添加剂对有机颜料光催化降解的影响

 研究了(NH4)2S2O8,H2O2和表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(DBS)对TiO2光催化降解颜料艳红6B的影响. 结果表明,(NH4)2S2O8的加入可提高颜料艳红6B的降解速率,以酸性及近中性条件较为适宜; H2O2的加入也可提高颜料艳红6B的降解速率,并可提高TiO2的重复使用次数; DBS的加入可降低颜料艳红6B的降解速率,但颜料艳红6B在酸性和碱性条件下降解较中性条件下快. DBS在中性条件下降解较快. 颜料艳红6B与DBS二者之间存在密切的共降解关系. 随着DBS浓度的增加,颜料艳红6B和DBS的降解速率均逐渐降低.     

有机颜料与表面活性剂DBS混合物的光催化降解

以TiO₂为光催化剂,研究了表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(DBS)和有机颜料耐晒大红BBN(BBN)为混合组分的光催化降解,结果表明,pH值、底物的用量对体系的降解有显著影响,在碱性条件下,DBS的降解速率相对较快,而在酸性环境时,颜料的降解较快,在TiO₂等电点时,降解最慢,酸性条件下, TiO₂对BBN和DBS的吸附性比在碱性和中性环境中大,BBN/DBS体系中, DBS增大了BBN的水溶性,但是没有明显提高BBN的降解褪色速度,DBS浓度为0.42 g/L时,颜料降解最快,0.042 g/L时次之,2.1 g/L时最低,在BBN降解过程中DBS自身也被降解,且略有促进作用。     

改善细胞通透性促进1,3-丙二醇生物合成

克雷伯杆菌发酵生产1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PD)的过程中, 通过加入表面活性剂可改善细胞通透性, 以减少产物和副产物对细胞生长与代谢的抑制作用, 从而促进细菌生长和1,3-PD产出. 对比研究了吐温-80 (Tween-80)、曲拉通X-100 (Triton X-100)、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚-10 (OP-10)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)等对发酵中甘油脱氢酶(GDH)、1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶(PDOR)和甘油脱水酶(GDHt)等3种关键酶活的影响. 实验表明OP-10能较好改善细胞通透性, 胞内释放核酸浓度随添加OP-10量的增加有明显提高. 低浓度的OP-10对GDH, PDOR活性及细胞生长有较好的促进作用; 发酵8～12 h时添加1.0 g•L－1的OP-10可使1,3-PD浓度和摩尔转化率有较大提高. 结合透射电镜发现非离子表面活性剂OP-10损伤膜结构, 致细胞通透性改变, 有利于充分发挥细胞内酶的催化活性, 对细菌生长和1,3-丙二醇的合成有较大促进作用.     

Keggin型缺位杂多阴离子PW11O7-39电催化降解硝基苯

以Keggin型缺位杂多阴离子PW11O7-39(PW11)为电催化剂,硝基苯(NB)为模型污染物,研究了Na2SO4-NaHSO4介质中PW11O7-39对NB的电催化降解作用.实验结果表明,在pH=2.5,E=-0.6V和O2流速为60mL·min-1的条件下,初始浓度为0.5 mmol·L-1的硝基苯反应80 min即完全降解,反应120 min总有机碳(TOC)去除达42%.硝基苯的电催化降解服从准一级反应动力学模型,室温下其表观速率常数Kobs的大小与NB的初始浓度有关,当NB的初始浓度为0.5,0.9和1.3mmol·L-1时,Kobs值分别为1.0×10-1,6.0×10-2和4.1×10-2min-1.     

Keggin型缺位杂多阴离子PW_(11)O_(39)~(7-)电催化降解硝基苯

以Keggin型缺位杂多阴离子PW11O397-(PW11)为电催化剂,硝基苯(NB)为模型污染物,研究了Na2SO4-NaHSO4介质中PW11O397-对NB的电催化降解作用.实验结果表明,在pH=2.5,E=-0.6V和O2流速为60mL·min-1的条件下,初始浓度为0.5mmol·L-1的硝基苯反应80min即完全降解,反应120min总有机碳(TOC)去除达42%.硝基苯的电催化降解服从准一级反应动力学模型,室温下其表观速率常数kobs的大小与NB的初始浓度有关,当NB的初始浓度为0.5,0.9和1.3mmol·L-1时,kobs值分别为1.0×10-1,6.0×10-2和4.1×10-2min-1.     

超临界二氧化碳中无水相涂料的合成与表征

为了减小传统纸张涂布中涂料水分对涂布能耗、涂布质量以及对涂布原纸质量的影响,研究了以超临界二氧化碳为反应介质,制备聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)和碳酸钙颜料混合的粉末涂料粒子.通过FTIR、GPC-十八角度激光光散射联用技术对PMMA组成结构进行了表征,考察了反应体系中引发剂浓度、单体浓度、稳定剂浓度、反应温度和反应时间对聚合反应的转化率和聚合产物的分子量的影响.实验表明,当反应条件为反应压力10MPa,反应温度75℃,反应时间8h,单体浓度0.10g/mL,引发剂浓度0.10×10-2g/mL,稳定剂浓度0.06×10-2g/mL时,其聚合反应的转化率较高,同时PMMA的分子量适中,分子量分布窄.SEM观察到混合涂料粒子颗粒均匀,表明颜料在粉末涂料体系中分散性良好.     

阳离子表面活性剂对有机颜料艳红6B光催化降解的影响

 研究了阳离子表面活性剂四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对TiO2光催化降解艳红6B(R6B)的影响,讨论了表面活性剂与R6B的相互作用,给出了二者与TiO2之间的吸附模型. 结果表明,相同条件下,阳离子表面活性剂的加入可增加R6B的降解褪色速率,但表面活性剂自身并不降解. 在强酸(pH=3.00)和强碱(pH=12.60)条件下,R6B的降解褪色速率较快. pH值相同时,体系中TBAB的浓度变化对R6B降解褪色速率的影响不大,而CTAB浓度的变化对R6B降解褪色速率的影响较为明显,CTAB浓度为0.4 g/L时R6B的降解褪色速率最快.     

耐晒大红BBN与表面活性剂双组分光催化降解

以表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和难溶有机颜料耐晒大红BBN(简称BBN)为双组分降解底物, 以TiO2为光催化剂, 研究双组分底物的光催化降解的快慢及规律, 双组分降解的相互影响, 初步建立双组分和催化剂之间的作用模型. 结果表明, pH值及底物的浓度对双组分体系的降解都有显著影响, 碱性条件更适合体系的降解, 在中性(pH=6.8)环境中两种底物的降解效果明显高于单组分的降解. 在碱性条件下(pH=9.2), 加入BBN使CTAB的降解速率略有下降. CTAB的浓度对BBN褪色速率影响较大, 当CTAB 的浓度为1 cmc 时, BBN和CTAB的降解速率都达到最快. BBN在TiO2表面吸附性强, 且被优先降解.     

超声强化Keggin型Fe-Mo-Zr杂多酸盐降解染料废水

合成了Fe-Mo-Zr杂多酸盐催化剂,并利用红外光谱(IR)和X射线衍射(XRD)对制得的产物进行了表征,研究了Fe-Mo-Zr杂多酸盐超声降解模拟酸性绿B(AGB)染料废水的效果.结果表明,合成的杂多酸盐具有Keggin型结构,催化剂的投加量、染料的初始浓度及初始pH值、超声频率及超声时间都对降解效果产生一定的影响.当染料浓度为10mg/L,催化剂的投加量为0.6g/L时,在pH为5.0的条件下,用40kHz超声辐射60min,降解率最高可达93.18%.通过动力学分析:降解反应符合一级反应动力学模型,速率常数随初始浓度的增加而减小.     

有机颜料的光催化降解及添加表面活性剂的影响

研究了纳米TiO2浓度、颜料用量、pH值和紫外光强度对有机颜料纳米TiO2光催化降解速率的影响．添加表面活性剂十二烷基苯硝酸钠时，颜料溶解度增加，但降解速率减慢．     

Change of adsorption modes of dyes on fluorinated TiO2 and its effect on photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irradiation

Surface-fluorinated TiO2 (F-TiO2) particles were prepared via the HF etching method. The surface characteristics of fluorinated TiO2, the adsorption modes of dyes, and the reaction pathways for the photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutants under visible light irradiation were investigated. It was found that, in the treatment of TiO2 by HF etching, F(-) not only displaces surface HO(-) but also substitutes some surface lattice oxygen. Using zwitterionic Rhodamine B (RhB) dye as a model, the change of the adsorption mode of RhB on F-TiO2 relative to that on pure TiO2 was validated by adsorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and IR techniques for the first time. RhB preferentially anchors on pure TiO2 through the carboxylic (-COOH) group, while its adsorption group is switched to the cationic moiety (-NEt 2 group) on F-TiO2. Both the photocatalytic degradation kinetics and mechanisms were drastically changed after surface fluorination. Dyes with positively charged nitrogen-alkyl groups such as methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG), Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G), and RhB all underwent a rapid N-dealkylation process on F-TiO2, while on pure TiO2 direct cleavage of dye chromophore ring structures predominated. The relationship between surface fluorination and the degradation rate/pathway of dyes under visible irradiation was also discussed in terms of the effect of fluorination on the surface adsorption of dyes and on the energy band structure of TiO2.     

The effects of some operational parameters in photodegradation of benzylamine and aniline and their kinetics in aqueous suspension of TiO2 and Pt -loaded TiO2

Photocatalytic degradation of benzylamine and aniline on TiO2, Pt-modified TiO2, ZnO and ZnS in aqueous solution has been investigated. The degradation of the compounds follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics according to Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The degradation process of benzylamine and aniline was evaluated by ninhydrin spectrophotometric method using UV-visible spectrophotometer in lambda(max) = 538 and 525 nm, respectively. The results showed the order of Pt/TiO2 > TiO2 > ZnO > ZnS for photocatalytic activity. In addition increasing of the Pt-loading was found to enhance the degradation rate of the compounds up to the optimal amount of 5 wt. % onto the surface of TiO2 so that the rates of degradation were increased about two times. Rate constants for photodegradation of benzylamine and aniline were found to be 1.4 x 10(-3) min(-1) and 0.7 x 10(-3) min(-1) for TiO2 as photocatalyst, while 2.7 x 10(-3) min(-1) and 1.7 x 10(-3) min(-1) for (5 wt.%) Pt/TiO2 as photocatalyst. Running the reactions in various pH (5-11), indicated that the pH = 8 and 10 or Higher are the optimum pH for photocatalytic degradation of benzylamine and aniline respectively. The effects of some other parameters such as amount of photocatalyst, flux of oxygen and irradiation time were evaluated. Furthermore, the Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate constant k(r) and adsorption constant K(A) for the titled compounds are reported.     

复合纳米微粒Rh3+/TiO2/SnO2的合成、表征及光催化降解4-(2-吡啶偶氮)间苯二酚的研究

采用溶胶 凝胶法制备复合纳米微粒Rh³⁺/TiO₂/SnO₂作系列光催化剂,运用BET、XRD等技术对样品进行了表征.讨论了影响污染物4 (2 吡啶偶氮)间苯二酚(PAR)光催化降解率的主要因素,实验结果表明:以Rh³⁺/TiO₂/SnO₂为复合光催化剂,当m(TiO₂)∶m(SnO₂)=56:44,ω(Rh³⁺)=2.0%,催化剂用量为1.0 g,通入空气的流量为10.0 L/min,试液的质量分数为2.0×10^-6,pH=7.0时,光照2h,PAR的降解率达到96.2%.     

氮-硫共掺杂二氧化钛光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化活性

采用研磨煅烧法,以硫脲(TU)作为氮源和硫源,H2TiO3(HT)为TiO2的前驱体,制备了不同TU/HT比例的N,S共掺杂TiO2光催化剂(NS/TiO2);利用X射线衍射仪、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱仪、拉曼光谱仪、紫外-可见吸收光谱仪等分析了NS/TiO2的晶体结构、显微形貌、典型元素的化学状态以及光谱性质;利用BET法测定了NS/TiO2的比表面积,同时测定了其在可见光照下催化降解罗丹明B的活性.结果表明,当TU/HT质量比为0.5时,NS/TiO2的光催化活性最佳,光照70min时的罗丹明B降解率为44.4%.氮元素以NH3形式吸附在TiO2表面,硫元素以S6+形式存在,部分S6+取代Ti 4+的位置.与此同时N,S共掺杂使得TiO2的禁带宽度减小,可见光催化活性提高.     

二氧化钛包裹碘单质(I2/TiO2)制备及其光催化降解苯酚

采用水热法,以Ti(SO₄)₂为钛源,KIO₃为掺碘剂制备了具有高可见光活性,高稳定性的二氧化钛包裹碘单质(I₂/TiO₂)光催化剂.利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线晶体粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外可见漫反射光谱(DRS)等表征手段对样品进行表征.结果表明,I₂/TiO₂中除含有锐钛矿相二氧化钛外、还含有碘单质和碘酸;I₂/TiO₂粒径大小为45 nm左右;在波长384 nm至700 nm范围内,该催化剂有强烈的吸收.探讨了该催化剂的形成过程和可见光催化机理.以苯酚降解反应为探针,测定了I₂/TiO₂光催化活性.结果显示:在全谱光源照射下I₂/TiO₂活性略高于P25,在可见光范围内其活性是P25的3倍多.确定了降解苯酚的最佳条件:全谱光源照射,投加量为0.5 g/L,苯酚浓度大于10 mg/L,溶液pH为3.2.I₂/TiO₂重复使用4次后,催化活性没有明显下降.     

WO3/TiO2 复合纤维的制备及储能光催化性能

以钛酸正丁酯为前驱体, 采用静电纺丝技术制得了纯锐钛矿TiO2纤维, 并以其为基质, 通过水热法制备了具有异质结构的WO3/TiO2复合纤维. 利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 能量色散光谱仪(EDS)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)等对样品的结构和形貌进行了表征. 以罗丹明B的脱色降解为模型反应, 考察了样品的光催化性能和储能光催化性能. 结果表明, 花状WO3微球包裹在TiO2纤维上, 得到了具有异质结构的WO3/TiO2复合纤维光催化剂. WO3与TiO2复合有利于光生载流子的输运和分离, 增强了体系的量子效率, 提高了光催化活性. WO3/TiO2 复合纤维经光照处理后, 在黑暗条件下显示出储能光催化特性.     

C-N-S-TiO2光催化剂的制备、表征及其性能

以钛酸四丁酯为钛源、功能生物小分子胱氨酸为掺杂剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法同步合成了C-N-S-TiO2光催化剂,利用XRD、XPS、FT-IR和DRS等测试技术对样品的结构及物化性能进行了表征。XRD和DRS分析表明,共掺杂抑制了TiO2晶粒的生长,提高了晶相转变温度,且C-N-S-TiO2样品的吸收带边明显"红移",光吸收范围一直延长至800 nm左右。XPS分析结果显示,C-N-S-TiO2样品表面产生了杂质能级,C、S元素分别取代部分晶格Ti4+以CO23-和S6+形式存在;而N峰呈宽化状态,以O—Ti—N和Ti—O—N键存在,且样品表面羟基含量明显增加。以罗丹明B染料为模型污染物,考察了该催化剂的可见光催化活性。结果表明,与P25 TiO2比较,C-N-S-TiO2光催化剂活性得到改进,C-N-S-TiO2光催化剂在470～800 nm波长下辐射120 min后对罗丹明B的降解率可高达83%。     

表面键联型TiO2/SiO2固定化催化剂的结构及催化性能

 采用浸渍法制备了表面键联型TiO2／SiO2固定化光催化剂．XRD\r\n,FT－IR,XPS和BET比表面积测定结果表明,TiO2通过Ti－O－Si联结\r\n负载于多孔硅胶的表面,由此提出TiO2／SiO2的结构模型．考察了多孔\r\n硅胶的粒度及氧化钛负载量对催化剂活性的影响．对活性艳红K－2G（\r\nR15）的光催化脱色反应,最佳的光催化剂30％TiO2／SiO2（Ims30）比\r\nB－TiO2粉末的催化速率快3倍．随着载体粒度的减小,催化剂的比表面\r\n积增大,催化活性升高;多孔硅胶不仅起着支持体的作用,而且具有分\r\n散的作用;多孔硅胶具有很好的透光性．经ξ－电位测定,所制备催化\r\n剂的等电点为3．0pH单位,表明催化剂表面呈酸性．     

TiO2- and BaTiO3-assisted photocatalytic degradation of selected chloroorganic compounds in aqueous medium: correlation of reactivity/orientation effects of substituent groups of the pollutant molecule on the degradation rate

Investigation of the photocatalytic activity of BaTiO(3), a perovskite wideband gap semiconductor has been done in comparison with a widely used photocatalyst TiO(2) for the degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 4-chloroaniline (4-CA), 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene (3,4-DCNB), and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP). BaTiO(3)/TiO(2) nanoparticles were prepared by gel-to-crystalline conversion method. BaTiO(3) has exhibited better catalytic efficiency and process efficiency compared with TiO(2) in most of the cases. The present research focuses mainly on two aspects: first the photocatalytic activity of BaTiO(3), as there are very few reports in the literature, and second the reactivity/orientation effects of substituent groups of the pollutant molecules on the degradation rate. The above chloroorganic compounds have at least one chlorine substituent in common, along with other functional groups such as -OH, -NH(2), and -NO(2). Furthermore, the effect of electron acceptors and pH on the rate of degradation is presented. The reactions follow first-order kinetics. The degradation reaction was followed by UV-vis, IR, and GC-MS spectroscopic techniques. On the basis of the identification of the intermediates, a probable degradation reaction mechanism has been proposed for each compound.