促进学生认识发展的学科教学认识的构建——以“原电池”为例

阐释了学科教学认识和促进学生认识发展教学的基本内涵,在此基础上结合化学学科和“原电池”的内容特点,从有关“原电池”的学科知识、课程知识、学生理解的知识、教学策略及表征的知识等4个方面,论述了“原电池”主题的学科教学认识的构建。     

以“位构性”模型建构和学科能力发展的必修“原子结构 元素周期律”教学设计和实践*

在高中必修阶段“原子结构 元素周期律”主题已有研究的基础上,将“位构性”系统模型与学科能力活动任务相结合,提出了本研究的理论框架,进行了单元整体的教学设计并实施。通过预设学生的表现水平,设计各课时的评价任务,过程性地诊断学生在各个课时中“位构性”模型建构与学科能力的发展水平,描述学生在本章学习过程中的发展变化,促进了学生“证据推理与模型认知”等核心素养的发展。最后,归纳出以“位构性”模型建构和学科能力发展的“原子结构 元素周期律”在教学实践中的有效策略。以期能够对日后开展“原子结构 元素周期律”主题的教学设计与实践能够提供参考和建议。     

“原电池”的项目式教学*——探究“水动力”盐水灯发光之谜

以“菲律宾能源救星”创设探究情境,以“水动力”盐水灯发光之谜展开项目式学习探究设计之旅,在项目任务推进中对“水动力”盐水灯的原理和影响因素展开深入探究,重建学生对原电池的模型认知;设计并制作“家庭版”水动力灯,最终回归到指导抗震减灾等社会场景中去,加强学科与真实情境的结合与应用,锻炼和提升学生的科学精神与社会责任感,发展学生的化学学科核心素养。     

发展学生化学学科核心素养离不开化学实验

化学实验是化学教学的重要组成部分,不仅具有教育教学功能,而且具有发展学生化学学科核心素养的功能。从认识层面、实践层面和价值追求层面来看,化学实验在发展学生科学本质观、科学实践观和科学价值观方面均发挥着不可替代的功能。教师可以利用化学实验史实呈现真实的科学发现过程,发展学生的科学本质观;可以通过引导学生对化学实验现象的观察和基于实验事实证据的推理发展学生“宏观辨识与微观探析”“证据推理和模型认知”素养;可以通过开展化学实验探究,引导学生拓宽认识视角和认识思路,发展学生“科学探究与创新意识”素养;可以通过化学实验评价发展学生的“科学态度和社会责任”素养。     

“素养为本”的化学课堂教学*——以“原子晶体”为例

基于“素养为本”视角,以“原子晶体”的教学为例,对教学主题内容、教学现状及学情进行分析;以发展学生化学学科核心素养为主旨确定教学目标;以“微粒-微粒间的相互作用-物质的聚集状态-物质性质”的认识思路为主线,以“模型认知,建构概念-证据推理,归纳性质-微观探析,探究结构-科学史实,揭示价值”的任务型教学流程,达到落实并发展学生化学学科核心素养的目的。     

高中化学“乙酸乙酯的性质和制法”的项目式教学*——乙酸乙酯合成方法改进实验探究

以乙酸乙酯制备方法改进为目标,通过“分析直接酯化法的缺点,设计新合成方法” “探索改进实验方案” “总结汇报,分析实验方案的适用情境”等3个任务,使学生加深理解有机化学基本反应类型和认识工业生产的适用条件,理解有机化学与生产实际之间的联系,在探究过程中培养学生的信息处理能力、科学探究精神以及“科学态度与社会责任”的化学学科核心素养。     

基于学科理解的“醛的结构与性质探究”教学设计与实施

学科理解是教师教学的坚实基础,教学设计环节首先进行学科理解研究,通过阐释“如何基于极性多重键认识羰基化合物的结构与性质？”本原性问题,对主题学科大概念“有机物构性关系”进行本原性、结构化地理解。从教学目标、教学思路、教学实施过程阐述“醛的结构与性质探究”一课的教学。课后阶段进行学生访谈及分析、专家评价和教师反思总结。系统地呈现基于学科理解的素养为本的课堂教学研究。     

化学学科核心素养指引下的“配合物”教学探讨

指出了高中阶段“配合物”教学中存在的问题,并从“应用杂化轨道理论解决配合物中心部分的空轨道问题”“尝试判断配位原子”“用平衡思想理解配合物的内界组成”等3个方面阐述了如何在化学学科核心素养的指导下引导学生更好地进行配合物知识的学习。     

“四重四步”教学模式的初中化学教学实践*——以“二氧化碳和一氧化碳”为例

核心素养视域下的初中化学课堂教学需要有一个深入学科本质的教学模式。“四重四步”教学模式通过教师的“四步教学”和学生的基础性认知、本质性认知、结构性认知、价值性认知的“四重认知”实现了由基于知识点的教学到基于化学学科核心素养发展的教、学、评一体化的转变,达成学科育人的要求。     

基于学科理解的“物质成分”大概念教学*

以“物质成分”大概念教学为例,基于学科理解,以探究物质成分的相关化学史为线索设计教学,引导学生在追溯“物质成分”相关概念、理论的发展过程中,逐渐建构物质成分的宏观、微观、宏微结合视角。并在解决探究物质成分的真实问题的过程中,培养学生基于证据进行推理的科学论证能力,通过认识视角的发展,体会科学理论是在不断发展和进阶的,初步建立科学发展观。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.