低水碳摩尔比条件下液化石油气高效预重整的Ni/CeO2/Al2O3 催化剂

 采用硝酸镍和硝酸铈水溶液共浸渍薄水铝石制备了 Ni/CeO2/Al2O3 催化剂, 并将其用于低水碳摩尔比条件下商用液化石油气 (LPG) 预重整反应. 考察了 Ni 含量和反应温度对催化剂性能的影响. 结果表明, 在 300~400 oC 和水碳摩尔比为 1.0 的条件下, 该催化剂具有很高的催化 LPG 预重整反应活性. 15%Ni/CeO2/Al2O3 催化剂在 350 oC, 3 000 ml/(g•h) 和水碳摩尔比 1.0 的条件下, 反应 105 h 后 LPG 转化率和产气组成均保持不变, 表现出较高的稳定性. 反应后催化剂表面没有明显的积炭.     

甲烷干重整反应用Ni-Ru/MgAl类水滑石催化剂的研究

采用焙烧记忆法分别制备Ni/Mg Al O和NiRu/Mg Al O类水滑石催化剂用于甲烷干重整反应.利用XRD、TPR、TG、XPS、CO2-TPD、TEM等表征催化剂的结构及失活特征,发现在Ni/Mg Al O中添加Ru,有利于增加催化剂表面Ni含量,并促进Ni2+的还原.不同Mg/Al比双金属催化剂中,7Ni-0.15Ru/Mg2.5Al催化剂具有较高的催化活性,这归结为该催化剂适宜的碱性、较高表面Ni含量以及小尺寸的Ni0物种.添加Ru明显抑制Ni/Mg Al O催化剂表面的丝状碳的形成.而7Ni-0.15Ru/Mg2.5Al较强的抗积碳性能与其较小Ni0晶粒尺寸及适宜催化剂碱性有关.     

Zr改性Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂用于浆态相合成气的低温甲烷化

采用浆态床反应器,在低温(300~330 ℃)下进行合成气的甲烷化反应.实验中通过共浸渍法(包括含浸-旋蒸法)制备了锆(Zr)修饰的Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,并考察其与单一NiO、未掺杂Zr 的Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的催化性能差异.研究表明,载体γ-Al₂O₃的引入能够明显地提高CO的转化率和甲烷的选择性,而Zr的掺杂会进一步提升催化剂的催化活性.在325 ℃,空速为4 200 mL·g^-1·h^-1时,CO的转化率可以达到86.41%,甲烷选择性为90.53%.催化剂的表征结果表明,Zr的添加促进了Ni在催化剂表面的分散、减弱了活性Ni与载体的相互作用,抑制了低甲烷化活性的NiAl₂O₄的生成,使得催化剂的反应性能得到较大提高.     

Ni/MgO/Al2O3催化剂上以1-甲基萘为模型化合物高温焦炉煤气焦油的催化转化

采用共浸渍薄水铝石(AlOOH)方法制备了一系列Ni/MgO/Al₂O₃催化剂, 并采用N₂气吸附及Ｘ射线衍射等手段进行了表征. 选择1-甲基萘作为焦油模型化合物, 研究了该催化剂催化转化具有较低水蒸气/碳摩尔比(n_H2O/n_C) 的高温焦炉煤气(COG)中焦油催化反应性能. 考察了催化剂中MgO含量及反应条件等对催化剂性能的影响. 实验结果表明, 在775 ℃和n_H2O/n_C=0.7条件下, MgO改性的Ni/MgO/Al₂O₃催化剂对1-甲基萘催化转化为小分子气体反应具有较好的催化活性和稳定性; 热重分析表明, MgO的加入能显著提高催化剂的抗积炭能力. 在Ni/MgO/Al₂O₃催化剂上, 反应气中高浓度H₂S气体(0.25%, 体积分数)能够促进焦油催化转化为小分子气体, 这可能是由于H₂S在Ni表面的可逆吸附形成更适合于重整反应的活性位, 同时抑制了烷烃裂解吸附形成的碳在金属中的溶解、扩散并最终形成积炭过程.     

焙烧温度对Ni-Mg基蜂窝状催化剂生物燃气重整调变性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了Ni、Mg双金属负载在堇青石表面形成的蜂窝状催化剂,研究了焙烧温度对催化剂结构和生物质粗燃气重整反应性能的影响.结果表明,在不同焙烧温度下主要有NiO和NiMgO₂固溶体物相生成.相比于其他焙烧温度,催化剂在650 ℃焙烧温度下更有利于镍活性金属位的分散和活性位数量的增加.在干重整反应条件下,CH₄、CO₂的转化率以及H₂、CO产率随焙烧温度的升高呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,在650 ℃焙烧温度下达到最高.在水蒸气重整反应条件下主要发生烃类产物与H₂O和CO₂的重整反应以及水煤气变换反应,焙烧温度的升高有利于水煤气反应的进行.此外,焙烧温度对于干重整反应条件下的H₂/CO体积比调节影响较小,而对于水蒸气重整反应条件下的H₂/CO体积比可进行选择性调节.     

镍基整体式催化剂上生物质粗燃气重整调变的特性研究

采用浸渍法制备了Ni基整体式催化剂,考察了不同条件(温度、时间、空速、水蒸气添加等)对催化剂上生物质粗燃气重整反应性能的影响。结果表明,催化剂在较低温度下(≤500 ℃)只具有CO加氢反应活性,随着反应温度的升高粗燃气重整反应逐渐进行,在800 ℃以上,CH₄和C₂转化率均高达95 %以上,CO₂转化率达到92%,但随着反应空速和水蒸气添加量的增加,CH₄和CO₂等转化率呈现缓慢降低的趋势。此外,通过改变水蒸气添加量可对合成气中H₂/CO体积比在0.85~4.00进行较好调节。结合XRD表征发现,Ni基整体式催化剂中Ni°的生成可较好地促进重整反应的进行。     

介质阻挡放电等离子制备5Ni-5La/SiO2催化剂及其甲烷干重整反应催化性能

利用介质阻挡放电等离子体法制备了5Ni-5La/SiO₂催化剂,并用于甲烷干重整反应.在常压, 700℃,空速为4.8×104 mL·g^-1·h^-1时,等离子体法所制催化剂催化甲烷干重整反应的CH₄和CO₂的转化率分别为81.2%和88.4%,且在30 h内保持稳定;而传统催化剂的CH₄和CO₂初始转化率分别为81%和88.4%, 30 h后下降到58.8%和68.6%.研究结果表明,介质阻挡放电等离子体法制备的催化剂具有更高的分散性和更强的金属与La₂O₃的相互作用.等离子体处理增加了Ni周围的电子密度,增强了CO₂在催化剂表面的吸附能力和活化能力,促进了HCOO^-中间体的生成,有利于反应正向进行.     

二甲醚部分氧化重整制氢中的部分氧化催化剂的考察

采用浸渍法制备了一系列负载型贵金属催化剂,与Ni/Al2O3构成双床层催化剂,在连续流动固定床反应器中,进行了二甲醚(DME)部分氧化重整制氢的研究,系统地考察了贵金属类型及其负载量、载体以及还原温度与反应温度的影响.结果表明,Pd/Al2O3催化性能不及Pt/Al2O3和Rh/Al2O3,而Pt/Al2O3和Rh/Al2O3催化性能相当,考虑到价格因素,选择了Pt/Al2O3作为本反应催化剂.对Pt负载量的考察表明,0.5%Pt/Al2O3催化性能最佳,且Al2O3又比MgO和ZrO2更适合作载体.通过对工艺条件的考察,确定适当的还原温度与反应温度均为700℃.在上述最佳催化剂与反应条件下,DME转化率保持在100%,H2收率可达80%.     

甲醇水蒸气重整制氢CuO/CeO2-ZrO2/SiC整体催化剂的研究

采用浸渍法和溶胶凝胶法制备了CuO/CeO₂-ZrO₂/SiC整体催化剂，并将其用于甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应中。结果表明，与CuO/CeO₂-ZrO₂颗粒催化剂相比，CuO/CeO₂-ZrO₂/SiC整体催化剂催化活性较好，产氢速率较快且重整气中CO体积分数较低。进一步探究了涂层涂覆量和CuO负载量对催化性能的影响，结果表明，当CeO₂-ZrO₂复合氧化物涂层涂覆量在15%±1%，CuO负载量为5%±1%时，催化性能较好；当反应温度为340℃，水醇物质的量比为1.2，甲醇水蒸气气体空速为4840 h^-1时，甲醇转化率为86.0%，产氢速率为1490.0 L/（m³·s），重整气中CO体积分数为1.55%。最后通过单因素实验法探究了甲醇水蒸气气体空速、水醇物质的量比和反应温度对反应的影响。结果表明，随着气体空速变大，甲醇转化率下降，产氢速率上升，重整气中CO体积分数下降。随着水醇物质的量比增加，甲醇转化率先上升后下降，产氢速率先上升后下降，重整气中CO体积分数下降。随着反应温度的升高，甲醇转化率、产氢速率和重整气中CO体积分数均上升。     

乙醇水蒸气重整制氢催化剂Ni/Al2O3的研究

采用壳多糖螯合、浸渍法制备出Ni/Al2O3催化剂,并用BET、XRD、TG等方法对催化剂的性能、结构进行表征.通过在常压固定床流动体系中进行乙醇水蒸气重整制氢反应,讨论和评价了催化剂的性能.结果表明,10%Ni/Al2O3催化剂对乙醇水蒸气重整制氢表现出较好的活性.在反应温度高于500℃、水醇比为3∶1时,乙醇转化率100%,H2选择性在68%以上,增大水醇比可使H2选择性适度提高.     

液化石油气水蒸气重整镍催化剂新型载体研究

以共沉淀法合成了硅铝系载体（AS和SA），并采用改性天然高铝石为原料合成了矿物质载体（MC-1和MC-2）,采用浸渍法合成了镍负载型催化剂。用常压固定床管式反应器，考察了液化石油气水蒸气重整反应活性，通过XRD、物理吸附等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明，以MC-1、MC-2和SA、AS为载体的催化剂的水蒸气重整活性明显高于目前普遍使用的Ni/α-Al2O3催化剂。以SA为载体，负载5%镍的催化剂具有最好的水蒸气重整活性。在750 ℃，水碳比为2.0的条件下转化率达100％，C1选择性达94.46％。XRD分析结果表明1 300 ℃焙烧后的SA载体中存在α-Al2O3晶型和莫来石结构。硅、铝添加次序对水蒸气重整活性影响较大，硅-铝添加次序的催化剂样品的活性高于铝-硅添加次序的样品，C1选择性提高12.7％。     

镁铝混合氧化物负载镍催化剂上液化石油气的预重整

采用共沉淀-浸渍法并在较低温度(400～700℃)下焙烧制备了镁铝混合氧化物(MgmAl)负载的Ni催化剂.X射线衍射和程序升温还原结果表明,Ni物种高度分散于催化剂表面,没有形成尖晶石NiAl2O4.在650℃可被还原成金属Ni纳米晶粒,在400℃和较低水/碳摩尔比(S/C=2)条件下表现出较好的催化液化石油气(LP...     

添加表面活性剂两步沉淀法制备甲醇催化剂

采用添加表面活性剂两步沉淀法制备了具有高表面铜相对浓度的超细甲醇合成催化剂。以组成为H2/CO/CO2/N2=66/27/3/4(体积比）的原料气对催化剂进行了活性评价。结果表明，该催化剂比传统并流沉淀法制备的铜基催化剂活性提高47.9%，比两步沉淀法和添加表面活性剂并流沉淀法制备的铜基催化剂活性分别提高9.3%和16.8%。利用SEM、XRD及XPS方法对催化剂的结构、形貌和表面金属组成进行了表征。     

NiO/LaMnO3催化剂用于乙醇水蒸气重整反应

采用柠檬酸络合-浸渍法制备了NiO/LaMnO3钙钛矿型复合氧化物催化剂并将其应用于乙醇水蒸汽重整制氢反应, 考察了NiO含量、焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响, 采用XRD、TPR和热分析等手段对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 该催化剂具有高活性、高选择性和良好的稳定性. 催化剂中的NiO含量和焙烧温度对催化性能有显著影响. 在原料气体积组成为20%(体积分数, φ) C2H5OH 和水以及80%(φ)N2, 其中水醇摩尔比为3:1, 空速为80000 mL·h-1·g-1 cat, 反应温度为400 ℃时, 15%(质量分数, w)的NiO/LaMnO3上, 乙醇转化率接近100%. 关联催化剂活性和TPR及XRD实验结果, 发现催化剂的高活性源于由催化剂前驱体中进入钙钛矿型复合氧化物晶格中的镍离子被还原所得的金属镍.     

Ethanol steam reforming over Ni-Cu/Al2O3-MyOz （M = Si, La, Mg, and Zn） catalysts

Ni-based catalysts doped with copper additives were studied on their role in ethanol steam reforming reaction.The effects of Ca content,support species involving Al2O3-SiO2,Al2O3-MgO,Al2O3-ZnO,and Al2O3-La2O3,on the catalytic performance were studied.Characterizations by TPR,XRD,NH3-TPD,XPS,and TGA indicated that catalysts 30Ni5Cu/Al2O3-MgO and 30NiSCu/Al2O3-ZnO have much higher H2 selectivity than 30NiSCu/Al2O3-SiO2,as well as good coke resistance.H2 selectivity for 30Ni5Cu/Al2O3-MgO catalyst was 73.3% at 450℃ and increased to 94.0% at 600 ℃,whereas for 30NiSCu/Al2O3-ZnO catalyst,the H2 selectivity was 63.6% at 450 ℃ and 95.2% at 600 ℃.These Al2O3-MgO and Al2O3-ZnO supported Ni-Cu bimetallic catalysts may have important applications in the production of hydrogen by ethanol steam reforming reactions.     

Hydrogen production from simulated hot coke oven gas by catalytic reforming over Ni/Mg(A1)O catalysts

Hydrogen production by catalytic reforming of simulated hot coke oven gas (HCOG) with toluene as a model tar compound was investigated in a fixed bed reactor over Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method using urea hydrolysis and characterized by ICP,BET, XRD, TPR, TEM and TG. XRD showed that the hydrotalcite type precursor after calcination formed (Ni,Mg)Al2O4 spinel and Ni-Mg-O solid solution structure. TPR results suggested that the increase in Ni/Mg molar ratio gave rise to the decrease in the reduction temperature of Ni2+ to Ni0 on Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts. The reaction results indicated that toluene and CH4 could completely be converted to H2 and CO in the catalytic reforming of the simulated HCOG under atmospheric pressure and the amount of H2 in the reaction effluent gas was about 4 times more than that in original HCOG. The catalysts with lower Ni/Mg molar ratio showed better catalytic activity and resistance to ceking, which may become promising catalysts in the catalytic reforming of HCOG.     

＂Intelligent＂ reforming catalysts： Trace noble metal-doped Ni/Mg（A1）O derived from hydrotalcites

Trace amounts of noble metal-doped Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts were prepared starting from Mg-Al hydrotalcites (HTs) and tested in daily start-up and shut-down (DSS) operation of steam reforming (SR) of methane or partial oxidation (PO) of propane. Although Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts prepared from Mg(Ni)-Al HT exhibited high and stable activity in stationary SR, PO and dry reforming of methane and propane, the Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts were drastically deactivated due to Ni oxidation by steam as purge gas when they were applied in DSS SR ofmethane. Such deactivation was effectively suppressed by doping trace amounts of noble metal on the catalysts by using a “memory effect” of HTs. Moreover, the noble metal-doped Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts exhibited “intelligent” catalytic behaviors, i.e., self-activation and self-regenerative activity, leading to high and sustainable activity during DSS operation. Pt was the most effective among noble metals tested. The self-activation occurred by the reduction of Ni2+ in Mg(Ni,Al)O periclase to Ni0 assisted by hydrogen spillover from Pt (or Pt-Ni alloy). The self-regenerative activity was accomplished by self-redispersion of active Ni0 particles due to a reversible reductionoxidation movement of Ni between the outside and the inside of the Mg(Al)O periclase crystal; surface Ni0 was oxidized to Ni2+ by steam and incorporated into Mg(Ni2+,Al)O periclase, whereas the Ni2+ in the periclase was reduced to Ni0 by the hydrogen spillover and appeared as the fine Ni0 particles on the catalyst surface. Further a “green” preparation of the Pt/Ni/[Mg3.5Al]O catalysts was accomplished starting from commercial Mg3.5-Al HT by calcination, followed by sequential impregnation of Ni and Pt.     

Catalytic steam reforming of model compounds of biomass pyrolysis liquids in fluidized bed reactor with modified Ni/Al catalysts

Catalytic steam reforming of acetic acid and hydroxyacetone (acetol) as model compounds of the aqueous fraction of bio-oil (biomass derived pyrolysis liquids) was studied in fluidized bed reactor over Ni/Al catalysts modified with calcium or magnesium. Attrition tests showed that the use of small quantities of these promoters improved the mechanical strength of the reforming catalyst. An optimum Ca/Al molar ratio of 0.12 and a Mg/Al molar ratio of 0.26 leaded to attrition rates of 0.22 and 0.27 wt%/h, respectively. Steam reforming experiments were performed at 650 °C and a steam to carbon molar ratio (S/C) of 5.58. The promoted catalysts showed different acetic acid steam reforming activities depending on the Ca/Al or Mg/Al molar ratios. Magnesium modified catalysts with a Mg/Al molar ratios of 0.26 and 0.50 showed good performances with almost no activity loss with time in contrast to the calcium modified catalysts that showed higher CO and CH₄ yields. The addition of calcium generated a NiO phase with less interaction with the support. The highest H₂ yield and carbon conversion in acetic steam reforming were obtained by a magnesium promoted catalyst with a Mg/Al ratio of 0.26, while the nonpromoted Ni/Al catalyst showed the best performance in acetol steam reforming. Then, the nature of the organic compound influenced the performance of the different catalysts.     

制备条件对Ni/ZrO2-SiO2催化剂煤气甲烷化的影响

采用浸渍法制备了ZrO₂-SiO₂复合载体和Ni质量分数为6%的Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂,考察了载体制备时浸渍溶液pH值、焙烧温度和催化剂制备时的焙烧温度对Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂煤气甲烷化反应性能的影响。采用X射线衍射、程序升温还原和扫描电子显微镜等方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,载体浸渍溶液pH值为8.0～9.0, 载体焙烧温度为550 ℃,催化剂焙烧温度为450 ℃时,Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂在煤气甲烷化反应中显示了最优的催化性能,CO转化率100%,CO₂转化率1.8%,CH₄生成速率16.6 mmol/(h·g)。进一步表征发现,制备ZrO₂-SiO₂复合载体时,增大浸渍溶液的pH值有利于形成粒径较小的亚稳态四方晶相ZrO₂,可见四方晶相ZrO₂更有利于甲烷化反应;载体焙烧温度会影响到NiO粒径的大小和其在催化剂表面的分散,温度过高和过低都会导致NiO粒径大小的不适宜以及分散性的降低;催化剂焙烧温度过高则会导致NiO与载体间的相互作用减弱,NiO分散性降低。     

Autothermal reforming of methane over Ni catalysts supported over ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3

Ni catalysts supported on Al2O3, ZrO2-Al2O3, CeO2-Al2O3 and ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 were prepared by coprecipitation method, and their catalytic performances for autothermal reforming of methane to hydrogen were investigated. The Ni-supported catalysts were characterized by XRD, TPR and XPS. The relationship between the structures and catalytic activities of the catalysts was discussed. The results showed that the catalytic activity and stability of the Ni/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst was better than those of other catalysts with the highest CH4 conversion, H2/CO and H2/COx ratio at 750 ℃. The catalyst showed a little deactivation along the reaction time during its 72 h on stream with the mean deactivation rate of 0.08%/h. The catalytic performance of the Ni/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst was also affected by reaction temperature, no2 ： nCH4 molar ratio and nH2O ： nCH4 molar ratio. TPR, XRD and XPS measurements indicated that the formation of ZrO2-CeO2 solid solution could improve the dispersion of NiO, and inhibit the formation of NiAl2O3, and thus significantly promoted the catalytic activity of the Ni/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst.