在线微酶反应器-微柱液相色谱-电喷雾质谱用于蛋白质快速分析

采用带有环氧基的聚丙烯酸酯基质微球实现了胰蛋白酶的固定化,并制备了填充式微酶反应器.以细胞色素C为底物,考察了微酶反应器的性能.与自由溶液酶解相比,细胞色素C在微酶反应器上的酶解时间可以缩短到18s以内,速度是自由溶液酶解的2400倍.在此基础上,构建了在线微酶反应器-微柱液相色谱-电喷雾质谱联用平台,并采用4种标准蛋白混合物进行了评价.结果表明,4种蛋白均得到了较好的酶解和鉴定结果.此外,该平台还被应用于鼠肝提取蛋白的分析,共鉴定出138种蛋白,其中匹配两个或两个以上肽段的蛋白质有31个.     

基于温敏型材料的固定化酶的制备及其在蛋白质组快速分析中的应用

蛋白质组学通过规模化鉴定、分析从细胞、组织或有机体中提取的蛋白质,从而获得蛋白表达、修饰、组成和定量的变化信息。在目前最为有效的“鸟枪法”蛋白质组学策略中,固定化酶试剂基质常用固相载体材料,该固定化酶试剂在酶解蛋白质时为异相体系,存在固液界面传质阻力和空间位阻,限制了酶解效率和样品处理通量。针对这一技术瓶颈,本研究利用温敏聚合物对外界温度变化的响应能力,制备了一种新型的基于可溶性温敏聚合物的固定化胰蛋白酶试剂。该固定化酶特有的温度敏感特性,使其具有“高温均相酶解,低温异相分离”的特色,且兼具酶切时间显著缩短、酶可重复利用的优势。 BSA 1 min固定化酶解产物肽段的氨基酸序列覆盖率可达94%,高于传统溶液酶解12 h所得覆盖率为(74%)。进一步将该固定化酶试剂应用于HeLa细胞全蛋白质组的酶解,其酶解效果与相同条件下溶液酶解12 h相当。该固定化酶试剂对复杂蛋白质的快速、高效酶解充分证明其在蛋白质组学研究中的应用潜力。     

新型亲水聚合物修饰硅胶颗粒固定化酶的制备及在蛋白质组鉴定中的应用

采用原子转移自由基聚合法制备了亲水聚合物修饰的硅胶颗粒作为一种新型固定化酶载体,在实现胰蛋白酶高密度固定的同时,显著降低了载体材料非特异性吸附导致的样品损失。因此,该固定化酶材料兼具高酶解效率和高回收率的特性。以标准蛋白质牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为样本,使用该固定化酶1 min即可完成酶解,鉴定到肽段对BSA的氨基酸序列覆盖率可达90%以上。该固定化酶材料成功应用于酵母菌全蛋白质复杂样本的酶解,从3 min酶解产物中鉴定到666个蛋白质,超过同样条件下溶液酶解12 h的鉴定结果。     

整体固定化酶反应器的研制

制作了微型整体柱型的固定化酶反应器。在500μm内径毛细管内,以乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷处理形成端基烯键,采用原位合成法,以甲基丙烯酸2-羟乙酯为功能单体,以乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂制备了整体柱。整体柱表面的羟基经NaIO4氧化形成醛基后与胰蛋白酶的氨基进一步反应,实现胰蛋白酶的固定。在24s内,该酶反应器实现了肌红蛋白和细胞色素c的酶解,经MALDI-TOF MS鉴定,序列覆盖率分别达到65%和79%。     

新型固定化铁离子亲和色谱整体柱的制备及评价

以N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺为功能单体,制备了含有高活性基团的整体材料基质.以次氨基三乙酸为配体,通过固载Fe3+,发展了一种固定化Fe3+亲和色谱(Fe-IMAC)整体柱的制备方法.该整体柱不仅对磷酸化肽具有很好的选择性,而且富集容量大、回收率高、重现性好.此外,利用该整体柱实现了牛奶蛋白质酶解产物中磷酸化肽段的选择性富集.本实验研制的Fe-IMAC整体柱有望用于磷酸化蛋白质组研究.     

新型鳞片状聚合物修饰硅胶填料固定化酶的制备及其在蛋白质组鉴定中的应用

利用原子转移自由基聚合法制备了鳞片状聚合物修饰的硅胶填料,将其作为一种新型的固定化酶载体,实现了蛋白酶的高密度固定,从而明显缩短了复杂蛋白质样品的酶解时间。使用标准蛋白质对固定化酶的酶解效率进行了考察,结果表明: 鳞片状聚合物修饰的新型固定化酶硅胶填料具有较高的酶解效率,酶解标准蛋白质1 min后,鉴定到肽段的氨基酸序列覆盖率可达95%以上。将该固定化酶硅胶填料成功应用于大肠杆菌全蛋白质的酶解,从2 min酶解肽段的混合物中鉴定到的蛋白质数量超过同样条件下溶液酶解12 h的结果。另外,该固定化酶硅胶填料可以重复使用,其酶解效率具有良好的稳定性和重现性;该固定化酶具有较好的样品回收率,因而可以应用于蛋白质组学研究中。     

人神经母细胞瘤的磷酸化膜蛋白质组分析

针对人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞系的磷酸化膜蛋白质组,发展了基于多酶酶解法结合杂化硅胶基质固定化钛离子亲和色谱(Ti4+-IMAC)整体柱富集的分析策略。该方法通过对细胞裂解液进行超速离心,以及1 mol/L NaCl和0.1 mol/L Na2CO3顺序清洗,获得膜蛋白质组分。所提取的蛋白质分别经胰蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶平行酶解,产生的肽段经Ti4+-IMAC整体柱选择性富集磷酸肽后,采用纳升级反相液相色谱分离和质谱鉴定,成功鉴定到43个磷酸化蛋白质,其中有14个定位于膜上。研究结果表明,采用该策略开展SH-SY5Y细胞系磷酸化膜蛋白质组学分析有望加速对该肿瘤的研究和相关潜在标记物的筛选。     

纤维素键合型手性整体柱的制备及其在快速手性分离中的应用

采用N-丙烯酰琥珀酰亚胺(NAS)为基质单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EDMA)为交联剂,原位聚合制备聚(NAS-co-EDMA)毛细管整体柱,并通过化学键合法将自合成的纤维素-三(4-甲基苯甲酸酯)(CTMB)共价键合到整体柱上,制备用于快速手性分离的纤维素键合型手性整体柱.优化了整体柱制备和衍生化条件;通过对固定相红...     

原子转移自由基聚合修饰银丝固定化酶反应器的制备及在蛋白质组鉴定中的应用

针对传统溶液酶解存在的酶解时间较长、酶自切物干扰以及蛋白酶不能重复使用等缺陷,通过电子转移生成催化剂的原子转移自由基聚合法修饰银丝,并以其为载体制备了一种新型的固定化酶反应器。用质谱考察了银丝固定化酶反应器(SW-Trypsin)的酶解效率、重复性和回收率。结果表明:绒毛状聚合物修饰的SW-Trypsin的酶解效率较高,酶解标准蛋白牛血清白蛋白(BSA)20 min后,肽段的氨基酸序列覆盖率可达93%,高于传统溶液酶解方法酶解16 h所得79%的覆盖率。使用该固定化酶反应器于一个月内8次酶解BSA所得的氨基酸序列覆盖率在89%到97%之间,平均覆盖率为94%,显示出良好的稳定性。另外,该固定化酶反应器酶解马心肌红蛋白(MYO)的回收率为87.67%。最后,用SW-Trypsin酶解腾冲嗜热菌全蛋白20 min,所鉴定到的氨基酸序列覆盖率和蛋白数量与同样条件下溶液酶解16 h的结果接近,且零漏切位点肽段的比例更高。加之容易分离的优点,SW-Trypsin在蛋白质组学的应用中具有良好的前景。     

采用磁性载体制备的固定化酶反应器的载体粒径对蛋白质酶解性能的影响

研究了以不同粒径的磁性颗粒为载体的固定化酶反应器在蛋白质酶解过程中,其粒径大小对团聚、酶解效率和漏切位点等的影响。实验结果表明,纳米级颗粒的酶负载量为亚微米级的3.5倍左右。但当酶固定量相同时,酶解效率基本相当。而在一定程度上加大磁性颗粒的粒径后,团聚现象得到明显改善。选择磁性载体粒径为20 nm的固定化酶反应器,对其性能进一步考察。结果显示胰蛋白酶与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的质量比为1:1时,即能于1 min内实现快速酶解;当酶解10 min时,其零漏切位点肽段数和蛋白质序列覆盖率基本达到稳定,并明显优于溶液酶解水平。通过对漏切位点的统计分析比较,发现固定化酶解与溶液酶解时的漏切位点规律基本类似。因此,采用不同粒径磁性载体制备的固定化酶反应器均可在蛋白质组学研究中提供快速、高效的酶解。     

Integrated platform of capillary isoelectric focusing, trypsin immobilized enzyme microreactor and nanoreversed-phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for online protein profiling

An integrated platform with the combination of protein and peptide separation was established via online protein digestion, by which proteins were first separated by CIEF, online digested by a trypsin immobilized enzyme microreactor, trapped and desalted by two parallel trap columns, separated by nanoreversed-phase and finally identified by MS. In such a platform, two hollow fiber membrane interfaces were used. One was applied to supply catholyte and electric contact, and another to supply adjustment buffer to improve the compatibility of protein separation and tryptic digestion. A poly(octadecyl acrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic column served as the trap column to capture sample and to remove the ampholytes from CIEF. A hybrid silica monolith-based immobilized trypsin microreactor was used for online protein digestion. To evaluate the performance of such a platform, a 4-protein mixture with a loading amount of only 0.29?μg, was analyzed, and sequence coverages for BSA, myoglobin, β-lactoglobulin and ribonuclease A were 8, 26, 10 and 54%, respectively. Furthermore, such an integrated platform was successfully applied for the analysis of proteins extracted from Escherichia coli, and 101 proteins were positively identified. We anticipate that the integrated platform developed herein will provide a promising tool for low-abundance protein identification with the combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches.     

Efficient protein digestion with peptide separation in a micro-device interfaced to electrospray mass spectrometry

A highly efficient protein digestion device has been fabricated using commercially available immobilized trypsin on agarose beads, packed into a silica capillary and connected either directly to an electrospray mass spectrometer via a 'microtight T' connector, from which aqueous acetic acid (0.2%) was pumped, or via a monolithic column connected to the mass spectrometer ion source. Six proteins with molecular mass ranging from 2848 to 77703 Da were digested completely using this system. In the second set of experiments a short monolithic separation column was placed after the immobilized trypsin capillary and partial separation of the generated peptides was obtained. The detection limits were increased from the micromol to pmol range by utilization of this separation column. Gradient elution, using a binary HPLC pump and a flow splitter, was used to optimize the peptide separation. This provided significantly enhanced resolution of the tryptic peptides but increased the analysis time to 30 minutes.     

Rapid and efficient proteolysis through laser-assisted immobilized enzyme reactors

In this report, laser radiation (808nm) for the first time was employed to enhance the efficiency of proteolysis through immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER). IMER based monolithic support was prepared in the fused-silica capillary via a simple two-step procedure including acryloylation on trypsin surface and in situ aqueous polymerization/immobilization. The feasibility and high efficiency of the laser-assisted IMER were demonstrated by the digestion of bovine serum albumin (BSA), cytochrome c (Cyt-c) and β-casein. The digestion process was achieved in 60s. The peptides were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS, yielding the sequence coverage of 33% for BSA, 73% for Cyt-c and 22% for β-casein. The comparisons between the in-solution digestion and on IMER reaction with/without laser assistance were made. To further confirm its efficiency in proteome analysis, the laser-assisted IMER was also applied to the analysis of one fraction of human serum sample through two-dimensional (2-D) separation of strong anion exchange/reversed-phase liquid chromatography (SAX/RPLC). After a database search, 49 unique peptides corresponding to 5 proteins were identified. The results showed that the laser-assisted IMER provides a promising platform for the high-throughput protein identification.     

A strategy for screening trypsin inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicine based on a monolithic capillary immobilized enzyme reactor coupled with offline liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry

A novel strategy was successfully developed for screening trypsin inhibitors in traditional Chinese medicines based on monolithic capillary immobilized enzyme reactors combined with liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Organic polymer based monolithic enzyme reactors were firstly prepared by covalently bonding trypsin to a poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate) monolith by the ring‐opening reaction of epoxy groups. The activity and kinetic parameters of the obtained monolithic trypsin reactors were systematically evaluated using micro‐liquid chromatography. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were also used to characterize the monolithic trypsin reactors. The resulting functional and denatured monolithic trypsin reactors were applied as affinity solid‐phase extraction columns, and offline coupled with a liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry system to construct a binding affinity screening platform. Subsequently, the proposed platform was applied for screening trypsin binders in a Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract. Three compounds, namely scutellarin, baicalin, and wogonoside were identified, and their inhibitory activities were further confirmed via an in vitro enzymatic inhibition assay. Additionally, molecular docking was also performed to study the interactions between trypsin and these three compounds.     

Immobilization of trypsin on sub-micron skeletal polymer monolith

A new kind of immobilized trypsin reactor based on sub-micron skeletal polymer monolith has been developed. Covalent immobilization of trypsin on this support was performed using the epoxide functional groups in either a one- or a multi-step reaction. The proteolytic activity of the immobilized trypsin was measured by monitoring the formation of N-α-benzoyl-L-arginine (BA) which is the digestion product of a substrate N-α-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE). Results showed that the digestion speed was about 300 times faster than that performed in free solution. The performance of such an enzyme reactor was further demonstrated by digesting protein myoglobin. It has been found that the protein digestion could be achieved in 88 s at 30°C, which is comparable to 24 h digestion in solution at 37°C. Furthermore, the immobilized trypsin exhibits increased stability even after continuous use compared to that in free solution. The present monolithic enzyme-reactor provides a promising platform for the proteomic research.     

Growth of two-layer copolymer as the stationary phase with very high separation efficiency for separating peptides in capillary electrochromatography

Open tubular CEC (OT-CEC) column with a very high separation efficiency was prepared for peptides separation. A pretreated silica-fused capillary was reacted with 3-(methacryloxy) propyltrimethoxysilane followed by vinylbenzyl chloride and divinylbenzene to produce first thin monolithic monolayer. The second copolymer layer was formed on thin monolithic monolayer of the capillary by reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization of N-phenylacrylamide and styrene. The key parameters including buffer pH value and organic modifier were systematically evaluated to provide the optimal chromatographic condition. The resultant OT-CEC columns were validated by separating a synthetic mixture of peptides and cytochrome C tryptic digest in capillary electrochromatography. The number of theoretical plates as high as 2.4 million per column was achieved for synthetic mixture peptides. In addition, the fabricated OT-CEC column also resolved more than 18 high-efficiency digestion peptides from a mixture containing tryptic digest of cytochrome C. The column to column and inter- to intraday repeatabilities of OT-CEC column through RSD% were found better than 3.0%, exhibiting satisfactory stability and repeatability of the two-layer deposited OT-CEC column. The results reveal that the open tubular capillary column modified with two-layer copolymer shows the great prospect for the separation of proteins in capillary electrochromatography.     

Integration of capillary isoelectric focusing with monolithic immobilized pH gradient,immobilized trypsin microreactor and capillary zone electrophoresis for on‐line protein analysis

An integrated platform consisting of protein separation by CIEF with monolithic immobilized pH gradient (M‐IPG), on‐line digestion by trypsin‐based immobilized enzyme microreactor (trypsin‐IMER), and peptide separation by CZE was established. In such a platform, a tee unit was used not only to connect M‐IPG CIEF column and trypsin‐IMER, but also to supply adjustment buffer to improve the compatibility of protein separation and digestion. Another interface was made by a Teflon tube with a nick to couple IMER and CZE via a short capillary, which was immerged in a centrifuge tube filled with 20 mmol/L glutamic acid, to exchange protein digests buffer and keep electric contact for peptide separation. By such a platform, under the optimal conditions, a mixture of ribonuclease A, myoglobin and BSA was separated into 12 fractions by M‐IPG CIEF, followed by on‐line digestion by trypsin‐IMER and peptide separation by CZE. Many peaks of tryptic peptides, corresponding to different proteins, were observed with high UV signals, indicating the excellent performance of such an integrated system. We hope that the CE‐based on‐line platform developed herein would provide another powerful alternative for an integrated analysis of proteins.