铂在Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂中某些特性的研究

Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂经氢还原后,是否存在难于还原的铂离子(或称可溶性铂)已争论很久。Mchenry等首先提到Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂的活性与其中存在可溶性铂有关。它是一种难还原的由氯铂酸与Al_2O_3相互作用生成的稳定络合物。后经实验证实,并推测可溶性铂位于Al_2O_3晶体中的阳离子缺陷处。     

用程序升温氧化技术研究Pt/Al2O3催化剂的积炭

用程序升温氧化(TPO)和氢化学吸附研究了Pt/Al_2O_3和Pt-Sn/Al_2O_3催化剂的表面积炭。表明炭可沉积在金属活性中心上,也可沉积在酸性中心部位。在单铂和铂锡催化剂上都有两个代表沉积在金属中心的TPO峰。铂锡催化剂的两个峰的峰温比单铂的高,终合法制备的铂锡催化剂不仅峰温向高温位移,而且温度范围变窄。在催化剂表面积炭过程中测定的氢化学吸附表明:氢吸附量开始下降很快,并逐渐变慢直至保持不变。说明铂表面的某些部位容易积炭,另一些部位难以积炭。对于Pt/Al_2O_3,有15%的铂表面是裸露的。Sn的加入减少了表面积炭,使裸露表面增加到30%。     

尖晶石型衍生的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂低温催化顺酐加氢合成丁二酸酐（英文）

开发高活性的顺酐加氢制丁二酸酐和γ-丁内酯催化剂具有重要的工业意义.顺酐加氢多采用Cu基和Ni基催化剂,但一般Cu基和Ni基催化剂存在反应温度高(170–260°C)和稳定性差等缺点,很有必要开发高活性的顺酐加氢催化剂.我们以拟薄水铝石作为Al_2O_3载体的前驱体,采用浸渍法制备了一系列镍铝尖晶石型衍生的不同Ni含量的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂,并研究了它们在顺酐加氢反应中的催化性能.还原前Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂的X射线衍射结果表明,催化剂含有NiAl_2O_4物种.氮吸附结果显示,不同Ni含量的催化剂均具有介孔结构.氢-程序升温还原研究发现,Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂经750°C还原2 h后,其表面上NiAl_2O_4物种能被高效还原.X射线粉末衍射结果表明,750°C还原的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂中金属Ni颗粒尺寸随着Ni负载量升高而增大.利用一氧化碳-程序升温脱附对750°C还原的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂进行研究,发现750°C还原的催化剂上金属Ni物种含量从高到低依次为:Ni(7.5%)/Al_2O_3Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3Ni(2.5%)/Al_2O_3.采用CO化学吸附获得的Ni(2.5%)/Al_2O_3,Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3和Ni(7.5%)/Al_2O_3催化剂上金属Ni颗粒尺度分别为8.0,12.8和15.7 nm.活性研究结果表明,750°C还原的Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3催化剂具有最高的催化活性,这可能是由于Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3催化剂具有较多的Ni活性位点和较合适的Ni颗粒粒度所致.进一步研究发现,在650–750°C还原温度下,Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3催化剂的还原度随着还原温度的升高而升高,Ni分散度随着还原温度的升高而降低.活性结果研究表明,700°C还原的Ni(5%)/Al_2O_3催化剂具有较多的Ni活性位点和较合适的Ni颗粒粒度,具有最高的加氢催化活性,其在120°C,H_2压力为0.5 MPa和质量空速为2 h~(-1)的反应条件下,能获得近100%的顺酐转化率和90%的丁二酸酐选择性,同时该催化剂具有优良的稳定性.以上结果表明,尖晶石型衍生的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂是一个十分有应用前景的顺酐加氢催化剂.     

偏硼酸锂碱熔-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定透辉石中的SiO2、CaO、MgO、Al2O3、Fe2O3

采用偏硼酸锂熔样,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)内标法同时测定透辉石中的SiO_2、CaO、MgO、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3.选择合适的分析谱线,采用基体匹配和背景校正等方式有效消除了测定的干扰.试验结果表明,方法各组分的相关系数良好(r≥0.999 5),检出限分别为0.061%(SiO_2)、0.039%(CaO)、0.024%(MgO)、0.011%(Al_2O_3)、0.009%(Fe_2O_3),精密度高(RSD5%),回收率为99.0%~101.8%.所建方法应用于透辉石实际样品的测定,结果与外检实验室化学分析方法的测定结果基本一致.     

乙苯在Pt、Re、Sn/Al_2O_3系催化剂上的程序升温表面反应

本文通过乙苯在氢气流和氦气流中的程序升温表面反应,考察了Pt系、Re系及Pt-Re系催化剂中金属K和Sn的作用,结果认为K可降低催化剂的脱甲基性能和裂解性能,而Sn却极大地抑制了催化剂的脱甲基性能和裂解性能,同时认为Re-K/Al_2O_3催化剂比Pt-K/Al_2O_3的脱甲基能力大得多,且在Re-K/Al_2O_3中加入Pt后脱甲基能力和脱乙基能力都更进一步提高,而若在Pt-Re-K/Al_2O_3中加入Sn则能抑制Pt的裂解活性而不影响其脱氢活性,从而改善了乙苯脱氢的选择性。     

铂镓催化剂的研究——Ⅰ.正己烷在Pt-Ga/Al_2O_3上的反应

本文考察了在连续进样条件下,正己烷在铂镓双组分催化剂上的反应行为。在Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂中引入Ga能够提高铂催化剂的稳定性。当催化剂中含Ga量低于3.5％时,Ga的引入抑制了Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂的反应活性,当Ga含量高于3.5％时,则能够促进正己烷的反应。调节催化剂的含Ga量,能够使铂催化剂分别呈现较好的芳构化、异构化或加氢裂解反应的选择性。此外,采用TPR和氢的化学吸附技术表征了Pt-Ga/Al_2O_3的还原特性和吸氢性能,初步探讨了Ga在催化剂中的作用机理。     

Pt/Al_2O_3和Pt-Sn/Al_2O_3模型催化剂烧结的电镜研究

对利用溅射技术制备的Pt/Al_2O_3和Pt-Sn/Al_2O_3模型催化剂,以透射电子显微镜研究了金属粒子在H_2气中加热过程的烧结情况。实验结果表明,随着加热温度的升高,催化剂品粒逐渐长大,但加热到700℃经2h后,Pt/Al_2O_3的晶粒比Pt-Sn/Al_2O_3的大,这可能是Sn对Pt晶粒烧结起抑制作用。如将晶粒已经长大的样品再在空气中于500℃加热2h,则晶粒发生再分散。另外,在H_2气中加热后的催化剂的电子衍射花样,在Pt/Al_2O_3样品中仍表现Pt的特征;而在Pt-Sn/Al_3O_3样品中则形成几种不同组成的合金,我们推测可能是在还原过程中Pt与Sn之间发生强相互作用。     

循环积炭-烧炭处理对Pt/Al_2O_3和PtSn/Al_2O_3催化剂表面性质的影响——Ⅱ.再生催化剂的表面反应

应用C_2H_4-H_2滴定方法考察了Pt/Al_2O_3和PtSn/A1_2O_3催化剂经过n-C_4H_(10)积炭反应及氧烧炭循环后催化剂金属中心的变化。发现随循环次数增加,Sn对Pt表面的分割作用减弱,催化剂单铂中心减少而多铂中心增加。积炭催化剂的程序升温表面反应进一步揭示了多次循环后PtSn/Al_2O_3催化剂上烃分子脱氢深度增加,表面含炭物加氢活性减弱。表明经过循环积炭-烧炭处理的双金属PtSn催化剂一定程度地表现出Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂的性质。     

用于合成聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的KF/Al_2O_3催化剂研究

采用浸渍法制备了KF/Al_2O_3催化剂,研究了KF含量和焙烧温度对KF/Al_2O_3催化剂结构、活性和性能的影响,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和N2低温物理吸附对KF/Al_2O_3催化剂的结构进行表征,也用Hammett indicator测定了KF/Al_2O_3催化剂的碱度和碱量.探讨了KF含量、焙烧温度与KF/Al_2O_3催化剂结构、碱度和碱量的关系以及KF/Al_2O_3催化剂结构、碱度和碱量与其用于酯化法合成聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)催化活性的关系.研究结果表明,KF/Al_2O_3催化剂中出现了K3AlF6、KAlO2和K_2CO_3等新的物相,催化剂中的中等强度的碱性有利于PET的聚合反应、强碱性会促进PET的降解反应. KF含量为25%,在400°C焙烧的25-KF/Al_2O_3-400催化剂中含γ-Al_2O_3、K3AlF6和少量K_2CO_3,碱性和碱量适中,催化活性最好,制备的PET的特性黏数为1.07 dL/g、端羧基值为20.29 mol/t、二甘醇含量为2.85%、聚酯黄度(L)值为86.6和聚酯白度(b)值为4.6.     

偏硼酸锂熔融-ICP-AES法测定含刚玉铝土矿中主成分

采用偏硼酸锂熔融含刚玉铝土矿,超声提取后,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定了铝土矿中主成分Al_2O_3,CaO,Fe_2O_3,K_2O,MgO,MnO,Na_2O,P_2O_5,SiO_2和TiO_2。方法检出限为0.001%~0.096%,精密度和准确度良好。铝土矿国家标准物质的测定值与标准值相符,实际样品的测定值与其他分析方法的测定值相吻合,适用于高铝及含少量刚玉的铝土矿样品分析。     

Determination of platinum, palladium and rhodium in Pt-catalysts by high performance thin layer chromatography using densitometry

The determination of palladium and platinum in alumina-supported bimetallic Pt-Re, Pd and Pt catalysts at the 0.03 and 0.3% (m/m) levels, respectively, and of rhodium and platinum in platinum sieve catalysts at the 0.04% (m/m) level and in the 4.75–19.75% (m/m) range, respectively, is described. The platinum group metals in fresh or spent catalysts are determined chromatographically using densitometry by forming theirN,N-diethyl-N-benzoylthiourea complexes. The precision of the method, %RSD, is 0.4–3.5, 2.2–6.7, and 4.2–6.0 for Pt, Pd and Rh, respectively. The accuracy was tested using alumina-based and active carbon platinum and palladium standards. The results were also compared with those obtained by FAAS. There was at most 8% difference between the results obtained with these methods, except for one active carbon based Pd standard.     

火试金减杂-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）法测定高冰镍的金、银、铂、钯含量

建立了火试金减杂-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）测定高冰镍中金、银、铂、钯含量的分析方法。实验采用火试金富集、熔融、灰吹得到合粒,通过减杂法得到银含量,通过ICP-AES法测定得到金、铂、钯含量。金、银、铂、钯的加标回收率在99.53%-101.83%之间,相对标准偏差小于3%。此方法快速、简洁,准确度高、精密度好,能够满足高冰镍的测定需求。     

小锍试金铂族元素富集方法

研究了降低捕集剂镍用量的小铳试金铂族元素富集方法。通过测试,比较了重约０．５ｇ、２．５ｇ、２５ｇ试金扣的酸溶时间、铂族元素（ＰＧＥ）空白值。研究证明２．５ｇ试金扣既克服了常规试金扣和微型试金扣的缺点,又保留了它们的优点。经标准物质难证,铂族元素测定值与真值相符合。     

Determination of platinum in ores by a combined fire assay—X-ray fluorescence method

A combined fire assay—x-ray fluorescence procedure for the determination of platinum in ores is described. Silver beads obtained by cupellation in the classical fire assay process are flattened to constant thickness before placement in the x-ray beam. A standard plot of platinum—silver intensity ratio versus platinum concentration is used to measure the platinum content of ore samples.     

Evaluation of x-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of platinum in catalysts and comparison with other spectrometric techniques

An x-ray fluorescence (x.r.f.) method is described for the determination of platinum contents (0.3–0.6%) in some special types of platinum catalysts. Calibration graphs were linear in the range 30–700 μg g^?1 platinum with a 3σ detection limit of 10 μg g^?1 for a 2000-s counting time. Because of the lack of certified standard platinum catalysts for checking accuracy, the results obtained were compared with results from visible spectrophotometry (tin (II) chloride method), optical emission spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistical evaluation showed no significant errors at the 95% confidence interval.     

活性炭吸附-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定粗硒中的金

建立了活性炭吸附-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定粗硒中金量的分析方法。讨论了称样量、溶样条件和活性炭的灰化程度对金量测定的影响,并且对火焰原子吸收光谱法与火试金法测定粗硒中的金量做了比较。火焰原子吸收光谱法和火试金法测定的相对标准偏差分别为1.3%~5.9%和0.91%~7.8%;加标回收率分别为93.1%~100.7%和94.8%~102.2%。结果表明,方法有较好的精密度和准确度,并且具有较强的实用性。     

A critical review of the volumetric methods for the platinum metals

The published methods for the volumetric determination of the six platinum metals have been appraised. The lack of generally applicable and accurate methods is emphasized. No volumetric method has been recorded for the direct application to solutions of platinum metals, ores, concentrates or natural alloys, and only a few for determinations in synthetic alloys such as fire assay beads. Volumetric methods for the platinum metals are characterized by the absence of data concerning methods of dissolution.     

火试金预浓集结合中子活化和电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铂族元素

建立了两种以火试金预浓集为基础的、可用于准确测定铂族元素的方法;中子活化法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法。讨论了它们的分析检出限、准确度及其适应性。并用这两种方法测定了5种候选地质参考物质中铂族元素的含量。     

Development of Cloud Point Extraction for Simultaneous Extraction and Determination of Platinum and Palladium Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry in Platinum-Palladium Spent Catalysts

A new on-line cloud point extraction system coupled to inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry was designed for simultaneous extraction, preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of platinum and palladium in platinum-palladium spent catalysts. This was based on the complexation of the metal ions with 1,8-diamino-4,5-bis(hydroxyamino)anthraquinone reagent in the presence of non-ionic surfactant of Triton X-114. After phase separation, the surfactant-rich phase was diluted with concentrated HNO₃ (70%, w/w); the analytes concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Several factors influencing the instrumental conditions and extraction were evaluated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the enhancement factors of the proposed method were 35.4 and 29 for platinum and palladium, respectively. The detection limits were 0.3 and 0.45 µ g L^?1. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of platinum and palladium in platinum-palladium spent catalysts samples and satisfactory results were obtained.     

A comparison of methods for the determination of platinum in ores

Fire-assay and wet-extraction methods of determining platinum in ores have been evaluated. The fire-assay procedure using lead as a collector was used in combination with flame and flameless atomic-absorption, emission spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence. In this last method flattened silver beads were analysed directly, whereas for the other methods the beads were dissolved in aqua regia and the solutions made up with concentrated hydrochloric acid before analysis. The wet procedures involved treatment of the ores with acids and subsequent analysis by flame atomic-absorption or by spectrophotometry after treatment with tin(II) chloride. Chromatographic, ion-exchange and solvent-extraction procedures were used to isolate platinum from base metals, the other platinum metals and gold. Results for each ore by fire assay-flame atomic-absorption, fire assay-emission spectroscopy, and wet extraction combined with spectrophotometry, showed no difference at the 99% confidence level. X-Ray fluorescence and flameless atomic-absorption results tended to be high and low respectively. The most precise method was wet extraction followed by spectrophotometric determination. Emission spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence generally yielded the poorest precision. Wet-extraction methods were time-consuming and since no advantage was gained in accuracy over the fire-assay methods, a combined fire assay-flame atomic-absorption system was the preferred method of analysis.