＤＭ 的综合性能已接近或达到工程塑料的性能．     

粒度分析及粒度标准物质研究进展

综述了当前粒度分析测试方法的研究进展,并简单介绍了各种测试方法的基本原理以及包括美国、欧洲、中国在内的国家和地区在粒度标准物质方面的研究概况。