金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第六讲金属材料中稀土元素的测定

1概述1.1稀土元素及其存在从元素周期系中的位置来看稀土元素属于第Ⅲ属的钪分属。原子序数从57到71的15种元素,在周期系中占据了一个特殊位置,因为这些元素是由镧开始的,因此常把它们总称为“镧系元素”。它们的同族元素钪和钇,在化学性质上与稀土元素十分相似,并且在自然界中也经常与镧系元素共生在一起,因此,通常把钪,钇与镧系元素放在一起研究。但钪的原子半径特别小,与镧系元素和钇的原子半径有明显差别,因而钪表现出许多独特性质。而钇则与镧系元素更加相似,因此,习惯上常把钇也包括在稀土元素之中。稀土元素在自然界的蕴藏量并不少,…     

读者园地

读者园地问:为什么有些专著中把钪和钇也称为稀土元素?浙江读者———张虹答:钪(Scandium,元素符号Sc,原子序数21)和钇(Yttrium,元素符号 Y,原子序数 39)分别是第 4周期和第5周期的第一个外过渡元素,同属ⅢA族。它们的最外层电子的排列方式与镧系元素(即稀土元素)的最外层电子排列相似,导致它们的许多化学性质也与稀土元素相似。而且在一些矿物中它们也常与稀土元素共生。因此,在化学中常把它们与稀土元素放在一起讨论,有些书刊中甚至把它们也称为稀土元素。元素钪的最外层电子构型为3d14s2,它的性质与稀土元素中的镧(Lanthanum,符号La,…     

为什么有些专著中把钪和钇也称为稀土元素？

钪(Scandium，元素符号Sc，原子序数21)和钇(Yttrium，元素符号Y，原子序数39)分别是第4周期和第5周期的第一个外过渡元素，同属ⅢA族。它们的最外层电子的排列方式与镧系元素(即稀土元素)的最外层电子排列相似，导致它们的许多化学性质也与稀土元素相似。而且在一些矿物中它们也常与稀土元素共生。因此，在化学中常把它们与稀土元素放在一起讨论，有些书刊中甚至把它们也称为稀土元素。     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第六讲金属材料中稀土元素的测定(续)

第三次沉淀是草酸沉淀，经过前两次分离，干扰稀土（Ⅲ）最终以草酸盐沉淀的共存元素已经除去。这次沉淀是以草酸盐的形式得到稀土的沉淀并最终得到符合化学计量要求的稀土氧化物。应予说明，试样如含有钇及钪，在整个分离过程中均与稀土元素在一起，故最终也包括在总稀土的含量之中。     

PMBP萃取-偶氮胂Ⅲ分光光度法测定茶叶中稀土元素总量

正稀土元素是镧系元素(15种)及与其性质相似的钪、钇两元素共17种元素的总称。稀土元素不仅可以促进植物根系的发育、促进幼苗生长,还能提高作物的产量、改善品质、增强作物的抗逆性和抗病性,因此在农业上得到了广泛的应用[1]。由于茶叶主要种植在高山上,容易受到干旱的影响,于是越来越多的茶农喷洒稀土药剂,以达到抗旱增产的目的,因此茶叶中会残留一定量的稀土元素,但国家标准GB 2762-2005《食品中污染物限量》中已规定茶叶     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第六讲金属材料中稀土元素的测定(续)

钇的离子半径介于镝与钬之间,因此它的性质更接近于重稀元素。当元素的价态发生变化时,离子半径也发生变化。例如三价铕离子的半径为1.13,而二价铕的半径就增加到1.2~1.3,这就与锶的离子半径(1.27)接近了。因此,二价铕离子的性质与碱土金属离子比较相似,因而,就有可能用硫酸锶来共沉淀铕,以富集微量的铕。表6-3中还列出了稀土元素三价离子的颜色,可作为鉴别的参考。1.4镧系元素的化学性质在1.2及1.3节中简要地提到了镧系元素的电子结构和价态的关系以及镧系收缩和原子半径,离子半径的递变规律。这些元素的上述性质和现象对它们的化学性质也…     

β型钪-间硝基偶氮氯膦-溴化正辛基吡啶显色体系的研究及其应用

间硝基偶氮氯膦(CPAmN)为镧系元素和钇的灵敏试剂。在一定条件下,该试剂与钪能发生α型和β型显色反应。本文研究了β型钪-间硝基偶氮氯膦-溴化辛基吡啶(OPB)三元体系的光度特性。发现,该体系与相应的二元体系相比,表面活性剂OPB的加入,虽然未能增敏,但能加快β型反应的显色速度,增加了体系的稳定性使其不易生成沉淀,并能     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行 第六讲 金属材料中稀土元素的测定（续）

1.5镧系元素的物理性质1.5.1镧系元素的晶体构型镧、铈、镨三元素是具有六方密堆积(h.c.p.)和立方密堆积(c.c.p.)晶型的双晶形金属,元素钪是面心立方(f.c.c.)和六方密堆积晶型的双晶形金属,钐是斜方六面体晶形,铕是体心立方晶形,镱是面心立方晶形,其余稀土金属都是六方密堆积晶形。稀土金属大都具有同素异晶的构型,由于晶型的转变,使其与其它金属的作用复杂化。钕的熔点为1 016℃,但以前曾把它由六方晶系向体心六立晶系转变的温度(840℃)误作为该金属的熔点。1.5.2镧系元素的密度钪的密度为2.99 g·cm-3和钇的密度为4.47 g·cm-3。其余元素…     

我国变价稀土化学与物理的研究现状

稀土元素的主体一镧系元素原子的电子层结构为[Xe]4f~(0-14)5d~(0-1)6s~2。当其失去两个6s和一个5d或4f电子后,形成了最常见的Ln~(3+),其中La~(3+),Gd~(3+)及Lu~(3+)的4f亚层分别为全     

鈧与釷之分离及测定 Ⅰ.以间硝基苯甲酸作试剂

本文报告用间硝基苯甲酸作钪的沉淀剂,适宜于沉淀的溶液酸度为pH2.5—5.8,沉淀剂之用量以超过理论量一至四倍为宜。曾用于测定1—51毫克氧化钪,均能获得满意之结果。此外尚测定钪盐的热分解曲线,该热解曲线在75—450℃有一平台,经有机元素分析及钪之测定,证明在该温度范围存在的化合物为无水正盐。另在885—1000℃(高于1000℃未测)处有一平台,代表氧化钪之形成。热分解曲线证明此钪沉淀可以其无水正盐作为称衡形式(换算因数为0.12693)。文中尚报告数种阴离子和碱金属盐类之影响,及与其他希土分离的情形,经两次沉淀,轻镧系元素虽多至二百倍,钇多至十倍亦不干扰。同时还设计一分离及分别测定钪和钍的方法。系先在pH1.7两次沉淀钍,再将合并滤液调节至pH2.8—3.0沉淀钪。在ThO_2:Sc_2O_3重量比为1.66:1至19.6:1之分离结果良好,绝对误差在-0.7至 0.5毫克二氧化钍和-0.2至 0.3毫克氧化钪之范围内。     

Generation and detection of levuglandins and isolevuglandins in vitro and in vivo

Levuglandins (LGs) and isolevuglandins (isoLGs), formed by rearrangement of endoperoxide intermediates generated through the cyclooxygenase and free radical induced oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are extraordinarily reactive, forming covalent adducts incorporating protein lysyl ε-amino groups. Because they accumulate, these adducts provide a dosimeter of oxidative injury. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the generation of LG/isoLG in vitro and in vivo and the detection methods for the adducts of LG/isoLG and biological molecules in vivo.     

Enthalpies of solution of purine and adenine in water and in dimethylsulfoxide

Journal of Solution Chemistry - Enthalpies of solution of purine and adenine in water and in demethylsulfoxide were measured calorimetrically in the temperature range 25–40°C. ΔH s...     

Coassembly of Nanorods and Nanospheres in Suspensions and in Stratified Films

The entropically driven coassembly of nanorods (cellulose nanocrystals, CNCs) and nanospheres (dye‐labeled spherical latex nanoparticles, NPs) was studied in aqueous suspensions and in solid films. In mixed CNC‐latex suspensions, phase separation into an isotropic latex‐NP‐rich and a chiral nematic CNC‐rich phase took place; the latter contained a significant amount of latex NPs. Drying the mixed suspension resulted in CNC‐latex films with planar disordered layers of latex NPs, which alternated with chiral nematic CNC‐rich regions. In addition, fluorescent latex NPs were embedded in the chiral nematic domains. The stratified morphology of the films, together with a random distribution of latex NPs in the anisotropic phase, led to the films having close‐to‐uniform fluorescence, birefringence, and circular dichroism properties.     

Determination of diazepam and nordazepam in milk and plasma in the presence of oxazepam and temazepam

For studies on the excretion of drugs into milk a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed to quantitate diazepam and nordazepam in the milk and plasma of humans and rabbits in the presence of their major metabolites, oxazepam and temazepam. Flurazepam was used as an internal standard. The assay involves extractions with diethyl ether and an additional acid clean-up step. Chromatographic separation was achieved by a LiChrospher 60 RP-select B (5 microns) column and KH2PO4- acetonitrile (69:31, v/v) adjusted to pH 2.80 as a mobile phase. The same extraction and chromatographic conditions were suited to both types of samples, milk and plasma. The limits of determination using ultraviolet detection at 241 nm was for diazepam 20 ng/ml and for nordazepam 15 ng/ml. The absolute recoveries of diazepam, nordazepam and flurazepam in human milk were 84, 86 and 92% and in human plasma 97, 89 and 94%, respectively. The within- and between-day accuracy and precision for diazepam and nordazepam in milk and plasma at all concentrations tested (20-1500 ng/ml) were better than 8%. The high fat content which occurs in rabbit milk presented no limitation for the extraction of lipophilic diazepam: the method was successfully used to monitor milk and plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordazepam in lactating New Zealand White rabbits during 26-h infusions of diazepam (1.4 mg/h).     

Comparison and correlation of in vitro, in vivo and in silico evaluations of alpha, beta and gamma cyclodextrin complexes of curcumin

In the present study investigated the effect of curcumin (CUR) alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) cyclodextrin (CD) complexes on its solubility and bioavailability. CUR the active principle of turmeric is a natural antioxidant agent with potent anti-inflammatory activity along with chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive properties. Poor solubility and poor oral bioavailability are the main reasons which preclude CUR use in therapy. Extent of complexation was β-CD complex (82 %) > γ-CD (71 %) > α-CD (65 %). Pulverization method resulted in significant enhancement of CUR (0.002 mg/ml) solubility with CUR α-CD complex (0.364 mg/ml) > CUR β-CD complex (0.186 mg/ml) > CUR γ-CD complex (0.068 mg/ml). Gibbs-free energy and in silico molecular docking studies favour formation of α-CD complex > β-CD complex > γ-CD complex. With reference to CUR, relative bioavailability of CUR α-CD, CUR β-CD and CUR γ-CD complexes were 460, 365 and 99 % respectively. CUR–CD complexes exhibited increased bioavailability with an increase in t_½, tmax, Cmax, AUC, Ka, and MRT; and a decrease in Ke, clearance and Vd values. AUC increase was CUR α-CD complex > CUR β-CD complex > CUR γ-CD complex. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between CUR α-CD complex and CUR γ-CD complex by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post hoc test for multiple comparison analysis. Correlation observed between in vitro, in vivo and in silico methods indicates potential of in silico and in vitro methods in CD selection.     

Homo- and hetero-complexes of exchangeable apolipoproteins in solution and in lipid-bound form

The self-association state of human plasma apolipoprotein E (apoE) in solution and in complexes with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) varying in stoichiometry was studied in sub-micromolar concentration range by gel filtration, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence quenching and energy transfer measurements with apolipoprotein labeled with lysine-specific fluorescent dyes. Together, these results confirm the equilibrium scheme for various apoE structures in solution: oligomer (in aged preparations) <==> 'closed' tetramer <==> 'open' tetramer ('molten globule' state) <==> native or partially denatured monomer <==> fully denatured monomer. Within DMPC:apoE discoidal complex (125:1) the apolipoprotein association state seems to be intermediate between that in solution and in larger vesicular complex (1000:1); for both complexes, the degree of exposure of fluorescein chromophores into water phase decreased. Hetero-associates of apoA-I and apoC-III-1 in solution and in the complexes with DMPC appear to behave similarly to apoE. When extrapolated to native HDL particles, 'molten globule' state seems to be a structure responsible for the interaction of exchangeable apolipoproteins with phospholipid. For a first time, the location of various apolipoprotein molecules on disc periphery was confirmed. The lysine residue(s) seems to locate closely to reacting residue(s) within apolipoprotein molecules in associates, however, with different package constraints for discoidal versus vesicular complexes with phospholipid.     

Structure of dimethoxyamine in the crystalline and gaseous phases and in solution

Conclusions It has been established by the methods of x-ray diffraction analysis and electron diffraction analysis and measurements of the dipole moments and the birefringence that in the crystalline and gaseous phases, as well as in solution, N,N-dimethoxyamine has a gauche-gauche conformation, which is stipulated by a stabilizing nO-N-O* orbital interaction. The geometric parameters of the molecule have been determined.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2235–2242, October, 1986.     

Fluorimetric quantification of clodronate and alendronate in aqueous samples and in serum

The bisphosphonates clodronate and alendronate are drugs in the therapy of osteoporosis or Paget's disease. They are highly hydrophilic and therefore of low oral bioavailability. Determination methods for bisphosphonates are often laborious and expensive equipment is needed. The presented quantification method based on kinetic measurement of the fluorescence decrease of an Al³⁺-morin complex can be used to determine the bisphosphonate content in aqueous and plasma samples. The intra- and inter-assay accuracies were found to be within 98.8% and 102.3% of the target samples for clodronate and within 97.2% and 105.0% of the target samples for alendronate. The LOQ was defined as 15.6 ng/ml for clodronate and 62.5 ng/ml for alendronate. In serum samples, intra- and inter-assay accuracy was found to be within 99.0% and 101.6% of the target samples for clodronate and within 97.8% and 102.6% of the target samples for alendronate. In serum samples, the LOQ was defined as 1.55 mg/ml for clodronate and 0.39 mg/ml for alendronate. Though less sensitive in serum, the presented method could support research on the development of drug delivery systems in vitro and in vivo for the investigated and other structurally related bisphosphonates.