化学教育研究:基本特征与方法设计

在综述相关国际文献的基础上,通过对化学教育研究与化学研究、一般教育研究、其他化学教育活动的辨析,讨论了化学教育研究的特征、化学教育研究者的专业要求以及化学教育研究设计在理论基础、研究问题和研究方法等方面所应遵循的基本规范,以期提高对化学教育研究的认识,提升我国化学教育研究的科学化水平,促进化学教育研究领域的发展。     

论两大课程观的融合及其对化学教育的影响

化学教育有四个重要的环节,那就是化学教育的价值观、目标、内容和方法。化学教育的方法取决于化学教育的内容,化学教育的内容从属于化学教育的目标,化学教育的目标则受制于化学教育的价值观。     

中国近代化学教育的萌芽——洋务运动时期的化学教育

中国近代化学教育起始于洋务运动时期。从洋务运动时期新式学堂中的化学教育、主要化学书刊及本土学者、外籍学者、留学生等3类化学教育人物,介绍洋务运动时期化学教育的发展,探究洋务运动时期化学教育的特点。     

第六届全国化学教育高峰论坛通知

正由中国化学会化学教育委员会、《化学教育》编辑部主办,牡丹江师范学院承办的"第六届《化学教育》读者、作者、编者学术交流会暨全国化学教育高峰论坛"将于2021年7月18-21日在黑龙江省牡丹江市隆重举行。一、会议主题立德树人导向的化学学科育人内涵及方式的研究,包括基础化学教育、高等化学教育、职业教育中的化学教育、非化学专业的化学教育等。     

以培养卓越化学教师为目标的职前教师教育课程设置研究

以"卓越教师培养计划"的实施为背景,从顺应科学教育范式转变和促进化学教师专业发展2方面分析了化学教师教育的现状,提出了以培养"卓越化学教师"为目标的职前教师教育课程设置问题。着重论述了化学教师的化学科学素养、化学教育实践能力的培养。指出要从关注条块分割的知识体系培养转变为关注教育者的全面发展培养,并从化学学科知识体系、科学与技术哲学、化学教师教育实践等方面进行课程优化,促进职前卓越化学教师既懂化学科学,又懂化学教育,还懂化学教育研究。     

试论化学教学论的基础

化学教学理论界对化学教学论的基础是什么的回答不深不透,已深度影响到化学教学论自身的建设。本文认为化学教学实践活动应是化学教学论的实践基础;普通教学论、教育心理学、教育社会学、教育传播学应是化学教学论的主要理论基础,而教育学原理是通过普通教学论对化学教学论发挥指导作用的。鉴此,理清了化学教学论与相关理论学科及化学教学实践活动的关系层次。提出化学教学论要以普通教学论、教育心理学、教育社会学、教育传播学的研究终点作为自己的研究起点,基于实存的化学教学实践活动构建化学教学论体系。     

塑造亲和的化学形象——简论化学的公众形象及其对化学教育的启示

随着工业对化学品需求的扩大和化学研究的发展,不断有化学事件被曝光。无论在中国还是在世界,化学的公众形象都不容乐观。化学教育在化学形象形成过程中起着重要作用。化学教育应该塑造亲和的化学形象,体现化学的趣味性、实用性、创造性和人文性。通过科学本质教育、人文教育、研究性学习等手段可以提升化学教学内涵,帮助学生树立正确的化学形象。     

第六届全国化学教育高峰论坛通知

正由中国化学会化学教育委员会、《化学教育》编辑部主办,牡丹江师范学院承办的"第六届《化学教育》读者、作者、编者学术交流会暨全国化学教育高峰论坛"将于2021年7月18—21日在黑龙江省牡丹江市隆重举行。一、会议主题立德树人导向的化学学科育人内涵及方式的研究,包括基础化学教育、高等化学教育、职业教育中的化学教育、非化学专业的化学教育等。二、会议内容(1)核心素养为本的化学教学设计与实践案例;(2)核心素养为本的化学考试评价;     

第六届全国化学教育高峰论坛通知

正由中国化学会化学教育委员会、《化学教育》编辑部主办,牡丹江师范学院承办的"第六届《化学教育》读者、作者、编者学术交流会暨全国化学教育高峰论坛"将于2021年7月18—21日在黑龙江省牡丹江市隆重举行。一、会议主题立德树人导向的化学学科育人内涵及方式的研究,包括基础化学教育、高等化学教育、职业教育中的化学教育、非化学专业的化学教育等。二、会议内容(1)核心素养为本的化学教学设计与实践案例;(2)核心素养为本的化学考试评价;     

第六届全国化学教育高峰论坛通知

正由中国化学会化学教育委员会、《化学教育》编辑部主办,牡丹江师范学院承办的"第六届《化学教育》读者、作者、编者学术交流会暨全国化学教育高峰论坛"将于2021年7月18-21日在黑龙江省牡丹江市隆重举行。一、会议主题立德树人导向的化学学科育人内涵及方式的研究,包括基础化学教育、高等化学教育、职业教育中的化学教育、非化学专业的化学教育等。二、会议内容(1)核心素养为本的化学教学设计与实践案例;(2)核心素养为本的化学考试评价;     

生物光化学

生物光化学研究光在动植物体内所引起的生化现象。例如:经过各种不同波长的光辐照后的生命现象,生长规律,某些生理和病理过程,疾病的产生和治疗机理,细胞的辐射损伤和自然防御,以及光合色素在生物进化中的作用等。本文就光引起的现象:视觉、生物钟(光周期性)、植物的光合作用、辐射损伤及其修复、牛皮癣的治疗、新生儿黄疸病的治疗机理,以及光合色素——藻胆蛋白等七种现象,做了综述性的介绍。     

液体弹珠：制备策略、物理性质及应用探索

Liquid marbles (LMs) are liquid droplets coated with a layer of lyophobic particles at the air-liquid interface. Since the pioneering work by Aussillous et al. in 2001, LMs have attracted significant attention owing to their facile fabrication, flexibility in the choice of the constituent particles and liquids, intriguing properties such as non-wetting and non-adhesive nature, satisfactory elasticity and stability, as well as promising applications in microfluidics, sensors, controlled release, and microreactors. The classical strategy for the preparation of LMs involves rolling a small volume of a droplet on a lyophobic powder bed for complete encapsulation of the liquid by the particles. In addition, various innovative methods, including electrostatic and coalescent approaches, have been developed for preparing special LMs with a complicated structure or morphology. Diverse materials such as water, surfactant solutions, liquid metals, reagents, blood, and even viscous adhesives have been employed as the internal liquid for the fabrication of LMs. Theoretically, any particulates such as lycopodium, polytetrafluoroethylene, Fe₃O₄, SiO₂, and graphite grains can be employed as the outer coating, but they are usually required to be lyophobic with sizes of less than hundreds of microns. The unique structure of the particle-covered droplet and the dual solid-liquid characteristics endow LMs with some unique and interesting properties, especially the non-wetting and non-adhesive nature. As the lyophobic coating particles restrain the internal liquid from contacting the substrate, LMs can move easily across either solid or liquid surfaces, neither wetting the substrate nor contaminating the internal liquid. An equally fascinating property of LMs is their satisfactory stability, which is necessary for most of their applications. The high stability of LMs stems from the protection of the coating powders and is embodied in both good mechanical stability (remaining intact after being released from a certain height or under a certain compression) and long lifetime (greatly suppressing the evaporation of the internal liquid). These extraordinary properties make LMs promising candidates for use in multitudinous fields, especially droplet microfluidics and microreactors. The potential application of LMs in microfluidics is ascribed to their non-wetting, non-adhesive nature and other features such as an ability to float on a liquid surface, coalescence, split, a small force of rolling friction, and response to external forces. Notably, LMs hold great promise for applications in microreactions, because they can create a confined reaction microenvironment, minimize reagent usage, facilitate unhindered gas exchange between the internal liquid medium and the surrounding environment, and allow the entry/exit of the reactants/products. We herein review the recent advances in LMs, such as manufacturing techniques, formation mechanisms, physical properties, and emerging applications. In particular, much attention is paid to the factors affecting the stability of LMs and the potential strategies to increase their stability. Moreover, this review discusses the challenges in the future development of LMs, suggests several possible ways of addressing these challenges, and forecasts the future development directions. We believe that this review can help researchers gain a better understanding of LMs and promote their further advances.     

甘油催化氢解制备精细化学品的研究进展

随着生物柴油产业的快速发展,作为副产物的甘油大量过剩,因而有效利用甘油既能促进生物柴油产业的良性发展,又能节约大量石油资源。通过甘油催化氢解的方式来制备高附加值化学品丙二醇、乙二醇和丙醇等是甘油转化研究中最有潜在应用价值的路径之一,甘油氢解反应易于实现连续化生产,且目标产物附加值高、选择性高,因而具有良好的经济效益。本文首先简要介绍了甘油化学,深入探讨了甘油的氢解机理,然后重点综述了甘油氢解制备1, 2-丙二醇、1, 3-丙二醇、乙二醇和丙醇高效催化剂的研究进展,并对甘油氢解未来的研究方向和发展趋势作了进一步展望。     

电感耦合等离子体光谱法(ICP-AES)测定银精矿中铜、铅、锌、砷、镉、钙、镁、锰含量

针对银精矿样品复杂,难消解的特点,研究了不同酸溶法和碱熔法对样品的消解情况,建立了硝酸,盐酸,氢氟酸,高氯酸消解银精矿的方法。根据元素灵敏度和抗干扰性,选定各元素的测定波长。通过酸溶样和碱熔样测定结果比对,验证了方法准确性。建立了四酸消解-电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定银精矿中铜、铅、锌、砷、镉、钙、镁、锰含量的方法,元素的线性相关系数均在0.9999以上。通过共存元素干扰实验,确定了银精矿中高含量元素(铜、铅、锌、铁、锑、铋等)对测定元素结果没有影响。方法检出限：Cu 0.0063 mg/L, Pb 0.0159 mg/L ,Zn 0.0090 mg/L,As 0.0192 mg/L, Cd 0.0093 mg/L ,Ca 0.0084 mg/L, Mg 0.0075 mg/L, Mn 0.0081 mg/L。测定下限：Cu 0.0105mg/L,Pb 0.0265 mg/L, Zn 0.0150 mg/L, As 0.0320 mg/L, Cd 0.0155 mg/L, Ca 0.0140 mg/L, Mg 0.0125 mg/L,Mn 0.0135 mg/L。3个样品的相对标准偏差在0.87%~3.56%之间,加标回收率在95.00%~103.56%之间。方法流程短,操作简单,快速,灵敏度和再现性高,结果准确可靠,可以满足银精矿中铜、铅、锌、砷、镉、钙、镁、锰含量的测定。     

Effect of solvents on electro-spinnability of polystyrene solutions and morphological appearance of resulting electrospun polystyrene fibers

The effects of solvents and their properties on electro-spinnability of the as-prepared polystyrene (PS) solutions and the morphological appearance of the as-spun PS fibers were investigated qualitatively by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The eighteen solvents used were benzene, t-butylacetate, carbontetrachloride, chlorobenzene, chloroform, cyclohexane, decahydronaphthalene (decalin), 1,2-dichloroethane, dimethylformamide (DMF), 1,4-dioxane, ethylacetate, ethylbenzene, hexane, methylethylketone (MEK), nitrobenzene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin), and toluene. The PS solutions in 1,2-dichloroethane, DMF, ethylacetate, MEK, and THF could produce fibers with high enough productivity, while the PS solutions in benzene, cyclohexane, decalin, ethylbenzene, nitrobenzene, and tetralin were not spinnable. Qualitative observation of the results obtained suggested that the important factors determining the electro-spinnability of the as-prepared PS solutions are high enough values of both the dipole moment of the solvent and the conductivity of both the solvent and the resulting solutions, high enough boiling point of the solvent, not-so-high values of both the viscosity and the surface tension of the resulting solutions.     

Polysaccharide-Based Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Periodontitis

Periodontal diseases are worldwide health problems that negatively affect the lifestyle of many people. The long-term effect of the classical treatments, including the mechanical removal of bacterial plaque, is not effective enough, causing the scientific world to find other alternatives. Polymer–drug systems, which have different forms of presentation, chosen depending on the nature of the disease, the mode of administration, the type of polymer used, etc., have become very promising. Hydrogels, for example (in the form of films, micro-/nanoparticles, implants, inserts, etc.), contain the drug included, encapsulated, or adsorbed on the surface. Biologically active compounds can also be associated directly with the polymer chains by covalent or ionic binding (polymer–drug conjugates). Not just any polymer can be used as a support for drug combination due to the constraints imposed by the fact that the system works inside the body. Biopolymers, especially polysaccharides and their derivatives and to a lesser extent proteins, are preferred for this purpose. This paper aims to review in detail the biopolymer–drug systems that have emerged in the last decade as alternatives to the classical treatment of periodontal disease.     

The Oxidation of Guaiacol,Serotonin, o-Cresol,p-Cresol,m-Cresol,Homovanillic Acid,and m-Tyrosine by Horseradish Peroxidase and Hydrogen Peroxide

Abstract

A survey of 14 substrates for the fluorometric determination of the oxidative enzyme-horseradish peroxidase was carried out. The compounds which seemed to act well as substrates are serotonin, guaiacol, o-cresol, p-cresol, m-cresol, homovanillic acid and m-tyrosine. L-Epinephrine, equilenin, equilin, β-estradiol, estriol, and estrone were studied and found not to be substrates of the system.

The kinetics of the oxidation reactions were studied. They followed the Michaelis constant rate equation. The Michaelis constant, Km, was determined by a Lineweaver-Burk plot for each substrate.

It would appear that the presence of a group in the ortho, para, or meta position of the phenolic ring decreases the binding of the subtrate to the enzyme's active site, as shown by the km values obtained. It may be concluded that m-tyrosine is the best substrate (lowest km value) when compared to all the substrates which have been studied to date by the authors.     

半导体光催化研究进展与展望

评述了目前半导体光催化在国内外的研究概况,并对存在的问题和未来的发展动向进行简要分析.列举了近30年来关于光催化研究的部分成果,内容涉及光催化剂的制备(包括新催化剂的开发, TiO2、 ZnO、 CdS等光催化剂的各种改性或修饰)、光催化作用机理研究、光催化技术的工程化、光催化技术的各种应用研究和产品开发等等从基础到应用研究的各个方面.总体上来看,半导体光催化基本上是一个没有选择性的化学过程,所以再进行大量的不同反应物的光催化活性的评价研究意义已不是很显著,认为未来的半导体光催化研究应该集中在机理的深刻认识、光响应范围宽和量子效率高的催化剂制备、半导体光催化技术工程化及新型光催化产品开发方面.     

ICP–AES法测定稀土硅铁球化剂和孕育剂中钙、镁、铝、锰、镧、铈

建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP–AES)测定稀土硅铁球化剂和孕育剂中Ca,Mg,Al,Mn,La,Ce等元素含量的方法。通过基体匹配消除了铁基体的干扰,Ca,Mg,Al,Mn,La,Ce的分析谱线分别为317.933,279.553,394.401,257.610,333.749,456.236 nm。各元素标准曲线的线性相关系数均在0.999以上,检出限在0.000 1%~0.000 4%之间。方法的加标回收率为99.4%~102.8%,测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于3%(n=11)。用该方法测定标准样品,测定结果与认证值相吻合。该法适用于稀土硅铁球化剂和孕育剂中钙、镁、铝、锰、镧、铈的测定。     

磁性离子印迹技术用于元素形态分离分析

元素的形态决定了其在环境和生物过程中的不同行为,形态分析正在被分析化学、环境化学、地球化学、生态学、农学和生物医学等众多学科所关注。环境和生物样品基质复杂、化学形态多样、含量低且易转化是元素形态分析面临的挑战,因此对元素形态的甄别、定量、生态毒性评价和生理功能研究需要对原生形态进行高选择性识别和高效率分离。固相萃取是一种有效应对以上难题的方法,但现有材料和方法远不能满足要求。离子印迹聚合物可与印迹金属离子特异性结合,具有准确、灵敏、可靠的特点,近年来在元素形态分离富集和分析检测方面得到了较为广泛的应用。鉴于非磁性吸附剂在固相萃取操作时,需要将分散在样品溶液中的吸附材料经过离心或过滤分离,操作比较繁琐费时,而磁性材料易被外部磁场快速分离,因此操作简便快速的磁固相萃取正成为元素形态分离富集中一种极具潜力的方法。这篇综述系统总结了离子印迹技术的最新进展,包括离子印迹技术的原理、离子印迹聚合物的制备方法,并根据元素形态分析中离子印迹磁固相萃取的发展现状,分析了离子印迹技术所面临的挑战,最后对元素形态分析中离子印迹技术的未来发展方向和策略提出了建议,提出开发基于有机-无机杂化聚合的多功能磁性离子印迹纳米复合物用于样品的前处理是建立识别选择性高、分离能力强、吸附容量大、形态稳定性好的形态分析方法的一种重要举措。