全氢菲在分子筛催化剂上环烷环开环反应的研究

在小型固定流化床(FFB)装置上考察了Y与ZSM-5分子筛催化剂以及Y分子筛催化剂上温度、剂油比对全氢菲裂化环烷环开环反应的影响。结果表明,全氢菲在分子筛催化剂上通过环烷环开环反应生成环己烷、十氢萘等单环或双环环烷烃;单环或双环环烷烃进一步侧链断裂生成2-甲基戊烷、甲基己烷等异构烷烃等,异构化生成二甲基环戊烷、甲乙基环戊烷等烷基环戊烷,氢转移生成苯、甲苯、二甲苯等烷基苯,进行深度氢转移反应生成萘、烷基萘等双环芳烃;另外,全氢菲也会通过脱氢缩合生成菲、芘等三环以上芳烃甚至焦炭等。由于扩散和吸附性能的影响,其裂化开环反应的选择性在Y分子筛催化剂上比在ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上高。因此,全氢菲环烷环开环与脱氢缩合反应的相对比例(s(NRO)/s(DHC))在Y分子筛催化剂上较高;在Y分子筛催化剂上,温度为475~550 ℃、剂油比为3.0~9.0,反应温度升高或者剂油比增加,双分子氢转移以及脱氢缩合反应增强,导致环烷环开环反应产物选择性降低。     

液相法苯选择加氢制环己烯催化反应动力学方程

 测定了Ru－M－B／ZrO2催化剂上选择加氢制环己烯反应过程中苯、环己烯及环己烷浓度随时间变化的c～t曲线，获得了苯选择加氢制环己烯反应中各步反应的级数和速率常数等动力学参数．结果给出，苯转化的反应级数对苯为1，对氢低压下为2，高压下为0；环己烯继续加氢生成环己烷的反应级数对环己烯为0，对氢低压下为2，高压下为0．在此基础上建立了苯选择加氢制环己烯各步反应的动力学方程，并对动力学方程进行了验证．     

HY／MCM-41／γ-A12O3负载的硫化态Ni-Mo-P催化剂上萘的加氢

采用水热法合成了不同SiO2／Al2O3比的MCM-41介孔分子筛．并分别以HY／MCM-41／γ-A1203，HY／γ-A12O3和γ-Al2O3为载体，用浸渍法制备了Mo-Ni-P催化剂．以萘为模型化合物，考察了硫化态Mo-Ni-P催化剂的加氢活性．结果表明，不同载体负载的催化剂催化活性均随着活性组分负载量的增大而提高，其中掺杂大比表面MCM-41的HY／MCM-41/γ-Al2O3所负载的催化剂催化活性提高幅度最大．由于MCM-41与HY分子筛在酸性和孔结构上存在互补性，因而催化剂对萘加氢存在协同作用．提出了萘加氢的反应机理，认为反应网络包括两个平行路径：-是萘加氢生成四氢萘后发生异构化或开环反应；二是萘加氢生成四氢萘后进-步加氢生成十氢萘，继而发生异构化或开环反应．     

纳米金催化肉桂醛选择加氢制肉桂醇

α,β-不饱和醛/酮选择加氢生成不饱和醇是化学工业中一类重要反应,在精细化工生产中具有广泛应用,近年来吸引了研究者的广泛关注.该类反应因涉及不饱和官能团和碳氧双键的选择加氢而颇具挑战性:以肉桂醛选择加氢生成肉桂醇反应为例,肉桂醛分子中同时含有共轭的C=C双键和C=O双键,从热力学角度上看, C=O双键键能比C=C双键键能大,因而碳碳双键比碳氧双键更容易被活化从而加氢得到饱和醛;从动力学角度上看, C=C双键也比C=O双键更容易加氢.对于传统的铂族贵金属催化剂,其应用于该类反应时往往存在选择性低,容易深度加氢等问题.负载型金催化剂此前被报道在该类反应中表现出高选择性,然而在反应物接近完全转化时,目标产物也容易发生过度加氢生成饱和醇.前期的研究结果发现用锌铝水滑石作载体,硫醇稳定的金原子团簇(Au25)作为金的前驱体制备负载型金催化剂时,其在不饱和芳香硝基化合物的选择加氢反应中表现出很高的选择性.考虑到在肉桂醛分子中C=O双键的加氢相比于C=C双键更加困难,因此,本工作尝试将上述催化剂应用于以肉桂醛为代表的不饱和醛/酮选择加氢反应中.考察了反应温度、氢气压力以及溶剂效应对反应活性的影响,结果发现升高温度或提高压力都能明显提升反应速率,然而不同的溶剂对催化性能影响很大,当以具备氢转移能力的异丙醇和乙醇作为反应溶剂时,催化活性和选择性最优,在反应温度为130 ℃,氢气压力为15 atm,异丙醇为溶剂时反应5 h,肉桂醛的转化率和肉桂醇的选择性可以达到98.3%和95.4%,并且延长反应时间至15h,目标产物也不会发生过度加氢生成苯丙醇,其选择性可以维持在95%以上.为了研究该催化剂高活性和高选择性的原因,制备了不同粒径大小和不同载体负载的金催化剂,结果发现相比于其它负载型金催化剂,以锌铝水滑石负载的Au25团簇作为催化剂前体制得的催化剂在肉桂醛选择加氢制肉桂醇反应中表现出最优的活性和选择性.对照实验和原位漫反射红外光谱测试表明上述催化剂对碳碳双键的加氢表现为惰性,对目标产物的吸附也相对较弱.27Al固体核磁共振结果表明配位不饱和的五配位Alp物种可能为C=O双键的优先吸附提供所需的氧空位,这可能是该催化剂具有较高选择性的原因.综上,推测小尺寸的金颗粒具有较多低配位的金原子,可以活化氢气,而反应物和产物的吸脱附性质与载体密切相关,在以锌铝水滑石为前驱体制备的金催化剂表面, C=C双键吸附较弱, C=O双键优先吸附,产物较容易脱附,不容易发生过度加氢反应,因此该催化剂在肉桂醛选择加氢反应中表现出高活性和高选择性.上述工作可以为设计制备高选择性的负载型金催化剂提供参考.     

Cu3/2PMo12O40改性骨架镍催化剂上羰基和碳-碳双键的加氢反应

 研究了Cu3／2PMo12O40表面改性的骨架镍催化剂上含羰基化合物（正丁醛、异丁醛、丙酮、丁酮和环己酮）及含碳－碳双键化合物（苯、糠醇和1－辛烯）的加氢反应．结果表明，随着骨架镍催化剂上Cu3／2PMo12O40附着量的增加，含羰基化合物的加氢反应速率上升，而含碳－碳双键化合物的加氢反应速率下降．与未改性的骨架镍催化剂相比，当骨架镍催化剂上Cu3／2PMo12O40附着量为6．3％时，羰基的加氢活性提高2倍以上，碳－碳双键的加氢活性下降30％以上．计算了各种化合物在催化剂上的表观活化能．结果表明，Cu3／2PMo12O40表面改性的骨架镍催化剂上，羰基加氢反应的表观活化能降低，而碳－碳双键加氢反应的表现活化能升高．从动力学角度讨论了Cu3／2PMo12O40对骨架镍催化剂的影响．用XPS对骨架镍表面的Cu3／2PMo12O40进行了研究，发现杂多酸盐的Keggin型结构已被破坏，Cu3／2PMo12O40分子中的Cu2＋被还原为Cu0，而Mo6＋被部分还原为Mo5＋和Mo4＋；Cu2＋和Mo6＋价态的变化是由骨架镍表面吸附的活泼氢所引起的．羰基加氢选择性的提高是Cu0和混合价态Mo共同作用的结果．     

Raney Ni催化二亚糠基丙酮加氢制取长链烷烃前驱体的特性研究

采用Raney Ni为催化剂,考察了反应温度、压力、时间和溶剂对二亚糠基丙酮加氢制取长链烷烃前驱体催化性能的影响。结果表明,Raney Ni对二亚糠基丙酮具有很好的低温加氢性能,升高反应温度和压力均有利于加氢反应的进行,但过高的温度反而不利于加氢反应。在50℃和2.5 MPa下反应2 h,二亚糠基丙酮转化率达99.5%以上,饱和加氢产物的总选择性达到80.8%。此外,加氢中间产物的变化结果表明,二亚糠基丙酮的双键加氢容易程度为,烯键>呋喃环双键>C=O双键。Raney Ni 在甲醇溶剂中的加氢性能明显高于在四氢呋喃、环己烷或水溶剂中的加氢性能。     

低温加氢催化剂的设计: 理论与实践

简要总结了我们在C=C及C=O双键低温加氢双金属催化剂方面的最新研究成果. 首先, 我们以环己烯加氢为探针反应, 证明了平行使用多种研究手段的重要性, 包括单晶表面的基础研究与DFT计算, 多晶表面的合成与表征, 负载型催化剂的制备与性能测试等. 其次, 总结了双金属催化剂在其他加氢反应, 如丙烯醛C=O双键的选择性加氢, 苯的低温加氢, 以及乙炔的选择性加氢等反应中的应用. 最后, 讨论了利用金属碳化物代替贵金属Pt以减少双金属催化剂中Pt用量的可能性.     

低温加氢催化剂的设计: 理论与实践

简要总结了我们在C=C及C=O双键低温加氢双金属催化剂方面的最新研究成果. 首先, 我们以环己烯加氢为探针反应, 证明了平行使用多种研究手段的重要性, 包括单晶表面的基础研究与DFT计算, 多晶表面的合成与表征, 负载型催化剂的制备与性能测试等. 其次, 总结了双金属催化剂在其他加氢反应, 如丙烯醛C=O双键的选择性加氢, 苯的低温加氢, 以及乙炔的选择性加氢等反应中的应用. 最后, 讨论了利用金属碳化物代替贵金属Pt以减少双金属催化剂中Pt用量的可能性.     

低温加氢催化剂的设计: 理论与实践

简要总结了我们在C=C及C=O双键低温加氢双金属催化剂方面的最新研究成果. 首先, 我们以环己烯加氢为探针反应, 证明了平行使用多种研究手段的重要性, 包括单晶表面的基础研究与DFT计算, 多晶表面的合成与表征, 负载型催化剂的制备与性能测试等. 其次, 总结了双金属催化剂在其他加氢反应, 如丙烯醛C=O双键的选择性加氢, 苯的低温加氢, 以及乙炔的选择性加氢等反应中的应用. 最后, 讨论了利用金属碳化物代替贵金属Pt以减少双金属催化剂中Pt用量的可能性.     

低温加氢催化剂的设计: 理论与实践

简要总结了我们在C=C及C=O双键低温加氢双金属催化剂方面的最新研究成果. 首先, 我们以环己烯加氢为探针反应, 证明了平行使用多种研究手段的重要性, 包括单晶表面的基础研究与DFT计算, 多晶表面的合成与表征, 负载型催化剂的制备与性能测试等. 其次, 总结了双金属催化剂在其他加氢反应, 如丙烯醛C=O双键的选择性加氢, 苯的低温加氢, 以及乙炔的选择性加氢等反应中的应用. 最后, 讨论了利用金属碳化物代替贵金属Pt以减少双金属催化剂中Pt用量的可能性.     

Synthesis of Three‐Membered and Four‐Membered Heterocycles with the Assistance of Photochemical Reactions

Some transformations are not possible with ground‐state reactions even in the presence of a catalyst; hence, they are performed under photochemical conditions. Electron transfer occurred even with the photochemical excitement of one molecule where redox reaction is not possible at the ground state. The side products were obtained from ground‐state reactions. For C─C bond formation during photochemical reactions, there was no requirement of any chemical activation of the substrates. Therefore, these reactions are presented here for the synthesis of three‐membered and four‐membered heterocycles in the context of sustainable processes.     

Ring Enlargement of Three‐Membered Boron Heterocycles upon Reaction with Organic π Systems: Implications for the Trapping of Borylenes

New low‐energy pathways for the reaction between substituted boriranes and borirenes with unsaturated hydrocarbons (ethyne or ethene) were discovered using density functional and coupled cluster theory. The interaction between the π bond of the hydrocarbon and the empty p orbital of the boron center leads to ring expansion of the three‐membered to a five‐membered boron heterocycle. The reactions are strongly exothermic and have low or even no barriers. They involve intermediates with a pentacoordinate boron center with two hydrocarbon molecules coordinating to boron akin to metal‐olefin complexes. These borylene complexes are shallow minima on the potential energy surfaces. But significantly higher barriers for ring formation are computed for 1,5‐cyclooctadiene and dibenzocyclooctatetraene complexes of borylenes, making these complexes likely detectable under appropriate experimental conditions. Our computational findings have implications for the interpretation of trapping experiments of thermally generated small borylenes with excess of small π systems. Because of very low barriers for reactions of three‐membered boron heterocycles with π systems and the at least locally large excess of the latter under such conditions, formation of five‐membered boron heterocycles should be considered.     

Quantum chemical study on enantioselective reduction of keto oxime ether with borane catalyzed by oxazaborolidine. Part 2. Structures of catalyst‐alkoxyborane adduct with a four‐membered ring and succeeding reaction intermediates

Quantum chemical ab initio computations of the structures and properties of oxazaborolidine‐alkoxyborane adduct with a B? N? B? O four‐membered ring and succeeding reaction intermediates are carried out in the current work by means of the Hartree–Fock (HF) and the density functional methods. All the structures are optimized completely at the HF/6‐31G(d) and Becke's three‐parameter exchange functional and the gradient‐corrected functional of Lee, Yang, and Paar (B3LYP)/6‐31G(d) levels. As shown in the obtained results, the oxazaborolidine‐alkoxyborane adduct with a B? N? B? O four‐membered ring may be formed during the reduction of the carbonyl bond of the catalyst‐borane‐keto oxime ether adduct. The breakdown of the B? N? B? O four‐membered ring results in the formation of the adduct with a B? N? B? O? C? C? N seven‐membered ring and an oxime bond. The reduction of the oxime bond leads to the adduct with a chiral oxime carbon. The B(2)? N_{C? N} bond in the B? N? B? O? C? C? N seven‐membered ring of the adduct with a reduced oxime bond is weaker comparatively and thus may be more easily broken down. All the adducts have four stable structures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 93: 294–306, 2003     

Ordered Porous Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Matrix with Atomically Dispersed Cobalt Sites as an Efficient Catalyst for Dehydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation of N‐Heterocycles

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have been explored widely as potential substitutes for homogeneous catalysts. Isolated cobalt single‐atom sites were stabilized on an ordered porous nitrogen‐doped carbon matrix (ISAS‐Co/OPNC). ISAS‐Co/OPNC is a highly efficient catalyst for acceptorless dehydrogenation of N‐heterocycles to release H₂. ISAS‐Co/OPNC also exhibits excellent catalytic activity for the reverse transfer hydrogenation (or hydrogenation) of N‐heterocycles to store H₂, using formic acid or external hydrogen as a hydrogen source. The catalytic performance of ISAS‐Co/OPNC in both reactions surpasses previously reported homogeneous and heterogeneous precious‐metal catalysts. The reaction mechanisms are systematically investigated using first‐principles calculations and it is suggested that the Eley–Rideal mechanism is dominant.     

Metal‐Free Hydrogen Atom Transfer from Water: Expeditious Hydrogenation of N‐Heterocycles Mediated by Diboronic Acid

A hydrogenation of N‐heterocycles mediated by diboronic acid with water as the hydrogen atom source is reported. A variety of N‐heterocycles can be hydrogenated with medium to excellent yields within 10 min. Complete deuterium incorporation from stoichiometric D₂O onto substrates further exemplifies the H/D atom sources. Mechanism studies reveal that the reduction proceeds with initial 1,2‐addition, in which diboronic acid synergistically activates substrates and water via a six‐membered ring transition state.     

Catalytic Synthesis of 8‐Membered Ring Compounds via Cobalt(III)‐Carbene Radicals

The metalloradical activation of o‐aryl aldehydes with tosylhydrazide and a cobalt(II) porphyrin catalyst produces cobalt(III)‐carbene radical intermediates, providing a new and powerful strategy for the synthesis of medium‐sized ring structures. Herein we make use of the intrinsic radical‐type reactivity of cobalt(III)‐carbene radical intermediates in the [Co^II(TPP)]‐catalyzed (TPP=tetraphenylporphyrin) synthesis of two types of 8‐membered ring compounds; novel dibenzocyclooctenes and unprecedented monobenzocyclooctadienes. The method was successfully applied to afford a variety of 8‐membered ring compounds in good yields and with excellent substituent tolerance. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental results suggest that the reactions proceed via hydrogen atom transfer from the bis‐allylic/benzallylic C?H bond to the carbene radical, followed by two divergent processes for ring‐closure to the two different types of 8‐membered ring products. While the dibenzocyclooctenes are most likely formed by dissociation of o‐quinodimethanes (o‐QDMs) which undergo a non‐catalyzed 8π‐cyclization, DFT calculations suggest that ring‐closure to the monobenzocyclooctadienes involves a radical‐rebound step in the coordination sphere of cobalt. The latter mechanism implies that unprecedented enantioselective ring‐closure reactions to chiral monobenzocyclooctadienes should be possible, as was confirmed for reactions mediated by a chiral cobalt‐porphyrin catalyst.     

MoO_3（MOVS）系列催化剂上喹啉的加氯脱氮

将金属氧化物蒸汽合成法（ＭｅｔａｌＯｘｉｄｅＶａｐｏｕｒＳｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓＭＯＶＳ）制各的Ｎｉ－Ｍｏ（ＭＯＶＳ）－Ｐ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂用于喹啉的加氧脱氮（ＨＤＮ）。结果表明，与常规方法制备的同类催化剂相比，ＭＯＶＳ催化剂具有较高的ＨＤＮ活性，主要表现在Ｃ－Ｎ键断裂和苯环加氢催化活性的提高。在负载高含量ＭｏＯ３方面，ＭＯＶＳ方法还有待进一步完善。文章还讨论了制备条件（酸度，载体种类等）对催化活性的影响。     

五元氮杂环的开环反应研究进展

综述了近年来各种五元氮杂环的开环反应及其在有机合成中的应用。杂环化合物在有机合成中的作用越来越重要,五元氮杂环是其中最重要的一部分,其开环反应可以用来合成某些用其它方法难以合成的多官能团化合物,或通过开环和修饰合成其它环状化合物,还可以作为保护基以及研究仿生合成领域中各类复杂的生化反应等。     

氮杂Wittig反应的最近进展

综述了最近几年氮杂Wittig反应的研究进展,包括分子间氮杂Wittig反应、分子内氮杂wittig反应及串联的氮杂Wittig反应。讨论了氮杂Wittig反应在一些含氮杂环、稠杂环及天然产物合成中的应用。