ICP-OES法测定地球化学样品中的铁

试样采用HCL、HNO3分解,制成2~3%王水溶液。在最佳条件下,用ICP-OES法测定地球化学样品中铁含量,测定范围为0.10~20%。方法简便快速,精密度和准确度能满足分析要求,符合地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范(区域地球化学普查样品化学成分分析)。适用于地球化学调查样品批量样品中铁的测定,已应用于实际工作中,结果满意。     

核电站周围环境放射性最佳监测点数的研究

本文研究的是广东大亚湾核电站周围区域环境放射性监测最佳监测点数问题,分别对正态分布、对数正态分布、t分布和对数t分布等模型求出了监测点数的最佳数量。用车贝雪夫不等式求出了任意分布下监测点数上限值。为了节省人力、物力和时间,对采用监测复合样品的办法进行了探讨。     

基于5种重金属元素全量及化学形态评价陕南某矿集区周边土壤生态风险

为了研究陕南某矿集区周边土壤中5种重金属元素(铜、铅、锌、镉、砷)的化学形态及其生态风险，采用网格法采集样品529件，用改进BCR(欧共体标准物质局)提取法提取其中30件样品中5种重金属元素的化学形态，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定其全量和各化学形态含量。通过对检测数据进行描述性统计、正态分布检验、皮尔逊(Pearson)相关性检验、主成分分析等进行目标元素富集程度以及同源性分析，采用潜在生态危害指数法进行生态风险评价，采用风险评价编码法(RAC)进行目标元素活性评价，采用次生相/原生相分布比值法(RSP)进行目标元素来源区分。结果显示：研究区土壤样品中5种目标元素测定值的最大值分别为陕西省土壤背景值(2006年调查数据)的3.88～30.53倍，铜以外的4种目标元素测定值超出GB 15618-2018规定筛选值的样品数占总样品数比例为8.0%～27.0%,5种目标元素测定值的变异系数为42.5%～228.6%,说明矿集区周边土壤存在这5种目标元素不同程度的富集，且各目标元素在土壤中分布不均；其中铜、铅、锌可能同源，镉、砷分别为单独来源。5种目标元素的总潜在生态危害指数平均值和最大值分...     

离子吸附型稀土矿床中土壤元素地球化学找矿标志

用中子活化和X射线荧光分析技术研究了我国南方某地花岗岩母质上的风化壳及土壤中28种元素的含量、分布、迁移和富集规律。根据土壤元素的背景值与含矿异常之间在元素含量、共生组合和分布特征等差异,提出利用表层土壤元素的地球化学特征作为离子吸附型稀土矿床的找矿标志,为区域找矿提供了科学依据。     

SPSS软件对铁矿中微量元素含量的统计分析

利用SPSS软件从统计学描述、正态分布检验、回归和相关分析、聚类分析和因子分析等方面对铁矿中微量元素含量特点进行了研究。分析结果表明:根据抽样样本,铁矿中11种微量元素含量均不符合正态分布特征,异常值分布矿种相对集中,重金属和硫及卤素之间的相关程度高,同时根据因子综合得分对矿种进行了分类,为铁矿品质评价和合理利用提供了一定的参考。     

丹皮道地产区环境地球化学特征研究

对丹皮道地产区土壤地球化学特征进行了系统研究,通过丹皮产区土壤的测试分析,将其与安徽省土壤背景值比较,摸清了丹皮道地药材产区土壤的元素本底特征.结果表明,该产区多数元素明显高于全省土壤背景值,有机质、硼元素低于全省土壤背景值.丹皮的长势和品质与其地质地球化学背景有着密切的关系;母岩类型不同,土壤地球化学成分存在较大的差...     

二苯硫脲-醋酸丁酯萃取-石墨炉原子吸收法测定地球化学样品中痕量银

对石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定地球化学样品中痕量银进行了研究。样品经盐酸、硝酸、硫酸、高氯酸溶解,在盐酸(1.2mol/L)介质中用醋酸丁酯萃取银与二苯硫脲螯合物,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定地球化学样品中痕量银,方法检出限为0.011ng/mL,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为6.0%¹2.2%,加标回收率为96.00%12.2%,加标回收率为96.00%¹05.00%。能满足地球化学样品中银含量为0.02105.00%。能满足地球化学样品中银含量为0.02⁵μg/g范围内银测定的准确度和精密度的要求。     

地球化学模拟在高放废物地质处置中的应用与发展

随着核能事业的发展,高放废物的处理和处置问题日益突出.其中,研究高放废物在环境介质中的吸附、扩散和迁移行为是获取放射性核素对周围环境和人群健康影响的基础参数的最重要和最直接的途径.近年来,人们利用已有的实验数据及核素的基础热力学和动力学数据,附以相应的数学模型,建立了一些地球化学模拟软件,用于分析核素在地质介质中可能发生的连续性和长期性变化.目前,国内外常用的地球化学模拟软件有十多种.本文从热力学平衡计算原理、种态分布计算方法和表面配位模型假设等几个方面对地球化学模拟软件进行了简要介绍,对近年来地球化学模拟软件在核素种态分布计算和表面配位模型模拟两方面的应用进行了举例分析,并以Ca-U-CO3配合物为例,说明完备的热力学数据对地球化学模拟软件发展的重要性,以期促进我国地球化学模型的应用和发展.     

生物地球化学区和地方病的探讨

本文论述生物与地球化学环境的相关性,地表元素分布异常与地方病流行的相关关系和中国生物地球化学区的成因类型。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定水泥用灰岩中的CaO、MgO

采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸分解样品,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定水泥用灰岩中的CaO、MgO含量.根据CaO、MgO的性质及含量高低配制了不同的系列标准溶液,确定了元素的最佳分析谱线.CaO、MgO校准曲线的相关系数分别为0.999 9和0.999 5,方法检出限分别为0.009 0%和0.004 0%.对灰岩标准样品进行精密度考察,CaO、MgO测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)分别为0.12%和2.87%.所建方法应用于灰岩标准物质和实际样品的测定,结果与标准物质认定值或实际样品的X-射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)值基本一致.     

Geostandards and geochemical analysis

Progress in geochemical analysis depends on progress in geostandards. The present state of the availability and quality of the geostandards is reviewed for major and trace elements. The several geochemical methods employed are evaluated by their performances in the characterization of geostandards. Signs of progress are visible in the quality of geostandards for major and “common” trace elements. There are also new developments in geoanalytical methods. It is hoped that optical emission inductively coupled plasma spectrometry will play an increasing role in the characterization of trace elements which are normally present in less than 10 ppm concentration levels.Like it or not, progress in geochemical analysis is intimately tied up with the quality of geochemical reference samples (GRS). The converse is true as well; therefore, how well and to what extent international geochemical reference samples are characterized for their chemical composition reflect in a way the current status of geoanalytical methods employed the world over.     

A preliminary study of background concentrations of elements in plants of the Xizang Plateau

A total of 29 major and trace elements have been determined in 43 plant samples collected from the Xizang (Tibet) Plateau using INAA at a SLOWPOKE mini-reactor in order to study elemental background concentration values in Xizang plants. In this paper are reported elemental concentrations of different parts of the plants compared to average values of plants worldwide. The preliminary results suggest that nutritional, plant elements in this region are quite low indicative of a state of malnutrition, while the contents of Al, Ti, Cr and Ba are comparatively high. These findings indicate that the concentrations of most elements in the plants are mainly affected by local soil geochemical characteristics. Some variation in elemental distribution within the plants was also evident: in general, higher concentrations were found in stems compared to roots, and, differences for nutritional elements among the plant species were much greater than found for other elements.     

Application of two INAA methods to pollution studies of sediments from Saronikos Gulf,Greece

Thirty elements were determined by two INAA methods in sediment core samples from N. Saronikos Gulf, Greece, and the results were subjected to multivariate analysis. This procedure resulted in the separation of samples into chemical groups that were environmentally meaningful and sufficient to (a) distinguish among different pollution sources; (b) trace the routes and the extent of pollution in sediments; and (c) define the least affected areas representing the geochemical background. The principal components analysis of the analytical data for 18 selected elements revealed that, among the elements determined in this study, the most discriminating were As, Sb, Ag, Ca, Au, Zn and the rare earth elements (REE).     

伊犁盆地ZK0407井褐煤中铀及其他元素的地球化学研究

用数理统计的方法,对伊犁盆地洪海沟地区ZK0407井的中下侏罗统10、11、12号煤层中的铀等59种常量元素、微量元素的地球化学行为进行了探讨。结果表明,元素在灰分的分布和元素在内在水分以及固定碳中的分布呈互为相反数关系,而和元素在挥发分中的分布变化具有同步性。元素和挥发分呈正相关很大程度是因为元素的催化作用和矿物分解产生的一些挥发性组分所造成。ZK0407井在地史上一直位于砂岩层间氧化带的氧化-还原过渡地段,因而也是铀的富矿地段。其煤层为层间氧化带成矿的下翼。U等元素在褐煤中主要以物理吸附的方式存在于其孔隙之中或泥质组分中,有机质对其络合束缚作用,并非U在褐煤中的唯一富集方式。
     

Statistical comparison of trace element concentrations

A method is proposed by which the significance of the differences between trace element concentrations of sample and control can be estimated without detailed knowledge of the distribution in the total population. Both sample and control are cut in half and the trace element concentrations of all four pieces are determined. The concentration values of the two halves of each sample are compared with each other and so are the concentration values of the two samples. This cross-comparison is essentially the application of Student's t-test to the smallest possible number of data. The calculation is reduced to a simple formula, and tables of confidence limits are not needed. The implications of lack of general background knowledge are discussed. Since it cannot always be known whether a certain trace element follows a normal or log-normal distribution pattern, or whether simultaneously determined concentrations of several trace elements are correlated with each other, the most cautious estimate of the significance is recommended.     

Qualitative soil mineral analysis by EDXRF,XRD and AAS probes

Soil minerals study is vital in terms of investigating the major soil forming compounds and to find out the fate of minor and trace elements, essential for the soil–plant interaction purpose. X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been a popular technique to search out the phases for different types of samples. For the soil samples, however, employing XRD is not so straightforward due to many practical problems. In the current approach, principal component analysis (PCA) has been used to have an idea of the minerals present, in qualitative manner, in the soil under study. PCA was used on the elemental concentrations data of 17 elements, determined by the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. XRD analysis of soil samples has been done also to identify the minerals of major elements. Some prior treatments, like removal of silica by polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) slurry and grinding with alcohol, were given to samples to overcome the peak overlapping problems and to attain fine particle size which is important to minimize micro-absorption corrections, to give reproducible peak intensities and to minimize preferred orientation. A 2θ step of 0.05°/min and a longer dwell time than normal were used to reduce interferences from background noise and to increase the counting statistics. Finally, the sequential extraction procedure for metal speciation study has been applied on soil samples. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to find the concentrations of metal fractions bound to various forms. Applying all the three probes, the minerals in the soils can be studied and identified, successfully.     

化学计量学在锕系元素分析中的应用

锕系元素的化学性质相似,各元素的分离和分析都很困难,用传统的数据解析手段,难以实现各元素的同时、快速分析。化学计量学是一种高效、功能强大的数据解析方法,对于样品复杂,基体干扰严重以及多组分样品的分析具有独特优势。将化学计量学应用于锕系元素的分析中,利用数学分离代替化学分离,可直接对样品进行测定。化学计量学方法也可用来指导试样的科学采集,进行实验设计、仪器分析操作条件选择等。从吸收光谱、ICP–AES及放射性测量3个方面综述了化学计量学在锕系元素分析中的应用,阐明了化学计量学在锕系元素分析中的应用难点及发展前景。     

X射线荧光光谱法结合多元统计学对热敏纸的检验研究

为建立一种快速且无损检验热敏纸的科学有效的方法,利用能量色散型X射线荧光光谱(XRF)对38个不同商家,不同规格的热敏纸样品进行检验,首先根据每个样品所测量得到的元素的不同,将38个样品分成四大类,同时采用SPSS25.0软件中的系统聚类法对38个样品的元素数据进行聚类分析处理,结果分成了12小组,再结合SPSS25.0软件中的判别分析法对上述结果进行验证,实现了基于X射线荧光光谱结合聚类分析建立数学模型用于区分热敏纸种类的目的,该方法简单易行,可以为案件侦破提供线索、指明方向。     

Comparitive study of the sample decomposition procedures in the determination of trace and rare earth elements in anorthosites and related rocks by ICP-MS

ICP-MS has been used for the determination of over 30 geochemically significant trace elements (Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, Pb, Th, U and REEs) in anorthosites and related rock reference samples. Open acid digestion, pressure decomposition using HF, HNO(3) and HClO(4), and a fusion method using lithium metaborate and subsequent dissolution in dil. HNO(3) were adopted for the decomposition of these rock samples before analysis. The dissolution problems and interference effects are discussed. Rh and Bi were used as internal standards. The first set of data on several rare earths and other trace elements in the Russian anorthosite reference sample, MO-6 are presented along with data on other samples. The data are compared with the available data. The results obtained with different dissolution methods were found to be in good agreement for the majority of the trace elements. The accuracy and precision achieved (better than 6% RSD in most cases) suggested that the data obtained by ICP-MS for such samples are best suited for geochemical interpretations.