生物质主要组分低温热解研究

利用热重分析仪和裂解气质联用仪进行生物质主要组分低温热解特性研究。热重实验结果表明,生物质主要组分的热稳定性为：纤维素>木质素>半纤维素。半纤维素主要热解温度在210℃～320℃,而纤维素和木质素的主要热解温度分别在310℃～390℃和200℃～550℃。裂解气质联用实验考察不同温度对生物质主要组分低温热解产物的影响。半纤维素热解产物主要有乙酸、1-羟基-丙酮和1-羟基-2-丁酮,纤维素热解产物主要包括左旋葡聚糖和脱水纤维二糖,而木质素热解产物主要是邻甲氧基苯酚。     

钾元素对生物质主要组分热解特性的影响

采用热重-红外联用仪对松木及生物质主要化学组分半纤维素、纤维素、木质素的热解特性及钾元素对其热解特性的影响进行了研究.结果表明,半纤维素、纤维素、木质素发生热解的主要温度分别为200~350 ℃、300~365 ℃和200~600 ℃;半纤维热解产物中CO、CO₂较多;纤维素热解产物中LG和醛酮类化合物最多;木质素热解主要形成固体产物,气体中CH₄相对含量较高.三种组分共热解过程中发生相互作用使热解温度提高、固体产物增加,气体中CO增加而CH₄减少.添加K₂CO₃后半纤维素和纤维素热解温度区间向低温方向移动,固体产率提高.K对纤维素作用最明显,CO、CO₂气体与固体产物产率明显增加,醛酮类和酸类物质的产率降低;木质素受K影响相对较小,热解固体产物略有增加,挥发分中H₂O和羰基物质增加;三组分共热解减弱了钾元素的催化作用.     

酸洗预处理对纤维素热裂解的影响研究

为获得液体产量的最大化和提高产物中糖类的质量分数，采用盐酸（3%、5%、7%）、磷酸（7%）和硫酸（7%）对纤维素进行酸洗预处理。不同酸洗预处理下纤维素的微观结构和聚合度变化表明，酸处理损坏了纤维素的物理结构，并使聚合度大幅度降低。在“┣”形石英玻璃反应器的快速热裂解试验装置上进行了不同酸处理前后的纤维素热裂解试验，发现酸浸泡处理后，生物油产率下降，相应的气体和焦炭产率提高，并且随着酸浓度的提高，该趋势逐渐增强。与盐酸和磷酸相比，硫酸对生物油的生成具有更强的抑制作用，这表明，酸对纤维素交联和脱水反应的催化效果。通过GC-MS色质联机分析技术对生物油成分进行分析，发现酸的存在并没有改变生物油成分的种类，但使化合物之间的相对质量分数发生了变化。左旋葡聚糖的质量分数随稀酸溶液浓度的增加呈下降趋势，原因是残留在物料中的微量酸以催化脱水和交联反应的方式，对其生成起抑制作用。     

Elucidation of interaction among cellulose, lignin and xylan during tar and gas evolution in steam gasification

Time profiles of evolution rates of gas and tar in steam gasification of model biomass samples were examined using a continuous cross-flow moving bed type differential reactor to elucidate the interaction of the major biomass components (cellulose, xylan, lignin) during gas and tar evolution. Two types of model biomass samples (sample A: mixture of cellulose (65 wt%) and lignin (35 wt%); sample B: mixture of cellulose (50 wt%), xylan (23 wt%), and lignin (27 wt%)) were used for the experiment. In steam gasification of sample A, the evolutions of water-soluble tar and gaseous products (CO, H₂, CH₄ and C₂H₄) are significantly suppressed by the interaction between cellulose and lignin. The primary (initial) decomposition of lignin is hindered by the interaction with pyrolysate of cellulose. Then, the CO₂ evolution appreciably enhanced and the evolution of water-soluble tar delays. These results may imply that the volatilization of water-soluble tar derived from cellulose is suppressed by lignin and then the decomposition of char derived from polymerized saccharides and lignin takes place, emitting mainly CO₂. From the results using sample B, it was found that the addition of xylan greatly enhances the evolutions of gases (CO₂, CO, CH₄ and H₂) and accelerates the evolution of water-soluble tar and CO₂, implying that the enhancement of decomposition of water-soluble tar into gases and/or xylan decomposes into gases without significant interaction with cellulose or lignin. In addition, yields of the major tar components (levoglucosan, furfural and 5-methylfurfural) were measured using HPLC. It was observed that the interaction among cellulose, xylan and lignin suppresses the evolution of levoglucosan and significantly increases the evolution rate of 5-methylfurfural. There is an insignificant influence of interaction among cellulose, xylan and lignin for furfural evolution.     

Product distribution from fast pyrolysis of glucose-based carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the major constituents of biomass. With the growing interest in utilizing bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis of biomass for fuels and chemicals, understanding the carbohydrate pyrolysis behavior has gained particular importance. The chemical composition of the bio-oil is an important consideration for its upstream and/or downstream processing. Though the classification of pyrolysis products into overall tar, char and gaseous fraction has evolved as a standard; detailed knowledge of the chemical constituents that determine the quality of bio-oil has received little attention. Furthermore, the speciation arising from primary and secondary reactions has been rarely distinguished. In this study the product distribution arising from the primary reactions during 500 °C fast pyrolysis of several mono-, di- and polysaccharides is studied with the help of micro-pyrolyzer. The study suggests that levoglucosan and the low molecular weight compounds are formed through competitive pyrolysis reactions rather than sequential pyrolysis reactions. It is also shown that the orientation or the position of glycosidic linkages does not significantly influence the product distribution except with 1,6-linked polysaccharide, which showed considerably less formation of levoglucosan than other polysaccharides.     

松木预处理温度对生物油特性的影响

通过螺旋反应器低温预处理除去松木中的半纤维素和水分,然后用预处理得到的固体残渣来快速热解制生物油。固体残渣的化学组成分析和红外光谱分析表明,由于木质素含量的增加和炭化反应的发生,生物油的产率降低、焦和不可冷凝气的产率增加。随着预处理温度的升高,生物油水分含量减少,高位热值增加,运动黏度增加,密度增加,pH值先升高后降低,固体颗粒物含量增加。核磁共振碳谱分析表明,生物油的脂肪碳含量减少,芳香碳含量增加,芳香度增加。     

Pyrolytic behavior of cellulose in presence of montmorillonite K10 as catalyst

Cellulose and cellulose/montmorillonite K10 mixtures of different ratio (9:1, 3:1, 1:1) were subjected to pyrolysis at temperatures from 350 to 500 °C with different heating rate (10 °C/min, 100 °C/s) to produce bio-oil and selected chemicals with high yield. The pyrolytic oil yield was in the range of 46–73.5 wt% depending on the temperature, the heating rate and the amount of catalyst. The non-catalytic fast pyrolysis at 500 °C gives the highest yield of bio-oil (84 wt%). The blending cellulose with increasing amount of montmorillonite K10 results in significant, linear decrease in bio-oil yield. The great influence of montmorillonite K10 amount on the distribution of bio-oil components was observed at 450 °C with a heating rate of 100 °C/s. The addition of catalyst to cellulose promotes the formation of 2-furfural (FF), various furan derivatives, levoglucosenone (LGO) and (1R,5S)-1-hydroxy-3,6-dioxabicyclo-[3.2.1]octan-2-one (LAC). Simultaneously, the share of levoglucosan (LG) in bio-oil decreases from 6.92 wt% and is less than 1 wt% when cellulose:MK10 (1:1, w/w) mixture at 450 °C is rapidly pyrolyzed. Additionally, several other compounds have been identified but in minor quantities. Their contributions in bio-oil also depend on the amount of catalyst.     

生物质组分及温度对闪速热解挥发分的影响

生物质是一种可再生、污染小的自然资源，它可以直接燃烧产生热能，也可以转化为气体、液体燃料或化工原料。生物质热转化技术近年来受到国内外学者的广泛重视。而热转化过程中，热解是第一步，与生物质组分、热解温度、滞留时间等因素有关。热重仪（TGA）是一种研究热解机理常用的方法，它适用于慢速程序升温的热解研究。研究发现，热解条件及生物质种类对反应表观活化能与表观频率因子等动力学参数有很大影响。层流炉闪速加热设备，已经用于煤的热解研究。本文利用自己设计的以热等离子体为热源的层流炉系统，对椰子壳、棉花秆和稻壳粉末进行了闪速热解实验研究及模型理论分析，探讨了生物质化学组分、热解温度和滞留时间对挥发分的影响，为生物质闪速热解提供了一定的基础数据。     

Analytical pyrolysis studies of corn stalk and its three main components by TG-MS and Py-GC/MS

The pyrolysis behaviors of corn stalk and its three real components (i.e. hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) have been investigated with the techniques of TG-MS and Py-GC/MS. The thermal behavior and the evolution profiles of major volatile fragments from each sample pyrolysis have been discussed in depth, while paying close attention to the impact and contributions of each component on the raw material pyrolysis. It was found that pyrolysis of the corn stalk was a comprehensive reflection of its three main components both on thermogravimetric characteristics and on products distribution and their formation profiles. Hemicellulose definitely made the greatest contribution to the formation of acids and ketones at around 300 °C. Cellulose was more dedicated to the products of furans and small molecule aldehydes in a short temperature range 320–410 °C. While lignin mainly contributed to produce phenols and heterocyclic compounds over a wider temperature range 240–550 °C. The experimental results obtained in the present work are of interest for further studies on selective fast pyrolysis of biomass into energy and chemicals.     

Biomass valorisation by staged degasification: A new pyrolysis-based thermochemical conversion option to produce value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass

Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass leads to an array of useful solid, liquid and gaseous products. Staged degasification is a pyrolysis-based conversion route to generate value-added chemicals from biomass. Because of different thermal stabilities of the main biomass constituents hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, different temperatures may be applied for a step-wise degradation into valuable chemicals. Staged degasification experiments were conducted with deciduous (beech, poplar), coniferous (spruce) and herbaceous (straw) biomass. Thermogravimetry was used to estimate appropriate temperatures for a two-stage degradation process that was subsequently evaluated on bench-scale by moving bed and bubbling fluidised bed pyrolysis experiments. Degasification in two consecutive stages at 250–300 °C and 350–400 °C leads to mixtures of degradation products that originate from the whole biomass. The mixtures that were generated at 250–300 °C, predominantly contain hemicellulose degradation products, while the composition of the mixtures that were obtained at 350–400 °C, is more representative for cellulose. Lignin-derived fragments are found in both mixtures. Yields up to 5 wt% of the dry feedstock are obtained for chemicals like acetic acid, furfural, acetol and levoglucosan. Certain groups of thermal degradation products like C₂–C₄ oxygenates and phenols are formed in yields up to 3 wt%. Highest yields have been obtained for beech wood. Staged degasification is a promising pyrolysis-based route to valorise lignocellulosic biomass. Clear opportunities exist to increase product yields and selectivities by optimisation of reactor conditions, application of catalysts and specific biomass pretreatments like demineralisation and pre-hydrolysis.     

Phosphorus catalysis in the pyrolysis behaviour of biomass

Phosphorus is a key plant nutrient and as such, is incorporated into growing biomass in small amounts. This paper examines the influence of phosphorus, present in either acid (H₃PO₄) or salt ((NH₄)₃PO₄) form, on the pyrolysis behaviour of both Miscanthus × giganteus, and its cell wall components, cellulose, hemicellulose (xylan) and lignin (Organosolv). Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (PY–GC–MS) is used to examine the pyrolysis products during thermal degradation, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used to examine the distribution of char and volatiles. Phosphorus salts are seen to catalyse the pyrolysis and modify the yields of products, resulting in a large increase in char yield for all samples, but particularly for cellulose and Miscanthus. The thermal degradation processes of cellulose, xylan and Miscanthus samples occur in one step and the main pyrolysis step is shifted to lower temperature in the presence of phosphorus. A small impact of phosphorus was observed in the case of lignin char yields and the types of pyrolysis decomposition products produced. Levoglucosan is a major component produced in fast pyrolysis of cellulose. Furfural and levoglucosenone become more dominant products upon P-impregnation pointing to new rearrangement and dehydration routes. The P-catalysed xylan decomposition route leads to a much simpler mixture of products, which are dominated by furfural, 3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one and one other unconfirmed product, possibly 3,4-dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran or 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-(2H)-pyran-2-one. Phosphorus-catalysed lignin decomposition also leads to a modified mixture of tar components and desaspidinol as well as other higher molecular weight component become more dominant relative to the methoxyphenyl phenols, dimethoxy phenols and triethoxy benzene. Comparison of the results for Miscanthus lead to the conclusion that the understanding of the fast pyrolysis of biomass can, for the most part, be gained through the study of the individual cell wall components, provided consideration is given to the presence of catalytic components such as phosphorus.     

Devolatilization behaviour and pyrolysis kinetic modelling of Spanish biomass fuels

The basic pyrolysis behaviour of eight different biomass fuels has been tested in a thermogravimetric analyser under dynamic conditions (5, 20 and 50 °C min^?1 heating rates) from room temperature up to 1,000 °C. Their decomposition was successfully modelled by three first-order independent parallel reactions, describing the degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. Hemicellulose would be the easiest one to pyrolyse, while lignin would be the most difficult one. Experimental and calculated results show good agreement. The reactivity of the different biomass type functions of various thermal, kinetic and composition parameters are discussed. The effect of the heating rate on pyrolysis behaviour was studied, and a comparison between slow and fast heating rate reveals a small displacement of the DTG profiles to higher temperatures. The heating rate not only affects the highest mass loss rate temperature but also influences the mass loss rate value.     

离子液体作用下微波辐照生物质快速热解制备生物质油(英文)

以离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯([Bmim]Cl)和1-丁基-3甲基咪唑四氟化硼([Bmim]BF4)为催化剂,在微波加热作用下,研究了稻草和锯屑的热解。微波加热20 min,稻草和锯屑的生物油产率分别为38%和34%。考察了微波加热时间、微波功率和离子液体用量对生物质油产率的影响。当以相同的离子液体为催化剂时,稻草微波热解得到的生物质油产率大于锯屑的。生物油成分主要有糠醛、醋酸和1-羟基-2-丁酮等,其含量主要取决于生物质原料和加入的离子液体的类型。     

木质纤维素中C-O键选择性活化和高效转化制化学品

高效转化来源丰富且可再生的木质纤维素制备化学品和燃料对建立可持续发展社会具有重要意义。木质纤维素利用的一条理想途径是将其主要成分纤维素、半纤维素和木质素在温和条件下高选择性地催化转化为关键平台化学品。本文综述了近年报道的有关纤维素、半纤维素和木质素或其模型分子中C–O键选择性活化生成葡萄糖、葡萄糖衍生物(包括葡萄糖苷、六元醇和葡萄糖酸)、木糖、阿拉伯糖和芳香化合物的新催化剂和新策略,阐述了决定催化性能的关键因素。本文还讨论了相关反应机理以深入理解C–O键选择性活化。纤维素由葡萄糖单元通过β-1,4-糖苷键连接而成,通过水解反应,选择性切断这些糖苷键可以获得葡萄糖或其低聚物。鉴于葡萄糖在水热条件下不稳定,发展纤维素温和条件下水解的酸催化剂至关重要。众多研究表明,均相酸催化剂(如无机酸,杂多酸等)具有强Br?nsted酸,在该水解反应中显示高的催化活性。另一方面,拥有强酸性基团-SO3H的固体酸也表现出优异的水解糖苷键性能,但是-SO3H官能团易于流失,限制了这类固体酸催化剂的循环使用。最近研究显示,一些催化剂尤其是碳材料上引入能够与纤维素形成氢键的官能团时,其催化纤维素水解性能显著增强。设计合成这类具备酸性位和氢键位协同效应的稳定固体酸催化剂是纤维素水解转化的一个颇具前景的研究方向。以醇替代水为溶剂实施纤维素醇解制葡萄糖苷是高效活化糖苷键的有效策略。杂多酸被证实为该醇解反应的高性能催化剂。在相同反应条件下,醇解产物葡萄糖苷较水解产物葡萄糖更为稳定,因此可以获得高的葡萄糖苷收率。开发稳定可重复利用的固体酸催化剂是纤维素醇解的关键。耦合水解与加氢或氧化反应可以直接将纤维素转化为相对稳定且具有广泛用途的多元醇或有机酸。目前已有一系列双功能催化剂被报道,这些催化剂通常组合了具备水解功能的液体酸或固体酸和具备加氢或氧化功能的贵金属或过渡金属(譬如Ru, Pt, Ni和Au)。其中杂多酸盐或含有磺酸官能团的固体酸负载Ru或Au双功能催化剂显示出优异的生成六元醇或葡萄糖酸的催化性能。半纤维素由葡萄糖、甘露糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖等单糖单元通过糖苷键连接而成,糖苷键选择性活化可生成各种单糖混合物。硫酸可以有效水解半纤维素,但是同时也易于催化所生成的单糖深度转化为呋喃及其衍生物。较之硫酸,酸性较弱的有机酸特别是二元羧酸(例如马来酸、草酸等)具有较高的单糖选择性。固体酸如酸性树脂,分子筛等亦可催化半纤维素水解反应,但树脂类催化剂中官能团的流失问题有待解决。木质素是由含甲氧基等取代基的苯丙烷单元通过一系列化学键连接而成的复杂大分子,其芳香单元间包括β-O-4,α-O-4和4-O-5等三种主要连接方式,选择性切断这些C–O键可获得高附加值的芳香化合物。水解和氢解是两类普遍用以活化木质素及其模型化合物C–O键的反应。酸和碱均可催化木质素及其模型化合物水解,但是通常需要苛刻条件获取高转化率。近期研究显示,通过对木质素Cα-OH预氧化,再以HCOOH/HCOONa实施水解反应,可以成功实现温和条件下有机溶剂提取木质素及其模型化合物的高效转化。另一方面,均相金属络合物(如Ni, Fe和Ru)或多相负载型金属催化剂(如Ni, Cu, Mo, Pt, Ru, Pd或Ru等)均可有效催化木质素及其模型化合物中C–O键氢解,获得芳烃化合物。在部分多相催化剂体系中,除C–O键活化断裂外,还伴随芳环深度加氢反应,产生较多环己烷衍生物。因此,设计合成具备氢解功能同时抑制过度加氢功能的催化剂是获得芳烃化合物的关键。     

Controlled pinewood fractionation with supercritical ethanol: A prerequisite toward pinewood conversion into chemicals and biofuels

The objective of this work was to investigate the ability of supercritical (SC) ethanol conditions to attack preferentially the lignin fraction against the carbohydrate fraction and their effects on the product distribution among gases, light products, bio-oils, and chars. In this study, the conversion of each pinewood component was determined by the analysis of solid residues to quantify cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and char contents. It is shown that, by tuning the temperature, hemicellulose and lignin are already transformed in subcritical ethanol conditions, lignin being more reactive than hemicellulose. In contrast, native wood cellulose is recalcitrant to liquefaction in SC ethanol near the critical point (T_c = 241 °C and P_c = 61 bar), but 20% of native wood cellulose is converted in SC ethanol at 280 °C. Besides, the severity of the conditions, in terms of temperature and treatment time, does not significantly influence the yields of gases, light products, and bio-oils but strongly enhances char formation. Interestingly, the increase in SC ethanol density does not change the conversion of biomass components but has a marked effect on bio-oil yield and prevents char formation. The optimum fractionation conditions to convert the lignin component, while keeping unattacked the cellulose fraction with a minimum formation of char, are dense SC ethanol, at 250 °C for 1 h, in batch conditions. However, although lignin is more reactive than hemicellulose under these conditions, these fractions are converted, in a parallel way, to around 50% and 60%, respectively.     

CaO伴随生物质热裂解制油同时脱氧的小型流化床实验研究

在小型流化床反应器中,对CaO伴随生物质快速热裂解制油过程中的直接脱氧效果进行了研究。当反应温度为520℃、载气流量8000L/h时,在纯白松粉末和CaO伴随条件下分别制出了生物油样品。实验结果表明,当采用纯白松与CaO/白松质量比分别为1、2、4时,生物油样品中有机组分的含氧量依次为39.38%、39.15%、39.04%和32.29%;在CaO/白松质量比为4时,生物油有机组分含氧量的下降幅度达18.0%（相对变化）。GC-MS分析结果表明,CaO加入后左旋葡聚糖和甲酸、乙酸等高含氧量物质相对含量明显下降,证实了CaO伴随生物质热裂解过程中“富氧中间体”固氧路径的存在;与此同时,糠醛类等主要来源于脱水反应的产物相对含量上升,说明CaO的加入也促进了脱水反应的发生。     

Py-GC/MS characterization of a wild and a selected clone of Arundo donax,and of its residues after catalytic hydrothermal conversion to high added-value products

Two analytical procedures based on gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to study the compositions of a wild population and a selected clone (Torviscosa) of giant reed (Arundo donax L.), one of the most promising biomass both in terms of energy and fine chemicals production. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to characterize and quantitatively determine the monosaccharide composition. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) as a derivatising agent, was used to characterize the lignocellulosic polymers. Analytical pyrolysis was also used to study the composition of residues left after the catalytic hydrolysis used to convert cellulose to levulinic acid and hemicellulose to furfural.GC/MS allowed us to determine the monosaccharide composition and polysaccharide content of the giant reed samples, highlighting that there was no significant difference between the wild population and the selected clone. GC/MS also highlighted that the giant reed leaves have a higher percentage (roughly 60%) of polysaccharide material than the stalks, which contain approximately 50%.Py-GC/MS, following the disappearance of the pyrolysis products of polysaccharides, showed that 150 °C and 190 °C are the best temperatures to obtain the complete catalytic conversion of hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively. Analytical pyrolysis also highlighted that in the course of catalytic hydrothermal conversion a partial depolymerisation of lignin was obtained. In particular, the formation of lignin units containing free phenol groups via the cleavage of the β-aryl ether bonds was demonstrated. The presence of these free phenols in the lignin network suggests the possible exploitation of lignin residues as antioxidant components or in high value biopolymer industries rather than the traditional use as low-value fuel for energy production.     

TG-FTIR coupling to monitor the pyrolysis products from agricultural residues

Thermogravimetry has been widely used for the characterization of several biomasses but the most useful information given by this technique has been normally concerned to the relative amounts of humidity, hemi-cellulose, cellulose and lignin present in the biomass. TG-FTIR has been used to yield qualitative data about the pyrolysis products, in an exploratory way, by some authors. In the present paper, this technique was employed to reach comparative data about the products of pyrolysis of biomasses that are potentially available at economic bases for the production of biofuels. Agricultural residues such as coconut shell, sugarcane bagasse, corn stalks and peanut shell were chosen to be investigated. For all samples, the thermogravimetric curves showed a mass loss between 35 and 400 °C changed up to 73%, while that the loss between 400 and 800 °C changed up to 26%. TG-FTIR indicated tendencies in the rate of the formation of important species during the pyrolysis process of the four biomasses studied. The interpretation of the spectra allowed the proposition of characteristic absorbance ratios and the comparison of these values allowed inferences about the relative abundances of components formed in the pyrolysis of the biomasses. As an example of the possible inferences reached, among the species formed in the pyrolysis condensate, called bio-oil, the formation of carboxylic acids has to be specially considered due to their corrosivity. Thus, the data produced indicated that a bio-oil derived from peanut shell should be a little less acidic while the one derived from sugarcane bagasse should be showed more acidic among the biomasses studied.     

Effects of lignin on the ionic-liquid assisted catalytic hydrolysis of cellulose: chemical inhibition by lignin

The production of cellulose-derived biofuels and biochemicals, such as bioalcohols and bioplastics, from lignocellulose requires the isolation of cellulose by lignin removal or delignification processes. While the remaining lignin and its phenolic fragments have been reported to inhibit the biological conversion of cellulose, we observed that the catalytic hydrolysis of cellulose also can be inhibited most likely because of an associative interaction between cellulose and lignin. The associative interaction between cellulose and the functional groups of lignin was proven by gel-permeation-chromatography measurement of regenerated mixtures of lignin and cellulose which simulate the lignocellulose-derived cellulose containing lignin as an impurity. Chemical bonds between cellulose and lignin were hypothesized using lignin model compounds containing known functionalities such as hydroxyl, methoxy, phenyl, allyl, and carboxyl groups in order to explain the effects of lignin on the hydrolysis of cellulose. The yield of glucose from cellulose dropped when carboxylic and hydroxyl groups were present possibly because of the formation of ether and ester bonds between the lignin and cellulose. These observations may help develop the chemical processes and therefore convert the inedible biomass resource of lignocellulose-based cellulose containing lignin and its derivatives to the valuable fuels and chemicals.     

棉秆催化热解特性及动力学建模研究

通过不同添加剂处理棉秆的热重实验,分析NaOH、Na₂CO₃、Na₂SiO₃、NaCl、TiO₂、HZSM-5六种添加剂催化棉秆热解动力学特性,结合原料的组分分析,建立三组分独立平行一级反应热解动力学模型对试样热失重行为进行模拟,采用非线性最小平方算法求解热解动力学参数。研究发现,添加剂的加入改变了三组分动力学参数,在碱性添加剂作用下,纤维素和半纤维素热解活化能都有较大程度降低,且碱性越强,纤维素热解活化能越低,而半纤维素热解活化能越高;中性添加剂NaCl对纤维素和半纤维素热解活化能的影响不大;酸性添加剂使纤维素和半纤维素的热解活化能有所增大,但所有添加剂对木质素热解活化能的影响不明显。