金属有机骨架薄膜用于小分子和离子的高效分离（英文）

综述了近几年金属有机骨架(MOF)薄膜在小分子和离子高效分离应用中的研究进展.MOF膜材料因具有结晶度良好、结构可设计、孔径可调和可功能化等特点,在分离领域展现出极大的潜在应用价值而受到广泛关注.鉴于近年来MOF膜材料在分离领域取得的巨大进展,对这一领域的前沿进展进行及时系统的总结,并对未来的发展趋势进行展望,具有重要的学术价值,也为科研工作者对MOF膜材料的研究提供了参考.本文首先总结了MOF膜的4种制备方法,包括LBL自组装法(液相外延和Langmuir-Blodgett沉积)、真空制备法(化学气相沉积和原子层沉积)、电化学沉积法和粉末沉积法;而后,详述了MOF膜在气体分离、液体分离及离子/质子传导等方面的应用;最后,总结了MOF膜材料领域当前存在的挑战及潜在解决途径,并对该领域的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

金属有机框架材料对Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附去除研究进展

重金属离子污染问题一直备受关注。开发利用多孔材料吸附去除水中重金属离子一直是材料、环境等相关学科领域的研究热点之一。金属有机框架材料（metal-organic frameworks,MOFs）是一类新型的多孔材料,具有结构多样、比表面积大、孔径可调、孔表面特征易设计调控等特点,在气体分离、催化、传感等领域表现出极大的应用潜力。近年来,高稳定MOF材料的构筑取得了许多重大突破,大量研究工作探索了这类材料在水中的应用,包括水中重金属离子的吸附去除。Cr （Ⅵ）离子是一类毒性大、分布广的重金属离子,不同条件下存在形态多样,其吸附去除研究具有理论和实际意义。本文主要综述了近年来利用MOF材料吸附去除水中Cr （Ⅵ）离子的研究工作,并将这些材料归属为：（1）高稳定的锆基MOF、（2）阳离子框架型MOF、（3）后修饰的MOF及（4） MOF基复合材料4类;也对这些材料的Cr （Ⅵ）离子吸附机理、吸附量、材料再生性等进行了概括;最后分析了MOF材料在重金属离子吸附去除实际应用上存在的问题并展望了今后的重点研究方向。     

新型空穴传输材料CuSCN在光电器件中的应用

硫氰化亚铜（CuSCN）是一种良好的p型宽禁带透明半导体材料,具有较高的透光性、高导电率、易于常温制备、可溶液加工性以及价格低廉等优点,使得CuSCN成为未来大面积制备光电器件的有力竞争者。本文概述了CuSCN半导体材料的晶体结构、光学性质以及空穴传输特性等基本物理性质,介绍了几种常见CuSCN薄膜的制备方法,包括溶液加工成膜法、电化学沉积法和连续性离子层吸附与反应法等;对上述不同的制备方法结合实际应用进行了阐述,同时对比与讨论了各种制备方法的优点和缺点;接下来总结了CuSCN材料作为空穴传输层在场效应晶体管（FETs）、有机电致发光器件（OLEDs）、有机太阳能电池（OSCs）以及有机-无机杂化太阳能电池（HSCs）等领域的应用及其研究进展,最后对CuSCN所面临的问题以及研究前景进行了展望。     

金属有机骨架材料制备双金属或多金属催化材料及其应用

金属有机骨架（metal-organic framework,简称MOF）材料的研究在近几年相当热门,因其各种优异的性质,在催化领域得到广泛应用。然而,其本身作为催化剂的研究并不多且应用较为局限。但MOF材料规则的多孔结构及较大的比表面积为负载高分散金属纳米催化剂提供了天然的物理空间,能有效阻止金属纳米颗粒的团聚及浸出;使催化剂与反应物充分接触,有利于催化反应的进行,这也是近年来MOF材料作为催化剂的一个主要研究方向。本文着重讨论通过不同的方法将金属纳米颗粒负载在MOF材料上制备双金属或多金属催化剂并在催化领域的应用。重点介绍一锅合成法、化学吸附还原负载法、金属有机化学气相沉积法、固相研磨法等制备方法,较为详细地介绍了其在氧化（醇、烷烃、烯烃和CO氧化）、加氢（羰基类化合物和烯烃类化合物加氢）、Knoevenagel缩合、光催化（光催化降解有机物和光解水产氢）等反应中的应用,讨论了这类新型功能催化剂材料所存在的问题并对其进一步发展前景做出展望。     

MOF-聚合物混合基质膜的制备、改性及其在渗透汽化中的应用

渗透汽化是一种具有能耗低、操作简便等优点的膜分离技术,目前传统聚合物渗透汽化膜在分离性能和稳定性等方面还有欠缺。金属有机框架(MOF)是由金属离子与有机配体以自组装形式组建而成的晶态多孔材料,具有独特的性质,如对目标分子的选择性吸附和分子筛分效应,近年来许多研究表明将MOF作为填料引入聚合物基质中构筑混合基质膜(MMMs)对其渗透汽化性能有很好的促进作用。本文从MOF的不同系列出发,讨论了适用于渗透汽化混合基质膜的MOF种类,分析了MOF-聚合物混合基质膜的制备方法与改性策略,综述了该类混合基质膜在渗透汽化方面(有机溶剂脱水、从稀溶液中回收有机物、有机混合物的分离)的应用进展,总结了用于渗透汽化的MOF-聚合物混合基质膜研究面临的挑战,并对其未来发展提出展望。     

机器学习筛选用于气体吸附分离和存储的金属有机骨架材料

金属有机框架（Metal-organic framework ,MOF）因其高孔隙率、高比表面积和结构可调性,在气体吸附分离领域广泛应用。随着MOF数量激增,传统分子模拟和实验方法验证MOF性能成本高且速度慢,因此目前MOF筛选工作已转向高通量计算辅助的机器学习（Machine-learning,ML）。机器学习作为一种高效的大数据处理方法,能够在高通量筛选（High-Throughput Computational Screening,HTCS）的基础上对数据进行拟合,从而快速而准确地筛选出气体吸附分离材料,并深入挖掘其结构与性能之间的关系。本文回顾了近年机器学习应用于MOF筛选的研究。本文重点讨论了一些运用机器学习从大量结构中筛选出可用于CH4、H2和CO2等气体吸附分离与储存的MOF材料的工作。同时,我们梳理了当前MOF材料筛选工作中的研究思路和进展,并指出了机器学习在筛选MOF材料工作中面临的一些瓶颈和挑战。最后,对该领域的未来发展前景进行了展望。     

高速逆流色谱研究进展

综述了近年来高速逆流色谱（HSCCC）在分析、半制备和制备分离天然产物、蛋白质、抗生素、无机物等领域的研究和应用进展,总结了适用于HSCCC的溶剂体系,并展望了HSCCC与质谱联用、pH区带逆流色谱和离子对逆流色谱新技术的应用前景。     

介晶氧化锌的制备及其应用研究进展

介晶氧化锌作为一种新型的光电功能材料,具有独特的电学、光电学、光化学和催化性质,在传感器、高频发生器和光催化等领域具有广泛的应用前景.本文综述了近年来介晶氧化锌的制备方法,如溶剂热法﹑沉淀法﹑离子液体法﹑溶胶凝胶法等,总结了这些方法的优点与不足.此外,还介绍了介晶氧化锌在应用方面的进展工作,并对其未来进展方向进行了展望.     

金属有机骨架材料在气体分离膜中的应用

金属有机骨架(Metal organic frameworks,MOF)是一种新型材料,有着比表面积高、孔径可调等优点,以此为基础制备MOF膜克服了 MOF材料界面相容性和热稳定性差的缺点,在气体分离领域具有良好的应用前景.本文介绍了 MOF膜的功能层应用、物理共混、界面聚合以及接枝改性;简述了每种方法对不同气体分离性...     

二维金属-有机骨架膜的制备及其在分离中的应用

膜分离在面向能源与环境问题的分离过程中具有极大的应用前景, 近几十年内发展迅速. 金属-有机骨架(MOFs)是一种新型微孔材料, 具有孔结构均一、可调控、多样化的特点, 用其制备的MOF膜在分离领域极具应用潜力. 而二维(2D)材料的飞速发展, 使2D MOF膜也成为倍受关注的一类新型分离膜. 由2D MOF纳米片构筑成的超薄分离膜, 通过MOF的固有孔径可以实现分子级别的筛分, 而纳米片之间的通道及纳米片面内通道为气体或水分子提供了更多的传质通道, 从而实现了优异的分离性能. 因此, 2D MOF膜被认为有望同时提高分离过程的渗透量和选择性, 成为满足工业分离需求的高性能分离膜.     

Metal-organic framework membranes: From synthesis to electrocatalytic applications

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as an emerging family of porous inorganic-organic crystal materials, exhibit widely applications in gas storage and separation, drug release, sensing, and catalysis, owing to easily adjustable pore sizes, uniformly distributed metal centers, high surface areas, and tunable functionalities. However, MOF crystal powders are usually difficult to be directly applied into specific devices because of their brittleness, insolubility and low compatibility. Therefore, to expand versatile MOF membranes with robustness and operational flexibility is urgent to satisfy practical applications. Although numerous reports have reviewed the synthesis and applications of MOF membranes, relatively few reports the electrocatalytic properties based on MOF membranes. Herein, this mini-review provides an overview of preparation of MOF membranes, including directed synthesis, secondary growth and electrochemical deposition method. Meanwhile, fabrication of ultrathin 2D MOF nanosheets those can be also defined as a kind of nanoscale MOF membranes is also mentioned. Electrocatalytic performance of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) for diverse MOF membranes/nanosheets and their derivatives are introduced.     

Engineering of the Filler/Polymer Interface in Metal–Organic Framework‐Based Mixed‐Matrix Membranes to Enhance Gas Separation

Traditional films cannot fully adapt to industrial applications and to intensified processes. Advanced mixed‐matrix membranes comprising metal–organic frameworks (MOF) embedded in a polymer matrix have been developed with the goal of breaking the trade‐off effect of traditional polymer membranes and achieving separation performance beyond Robeson's upper limit. The key challenges in the fabrication of MOF‐based mixed‐matrix membranes are an enhancement in compatibility between the inorganic filler and the polymer matrix, elimination of the irregular morphology and non‐selective interfacial defects, and further improvement in the gas‐separation performance. This review summarizes the recent advances in protocols and strategies in terms of designing interfacial interactions to enhance the MOF/polymer interface compatibility. This review aims at providing some meaningful insights into preparing MOF‐based mixed‐matrix membranes targeting ideal interfacial morphology and leading to excellent gas‐separation performance.     

低碳烯烃高效分离新型多孔材料的研究进展

低碳烯烃(乙烯、丙烯等)作为石油化工的基本原料是现代化学工业的基石,也是我国国民经济发展的重要组成部分。然而,其生产过程常伴随着分离困难且能耗较高等问题。金属有机骨架(MOF)材料作为第三代新型多孔材料,因其具有高孔隙率、大比表面积、孔尺寸高度可调、结构多样等优点,在低碳烯烃分离领域表现出巨大的潜能。本文综述了MOF材料在低碳烯烃吸附分离领域的研究现状,包括MOF的分离机理和针对不同分离任务所采用的孔径调节、配体修饰、吸附位点构筑等策略,重点总结了本课题组近几年关于MOF在低碳烯烃分离方面取得的研究进展,并对未来的工业化应用进行了展望。     

Mixed‐Matrix Membranes

Research into extended porous materials such as metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and porous organic frameworks (POFs), as well as the analogous metal‐organic polyhedra (MOPs) and porous organic cages (POCs), has blossomed over the last decade. Given their chemical and structural variability and notable porosity, MOFs have been proposed as adsorbents for industrial gas separations and also as promising filler components for high‐performance mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs). Research in this area has focused on enhancing the chemical compatibility of the MOF and polymer phases by judiciously functionalizing the organic linkers of the MOF, modifying the MOF surface chemistry, and, more recently, exploring how particle size, morphology, and distribution enhance separation performance. Other filler materials, including POFs, MOPs, and POCs, are also being explored as additives for MMMs and have shown remarkable anti‐aging performance and excellent chemical compatibility with commercially available polymers. This Review briefly outlines the state‐of‐the‐art in MOF‐MMM fabrication, and the more recent use of POFs and molecular additives.     

Vapor‐Phase Deposition and Modification of Metal–Organic Frameworks: State‐of‐the‐Art and Future Directions

Materials processing, and thin‐film deposition in particular, is decisive in the implementation of functional materials in industry and real‐world applications. Vapor processing of materials plays a central role in manufacturing, especially in electronics. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of nanoporous crystalline materials on the brink of breakthrough in many application areas. Vapor deposition of MOF thin films will facilitate their implementation in micro‐ and nanofabrication research and industries. In addition, vapor–solid modification can be used for postsynthetic tailoring of MOF properties. In this context, we review the recent progress in vapor processing of MOFs, summarize the underpinning chemistry and principles, and highlight promising directions for future research.     

Modular Customization and Regulation of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Efficient Membrane Separations

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered ideal membrane candidates for energy-efficient separations. However, the MOF membrane amount to date is only a drop in the bucket compared to the material collections. The fabrication of an arbitrary MOF membrane exhibiting inherent separation capacity of the material remains a long-standing challenge. Herein, we report a MOF modular customization strategy by employing four MOFs with diverse structures and physicochemical properties and achieving innovative defect-free membranes for efficient separation validation. Each membrane fully displays the separation potential according to the MOF pore/channel microenvironment, and consequently, an intriguing H₂/CO₂ separation performance sequence is achieved (separation factor of 1656–5.4, H₂ permeance of 964–2745 gas permeation unit). Taking advantage of this strategy, separation performance can be manipulated by a non-destructive modification separately towards the MOF module. This work establishes a universal full-chain demonstration for membrane fabrication-separation validation-microstructure modification and opens an avenue for exclusive customization of membranes for important separations.     

Coordination‐Driven In Situ Self‐Assembly Strategy for the Preparation of Metal–Organic Framework Hybrid Membranes

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as porous solids of a superior type for the fabrication of membranes. However, it is still challenging to prepare a uniformly dispersed robust MOF hybrid membrane. Herein, we propose a simple and powerful strategy, namely, coordination‐driven in situ self‐assembly, for the fabrication of MOF hybrid membranes. On the basis of the coordination interactions between metal ions and ligands and/or the functional groups of the organic polymer, this method was confirmed to be feasible for the production of a stable membrane with greatly improved MOF‐particle dispersion in and compatibility with the polymer, thus providing outstanding separation ability. As an experimental proof of concept, a high‐quality ZIF‐8/PSS membrane was fabricated that showed excellent performance in the nanofiltration and separation of dyes from water.     

Current Development and Challenges of Mixed Matrix Membranes for CO2/CH4 Separation

In the early stage of membrane technology development in gas separation, utilization of polymeric membranes has gained attention due to their robustness and ease of fabrication. However, the performance of polymeric membranes is limited by the trade-off between permeability and selectivity. Meanwhile, inorganic membrane is capable to exhibit great enhancement in separation performance but unfortunately its fabrication process is hard and costly. Thus, development of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) by incorporating inorganic fillers into the polymer matrix has become a potential alternative to overcome the limitations of polymeric and inorganic membranes in gas separation. Nevertheless, fabrication of defect-free MMMs with improved separation performance and without compromising the mechanical and thermal stability is extremely difficult and challenging. In the current review paper, various types of inorganic fillers for MMMs fabrication and recent reported efforts to tailor the underlying problems on MMMs fabrication were discussed. The future outlook to advance the performance of MMMs in gas separation especially for CO₂/CH₄ separation was highlighted.