Inelastic scattering of fast electrons from simple closed shell atoms. I. He,Be

The inelastic collision of fast electrons with ground state closed shell atoms is investigated within the context of First Born Approximation and Random Phase Approximation. Generalized oscillator strengths and total cross sections for 1¹ S n ¹ D transitions in He and 1¹ S n ¹ S in Be are evaluated and discussed.Work supported by Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche (C.N.R.) through its Istituto di Chimica Quantistica ed Energetica Molecolare in Pisa.     

Light scattering from swollen textured polymer network composites

Light scattering from a swollen textured heterogeneous polymer network is discussed using example of a network composite filled by spherical inclusions anisotropically distributed in the matrix. The dependence of the scattering intensity on the Fourier transform of the correlation function dry-state shear moduli fluctuations has been established. H_v scattering patterns from uniaxial textures and their ratio with the composite anisotropy parameter are analyzed. The sensitivity of the H_v scattering pattern on restrictions during the swelling is emphasized. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Determination of Squalene Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with photodiode array detection has been developed for the determination of squalene. After treated by extraction and fractional crystallization, squalene was analyzed on a C₁₈ column (150 × 3.9 mm, 5 m) with acetonitrile as mobile phase. Excellent linearity of the calibration curve was observed in the range of 100–40000 gL^–1 and the detection limit was 40 gL^–1. The recoveries were from 89.6% to 100.5% and the relative standard deviations were from 0.5% to 1.4%. The method was successfully applied to the determination of squalene in squalene capsules, olive oil, algal lipids and algal cells.     

Simulation of structural, elastic, and electronic properties of new cubic crystals of carbon and BN nanotubes

Models of new cubic crystals from carbon and boron-nitrogen (BN) nanotubes are proposed. Within electronic density functional theory, their structural, elastic, and electronic properties are studied. These isotropic nanotubular crystals are found to have extremely high elastic modules B (～490–650 GPa) and low compressibility β (～0.0020–0.0015 1/GPa) and maintain the conductivity typical of their “building blocks,” i.e. isolated carbon and BN nanotubes.     

Membrane-based microchannel device for continuous quantitative extraction of dissolved free sulfide from water and from oil

Underground fluids are important natural sources of drinking water, geothermal energy, and oil-based fuels. To facilitate the surveying of such underground fluids, a novel microchannel extraction device was investigated for in-line continuous analysis and flow injection analysis of sulfide levels in water and in oil. Of the four designs investigated, the honeycomb-patterned microchannel extraction (HMCE) device was found to offer the most effective liquid–liquid extraction. In the HMCE device, a thin silicone membrane was sandwiched between two polydimethylsiloxane plates in which honeycomb-patterned microchannels had been fabricated. The identical patterns on the two plates were accurately aligned. The extracted sulfide was detected by quenching monitoring of fluorescein mercuric acetate (FMA). The sulfide extraction efficiencies from water and oil samples of the HMCE device and of three other designs (two annular and one rectangular channel) were examined theoretically and experimentally. The best performance was obtained with the HMCE device because of its thin sample layer (small diffusion distance) and large interface area. Quantitative extraction from both water and oil could be obtained using the HMCE device. The estimated limit of detection for continuous monitoring was 0.05 μM, and sulfide concentrations in the range of 0.15–10 μM could be determined when the acceptor was 5 μM FMA alkaline solution. The method was applied to natural water analysis using flow injection mode, and the data agreed with those obtained using headspace gas chromatography-flame photometric detection. The analysis of hydrogen sulfide levels in prepared oil samples was also performed. The proposed device is expected to be used for real time survey of oil wells and groundwater wells.     

大气及污染源排放气体中苯系物气相色谱测定

建立了气体样品中不同浓度的苯系物的分析方法,优化了测定的操作条件,提出了保证测定质量的技术关键。方法已用于污染源及环境空气中苯系物的气相色谱测定。     

Preparation of prunin with the help of immobilized naringinase pretreated with alkaline buffer

Immobilized naringinase can be converted to a preparation showing only rhamnosidase activity by treatment with 0.1M glycine-NaOH buffer, pH 12. A simple method is described to obtain pure prunin in high yield from naringin with the help of this immobilizate.     

Thermal elimination of isobutene from meta and para tert-di-butyl pyromellitic acid

An investigation of the kinetics of the thermal elimination of isobutene from the meta and para isomers of the tert-butyl diesters of pyromellitic acid has been carried out using Fourier transform-Raman spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. These studies indicate that the elimination of the tert-butyl group occurs at a temperature 26°C lower for the meta isomer than for the para isomer; the maximum rate of elimination occurs at 184°C for the former and at 210°C for the latter. Analysis of the Raman spectra of the compounds indicates that this effect results from the better packing arrangement in the para monomer compared with the meta monomer. Formation of pyromellitic dianhydride in the tert-butyl diesters of pyromellitic acid occurred only after formation of the pyromellitic acid; thus it occurred at lower temperatures for the meta isomer. When the meta and para tert-butyl diesters of pyromellitic acid are dissolved at 1% concentration in poly (vinyl acetate), the elimination of isobutene occurs at 173°C for both isomers, indicating that it is the differences in crystal packing which give rise to the 26°C difference in the solid-state samples. For the meta, para, and 50/50 mixed isomers of the tert-butyl esters of oxydianiline/pyromellitic dianhydride polyamic acid, the elimination of the tert-butyl group occurs at the same temperature (177°C). This result indicates that the packing arrangement of the tert-butyl group is disrupted in the polymer chain, so that intermolecular bonding does not hinder thermal deprotection of the tert-butyl group from the polymer. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Effect of methyl substituents on permeability and permselectivity of gases in polyimides prepared from methyl-substituted phenylenediamines

Permeability and solubility coefficients for H₂, CO₂, O₂, CO, N₂, and CH₄ in polyimides prepared from 6FDA and methyl-substituted phenylenediamines were measured to investigate effects of the substituents on gas permeability and permselectivity. The methyl substituents restrict internal rotation around the bonds between the phenyl rings and the imide rings. The rigidity and nonplanar structure of the polymer chain, and the bulkiness of methyl groups make chain packing inefficient, resulting in increases in both diffusion and solubility coefficients of the gases. Polyimides from tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine and trimethyl-m-phenylenediamine display very high permeability coefficients and very low permselectivity due to very high diffusion coefficients and very low diffusivity selectivity, as compared with the other polyimides having a similar fraction of free space. This suggests that these polyimides have high fractions of large-size free spaces.     

Recovery of Metals from Anodic Dissolution Slime of Waste from Electric and Electronic Equipment(WEEE) by Extraction in Ionic Liquids

The recovery of metals from a multi-component alloy obtained by crushing, melting and anodic dissolution of waste from electric and electronic equipment(WEEE) was investigated. The anodic dissolution of the alloy was carried out in an electrolysis cell with one copper cathode and a central cast anode, immersed in the electrolyte formed by choline chloride-ethylene glycol-iodine. The temperature of the electrolyte during the process was 343 K. Depending on the electrolysis parameters(current density and cell voltage), cathodic deposits of Sn, Pb and Zn of >99% purity were obtained. Cyclic voltammetry was used in order to determine the deposition potentials of the studied metals. The obtained metallic deposits were subject of determination of XRD, SEM/EDX and AFM in order to evidence the deposits structure and morphology. The experiments performed demonstrated the possibility of separating/selective recovery of metals from the multi-component alloy resulted from the waste from electrical and electronic equipment by anodic dissolution in ionic liquids.     

Determination of Zinc(II) by the Reactivation of the Apoenzymes of Alkaline Phosphatases from Diverse Sources

ABSTRACT

A sensitive and selective method for the determination of Zn(II) based on the reactivation of the apoenzymes of alkaline phosphatases from diverse sources: chicken intestine, seal slim intestine and Escherichia coli, has been developed. To obtain the apoenzymes, EDTA was selected as an effective inhibitor of alkaline phosphatases. In the presence of EDTA excess in the solution, the pseudo apoenzymes were obtained. Dialysis of the enzymes against the chelating agent resulted in obtaining inactive zinc-free apo-phosphatases (true apoenzymes). The reactivation of the pseudo- and true apoenzymes of alkaline phosphatases from various sources by zinc(II) was applied for its determination. The proposed procedures are highly sensitive (limit detection of Zn(II) = 0.3-0.4 ng ml^?1), selective (no other metals reactivate the apophosphatases from seal slim intestine and Escherichia coli), accurate, simple and rapid. The schemes of the mechanism of the reactivation effects are discussed.     

Darstellung von Oxalatosilicaten aus SiO2

Preparation of Oxalatosilicates from SiO₂ Amorphous silica (aerosil, silica gel, or kieselguhr) reacts with oxalic acid under anhydrous conditions in presence of appropriate bases, forming oxalatosilicates. Tris(oxalota)silicates of triethylammonium, dicyclohexylammonium, triphenylphosphonium and K(18-crown-6) are obtained in high yields by this reaction.     

大孔吸附树脂富集纯化柴胡总皂苷的研究

以柴胡皂苷a为指标,采用高效液相色谱法测定洗脱液中柴胡皂苷a的含量,考察D-101大孔吸附树脂对柴胡总皂苷的吸附性能和洗脱条件,以柴胡提取液15 mL(0.2 g药材/mL)上柱,70%的乙醇洗脱,柴胡总皂苷洗脱率为71.83%.且除杂能力强.     

Recent progress in plant cell culture

Conclusions Commercial application of plant cell cultures for the production of useful metabolites on a large scale has not yet been realized. However, some recently published papers and patents seem very attractive for industrial use because their results and techniques are apparently applicable to a large-scale production of metabolites. The author believes that commercial success using plant tissue cultures will be realized in the near future with advanced techniques if product selection is determined by economic and political principles. In 1982, the 5th International Congress of Plant Tissue and Cell Culture will be held in Japan and this undoubtedly will encourage research activity in our country.     

One-pot preparation of Julia-Kocienski sulfides and sulfones from alcohols

A method for one-pot preparation of Julia-Kocienski sulfides and sulfones from alcohols and thiols is reported. A variety of primary alcohols were converted to the corresponding mesylates by methansulfonyl chloride and triethylamine in THF. After the reaction is complete, thiol (1 or 10) and either NaH or t-BuOK were added. The Julia-Kocienski sulfides 3, 9 and 11 were prepared by one-pot two steps procedure from alcohols in 76–96% yields (16 examples). Furthermore, after the sulfide formation, the reaction mixture was neutralized by p-toluenesulfonic acid and treated with H₂O₂ and ammonium molybdate in EtOH to give the Julia-Kocienski sulfones 4 in good yields except for trans-2-hexen-1-ol.     

Effectiveness of the Influence of Selected Essential Oils on the Growth of Parasitic Fusarium Isolated from Wheat Kernels from Central Europe

The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of selected seven commercial essential oils (EsO) (grapefruit, lemongrass, tea tree (TTO), thyme, verbena, cajeput, and Litsea cubeba) on isolates of common Central European parasitic fungal species of Fusarium obtained from infected wheat kernels, and to evaluate the oils as potential natural fungicides. The study was conducted in 2 stages. At each stage, the fungicidal activity of EsO (with concentrations of 0.025; 0.05; 0.125; 0.25; 0.50; 1.0, and 2.0%) against Fusarium spp. was evaluated using the disc plate method and zones of growth inhibition were measured. At the first stage, the fungistatic activity of EsO was evaluated against four species of Fusarium from the Polish population (F. avenaceum FAPL, F. culmorum FCPL, F. graminearum FGPL and F. oxysporum FOPL). The correlation coefficient between the mycelial growth rate index (T) and the fungistatic activity (FA) was calculated. At the second stage, on the basis of the mycelium growth rate index, the effectiveness of the EsO in limiting the development of Fusarium isolates from the German population (F. culmorum FC1D, F. culmorum FC2D, F. graminearum FG1D, F. graminearum FG2D and F. poae FP0D) was assessed. The first and second stage results presented as a growth rate index were then used to indicate essential oils (as potential natural fungicides) effectively limiting the development of various common Central European parasitic species Fusarium spp. Finally, the sensitivity of four Fusarium isolates from the Polish population and five Fusarium isolates from the German population was compared. The data were compiled in STATISTICA 13.0 (StatSoft, Inc, CA, USA) at the significance level of 0.05. Fusarium isolates from the German population were generally more sensitive than those from the Polish population. The sensitivity of individual Fusarium species varied. Their vulnerability, regardless of the isolate origin, in order from the most to the least sensitive, is as follows: F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. poae, F. avenaceum and F. oxysporum. The strongest fungicidal activity, similar to Funaben T, showed thyme oil (regardless of the concentration). Performance of citral oils (lemongrass and Litsea cubeba) was similar but at a concentration above 0.025%.     

5A沸石在水溶液中对氯化十四烷基吡啶的吸附

表面活性剂在固液界面上的吸附作用是十分重要的课题,为此我们开展了这方面的研究^[1-3]。沸石结构规则,孔大小均匀,具有特殊的吸附性质。近年来由于作为合成洗涤剂助剂的三聚磷酸钠可使水质富营养化,故国内外都在研究洗涤剂的低磷化措施。     

Chinazolinone, 3. Mitt.: α-Alkylolamide aus Aziden der Chinazolinonreihe

0-Acylated N-alkylolamides3 were prepared from the quinazolinyl-azides1 by heating1 in acetic anhydride. Cleavage of the ester moiety by acetic acid yielded the free alkylolamides4. Possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.