滑动弧电极放电等离子体作用甲烷制C2烃的工艺

采用刀片式不锈钢电极放电反应器,以Ar气为稀释气,研究了等离子体作用下甲烷转化制C2烃的工艺条件。考察了CH4流量、高频电源输入电压和电极间距等参数对甲烷转化率、C2烃选择性、收率和反应表观能耗的影响。结果表明,增加CH4流量,表观能耗随之降低;当输入电压和电极间距较小时,甲烷转化率随输入电压和电极间距的增大而增大,但输入电压和电极间距过大时,C2烃收率明显下降,积碳严重。在CH4流量14 mL/min、Ar气流量60 mL/min、高频电源输入电压22 V、电流0.44 A、电极间距4 mm的优化条件下,甲烷最高转化率为43.1%,C2烃收率、选择性和表观能耗分别为40.1%、93.2%和2.41 MJ/mol。C2烃中不饱和烃的体积分数可达95%以上。     

滑动弧放电等离子体分解甲醇制氢

对常温常压下滑动弧放电等离子体直接分解甲醇进行了研究,探讨了载气流量、甲醇浓度、电极间距、输入电压和气化室温度等实验参数的影响。结果表明,不同操作条件导致甲醇转化率由51%升高到81.7%,氢气和一氧化碳的选择性之比基本保持一个固定值。除了氢气和一氧化碳,产物中还检测到了少量的甲烷和C₂不饱和烃以及痕量二氧化碳。不同于传统的甲醇热分解机理,提出了滑动弧放电等离子体甲醇分解的制氢路径。     

大气压旋转螺旋状电极辉光放电等离子体催化甲烷偶联

采用新研制的具有旋转螺旋状电极的大气压辉光放电等离子体反应器催化甲烷偶联制碳二烃. 实验采用铜电极和不锈钢电极分别考察了输入电场峰值电压和甲烷、氢气进料流量等参数对甲烷转化率和碳二烃收率、选择性的影响. 在长时间连续反应无明显积碳的情况下, 最佳试验结果是电极材料为金属铜, 进料流量为60 mL•min^-1, V(CH₄ )/V(H₂)=1的条件下, 输入电场峰值电压为2.3 kV时, 甲烷转化率为70.64%, 碳二烃单程收率及其选择性分别为69.85%和 99.14%.     

Au/Ti-MCM-41(H)催化丙烯气相直接环氧化

采用纳米组装法制备了一系列不同Ti含量的具有微孔-介孔复合结构(hybrid)的钛硅分子筛Ti-MCM-41(H)载体,继而用沉积-沉淀法制得纳米金催化剂.通过粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气等温吸附-脱附、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱、紫外-可见漫反射(DRUV-Vis)光谱、透射电镜(TEM)及等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了纳米金催化剂在氢气/氧气共存条件下丙烯气相直接氧化制环氧丙烷反应中的催化性能.结果表明:合成的微孔-介孔复合结构的钛硅分子筛Ti-MCM-41(H)具有典型的MCM-41结构,Ti(IV)以高分散的形式存在于分子筛的骨架结构中.在常压、423K反应温度下,以Ti/Si摩尔比为1%的Ti-MCM-41(H)为载体制备纳米金催化剂表现出了最佳的催化性能,反应30min,丙烯的转化率达5.4%,环氧丙烷的选择性为74.2%,环氧丙烷的生成速率为73.1g·h-1·kg-1;反应330min后,丙烯的转化率为4.9%,环氧丙烷的选择性为67.3%.     

基于 H2/O2 等离子体和钛硅沸石的丙烯气相环氧化方法

 将 H₂/O₂ 非平衡等离子体现场产生的气态 H₂O₂和丙烯与耦合反应器中钛硅沸石 TS-1 直接接触, 实现了丙烯气相环氧化反应. 结果表明, 非平衡等离子体生成气态 H₂O₂ 的速率由介质阻挡放电的输入功率决定, 环氧丙烷的生成速率和选择性取决于钛硅沸石催化剂和反应条件. 在 H₂ 和 O₂ 进料流量分别为 170 和 8 ml/min, 介质阻挡放电输入功率为 3.5 W, 环氧化反应温度为 110 ^oC, 丙烯进料量为 18 ml/min, 催化剂用量为 0.8 g 的条件下, 生成环氧丙烷产率达 246.9 g/(kg•h)、环氧丙烷选择性和 H₂O₂ 有效利用率分别为 95.4% 和 36.1%, 反应 36 h 内未见催化剂失活.     

脉冲电晕等离子体作用下甲烷偶联反应--Ⅰ.无氧气氛下

在常温常压下,对脉冲电晕等离子体应用于甲烷无氧气氛下脱氢偶联反应进行了研究．考察了脉冲电压极性和等离子体注入能量对甲烷脱氢偶联反应的影响,并引入能量效率对等离子体能量与甲烷脱氢偶联反应的耦合进行了讨论．结果表明,正电晕的能量效率高于负电晕．在正电晕条件下,当脉冲重复频率为 ６６ Ｈｚ和能量密度为 １７８８ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ时,甲烷转化率可达４４．６％, Ｃ_２烃单程收率可达３１．６％,其中乙炔单程收率达３０．１％．甲烷转化率与能量密度Ｐ／Ｆ的关系满足－ｌｎ（１—Ｘ）＝ｋ（Ｐ／Ｆ）．在实验考察的能量范围内,Ｃ_2烃收率与能量密度Ｐ／Ｆ呈顺变关系,但能量效率随能量密度的增加而降低．     

介质阻挡放电等离子体甲烷部分氧化重整制氢

在自制的介质阻挡放电等离子体重整制氢装置上进行了甲烷部分氧化重整制氢的实验研究. 本文研究了氧碳(O/C)摩尔比, 进气流量, 放电间隙, 放电区间长度, 填充物的直径、形状和材料, 放电电压和放电频率对甲烷转化率、氢产率和产物的选择性(H₂、CO和CO₂)的影响. 实验结果表明: 放电区域的参数对甲烷转化率有较大的影响. 甲烷转化率随着放电区域长度的增大而增大, 当放电区域长度从5 cm增大到20 cm时, 甲烷转化率从6.87%增大到22.26%, 增大率为224%. 同时, 放电区域的填充物对产氢效果有较大的影响. 当反应器填充颗粒时, 甲烷转化率比无填充物时高. 选择适当介电常数的填充物具有巨大的实际工程意义. 另外, 氢产率和氢气的选择性随着放电频率的增大而增大, 当放电频率从1.5 kHz 增大到7.0 kHz 时, 氢产率从1.10%增大到9.49%, 氢气的选择性从21.18%增大到30.06%. 实验结果将对碳氢燃料等离子体重整制氢的车载应用提供实验依据.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体催化天然气偶联制C2烃

在常压、室温的介质阻挡放电连续流动反应器中, 对介质阻挡放电等离子体作用下天然气偶联反应制C₂烃进行了研究. 考察了放电频率、放电的电极结构、放电电压、放电的电极数目、氢气、甲烷进料流量和催化剂等参数对甲烷转化率和产物(碳二烃和碳三烃)的选择性影响规律, 同时探讨了反应过程. 结果表明合适的工艺条件为: 电源频率20 kHz, 电极结构为两个电极上都覆盖绝缘介质的b型, 放电电压20~40 kV, 进料流量20~60 mL·min^-1, H₂/CH₄为1/4; 甲烷的转化率随电压的升高而增大, 随甲烷进料流量的增大而减小, 碳二烃的选择性随电压的升高而减小, 随甲烷进料流量的增大而增大. 甲烷的转化率可达45%, 碳二烃选择性可达76%, 产品(碳二烃和碳三烃)的总选择性接近100%; 连续反应100 h无积碳; 催化剂可改善产品碳二烃的选择性; 碳二烃和碳三烃的生成主要是通过自由基和甲烷分子反应获得的.     

非平衡等离子体下乙烷脱氢反应的研究

在低温常压下,对脉冲电晕等离子体应用于乙烷脱氢反应进行了研究。考察了等离子体注入功率和添加气对反应的影响,并探讨了等离子体条件下乙烷脱氢反应的机理。研究结果表明：乙烷在脉冲电晕等离子体中可发生转化反应,主要产物是乙炔。乙烷转化率和乙炔收率随等离子提功率增加不断提高。添加气二氧化碳的加入提高了乙烷转化率,当体系中CO2浓度为50％时乙炔收率达到峰值。向反应体系中添加氢不仅促进了乙烷的转化,提高了乙炔选择性,且抑制了积碳的形成。     

Ag-MoO3催化丙烯直接气相环氧化反应的原位红外研究

制备了对丙烯直接气相环氧化具有较好催化性能的Ag-MoO3催化剂, 采用原位FT-IR技术研究了丙烯、环氧丙烷及丙烯+氧气的混合气在Ag和Ag-MoO3催化剂表面上的吸附及反应行为. 研究表明, 丙烯在Ag和Ag-MoO3催化剂表面上吸附后, 均不发生化学反应, 而环氧丙烷吸附后在较高温度下则发生开环和聚合反应直至产生积炭. 与Ag催化剂相比, 在Ag-MoO3催化剂上, MoO3的加入在降低催化剂活性的同时, 在一定程度上抑制了产物环氧丙烷的开环及深度反应, 使环氧丙烷的选择性提高. 另外, 在较低的反应温度和较短的滞留时间下, 环氧丙烷发生深度反应的程度明显降低.     

Gas Phase Epoxidation of Propylene with O2 Induced by Alternating Electric Field

In non‐catalytic direct conversion of propylene with oxygen to propylene oxide by using dielectric barrier discharge under conditions of room temperature and atmospheric pressure, the selectivity to propylene oxide from propylene was >30% at propylene conversion ranging from 3.91% to 81.72%.     

等离子体-催化剂耦合作用下CO2的甲烷化研究

常温常压下,利用脉冲电晕等离子体与Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂协同作用CO₂加氢转化生成甲烷,考察了催化剂担载量、放电参数、工艺参数等对反应的影响,并探讨了其反应机理.结果表明,在等离子体与催化剂协同作用下,CO₂加氢生成CH₄,CO₂转化率在催化剂一定担载量范围内随担载量的增加而增加;脉冲电压峰值、重复频率、进气方式、空速等对反应有重要影响;相同条件下,等离子体-催化法优于化学催化法.     

The Characteristics of Direct Hydroxylation of Benzene to Phenol with Molecular Oxygen Enhanced by Pulse DC Corona at Atmospheric Pressure

The direct hydroxylation of benzene using molecular oxygen by atmospheric pulse DC corona discharge was investigated. The conversion of benzene increased with the increase of oxygen content and input voltage but the selectivity of phenol decreased due to the formation of polymerized products. The reactivity was also influenced by the kind and content of background inert gas. By using argon as background gas, we could get 2.2% of phenol yield at 60°C and 1 atm with energy consumption of 50 W. The strategy of reductive oxidation, which added hydrogen to the reactant, was not favorable to the phenol formation in this reaction system. The polymerized product showed the oligomeric character and the analysis of its chemical structure with FT–IR was presented.     

Conversion of natural gas to C_2 hydrocarbons via cold plasma technology

The plasma technology served as a tool in unconventional catalysis has been used in natural gas conversion,because the traditional catalytic methane oxidative coupling reaction must be performed at high temperature on account of the stability of methane molecule.The focus of this research is to develop a process of converting methane to C2 hydrocarbons with non-equilibrium plasma technology at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.It was found that methane conversion increased and the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons decreased with the voltage.The optimum input voltage range was 40-80 V corresponding to high yield of C2 hydrocarbons.Methane conversion decreased and the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons increased with the inlet flow rate of methane.The proper methane flow rate was 20-40 ml/min (corresponding residence time 10-20 s).The experimental results show that methane conversion was 47% and the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons was 40% under the proper condition using atmospheric DBD cold plasma technology.It was found that the breakdown voltage of methane VB was determined by the type of electrode and the discharge gap width in this glow discharge reactor.The breakdown voltage of methane VB,min derived from the Paschen law equation was established.     

Conversion of natural gas to C2 hydrocarbons via cold plasma technology

The plasma technology served as a tool in unconventional catalysis has been used in natural gas conversion, because the traditional catalytic methane oxidative coupling reaction must be performed at high temperature on account of the stability of methane molecule. The focus of this research is to develop a process of converting methane to C2 hydrocarbons with non-equilibrium plasma technology at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. It was found that methane conversion increased and the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons decreased with the voltage. The optimum input voltage range was 40-80 V corresponding to high yield of C2 hydrocarbons. Methane conversion decreased and the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons increased with the inlet flow rate of methane. The proper methane flow rate was 20-40 ml/min (corresponding residence time 10-20 s). The experimental results show that methane conversion was 47% and the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons was 40% under the proper condition using atmospheric DBD cold plasma technology. It was found that the breakdown voltage of methane VB was determined by the type of electrode and the discharge gap width in this glow discharge reactor. The breakdown voltage of methane VB,min derived from the Paschen law equation was established.     

(SO_2,N_2)气体中脉冲放电SO发射光谱测量实验研究

采用ＳＯ２、Ｎ２混合气体和纳秒级脉冲电源在常温、常压下测量了ＳＯ２产生的碎片ＳＯ（Ａ→Ｘ）发射光谱,从微观上研究了ＳＯ２的去除过程,为脉冲电晕放电烟气脱硫的深入研究提供了实验依据．     

Direct Non-oxidative Methane Conversion by Non-thermal Plasma: Experimental Study

The direct non-oxidative conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons in non-thermal plasma, namely dielectric barrier discharge and corona discharge, has been investigated experimentally at atmospheric pressure. In dielectric barrier discharge, the methane is mainly converted to ethane and propane with small amounts of unsaturated and higher hydrocarbons. While in corona discharge, methane was activated mainly to acetylene with small amount of other higher hydrocarbons. Decreasing the gas flow or increasing power input will improve the methane conversion and product yields. It is found that the methane conversion and main product yield against the input specific energy were special functions in both dielectric barrier discharge and corona discharge, independent of the reactor size, and whether fixing flow rate or power input and changing the power input or flow rate. The corona discharge is a promising alternative method for methane conversion to produce acetylene and hydrogen at low temperature.     

Study on the hydrogenation coupling of methane

At atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature, the hydrogenation coupling of methane was studied by using pulse corona plasma and its synergism with catalyst. The results showed that (i) under pulse corona plasma, the coupling of methane could be fulfilled by the addition of hydrogen, and with the increase of the amount of hydrogen, the conversion of methane and the yield of C2 hydrocarbon increased, and the deposit of carbon decreased; (ii) the conversion of methane was affected by pulse voltage and repeated frequency; (iii) in the system, the addition of Ni/y-AI203 could improve the distribution of C2 hydrocarbon; (iv) the activity of Ni/y-AI2O3 prepared by cold plasma was better than that by chemical methods. The experiment opened up a new technical route of the coupling of methane.     

Conversion of natural gas to C_2 hydrocarbons through dielectric-barrier discharge plasma catalysis

The experiments are carried out in the system of continuous flow reactors with dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) for studies on the conversion of natural gas to C2 hydrocarbons through plasma catalysis under the atmosphere pressure and room temperature. The influence of discharge frequency, structure of electrode, discharge voltage, number of electrode, ratio of H2/CH4, flow rate and catalyst on conversion of methane and selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons are investigated. At the same time, the reaction process is investigated. Higher conversion of methane and selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons are achieved and deposited carbons are eliminated by proper choice of parameters. The appropriate operation parameters in dielectric-barrier discharge plasma field are that the supply voltage is 20-40 kV (8.4-40 W), the frequency of power supply is 20 kHz, the structure of (b) electrode is suitable, and the flow of methane is 20-60 ml · min-1. The conversion of methane can reach 45%, the selectivity of C2 hydrocarbons i