Single standard substance for the determination of nine volatile components in the distillate of Fructus Gardeniae and Radix Curcumae (an intermediate of Xingnaojing Injection)

Xingnaojing Injection is a traditional Chinese medicine extensively used for stroke and cerebral ischemia. For better in‐process quality control of Xingnaojing Injection, a method for the analysis of its intermediate (i.e., the distillate of Fructus Gardeniae and Radix Curcumae ) is needed to monitor and optimize the hydrodistillation extraction process. In this work, nine major volatile components in the intermediate were identified: isophorone, 4‐methylene‐isophorone, curcumenone, curcumenol, curdione, curzerenone, furanodienone, curcumol, and germacrone. A quantitative analysis of multi‐component with a single‐marker method based on high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of the nine components. In this method, only curdione was needed as the reference substance, and the other eight components were determined using their relative correction factors to curdione. In the method validation, good linearity (r  > 0.9999), sensitivity, repeatability, and accuracy (recoveries within 95.3–105.4%) were shown. The repeatability and robustness of the relative correction factors were studied with different column temperatures, flow rates, detection wavelengths, columns, and instruments. In sample analyses, consistent results between the proposed method and the external standard method were shown. The proposed method provides a comprehensive and low‐cost tool for the quality assessment of the intermediate of Xingnaojing Injection.     

Simultaneous determination of seven phenylethanoid glycosides in Cistanches Herba by a single marker using a new calculation of relative correction factor

Current quantitative analysis of multi‐components by a single marker is usually performed by using liquid chromatography methods coupled with ultraviolet or mass spectrometry detection to afford the relative correction factors between reference standard and other components. However, low durability of the relative correction factors caused by different chromatographic system leading this approach lacking a high accuracy. In the present study, a simple but effective method was established by employing the absorption coefficient () to calculate the relative correction factors instead of peak area or height. The absorption coefficient, a fundamental constant of physics, has been widely used for qualitative and quantitative analysis in Pharmacopoeia all over the world. According to the absorbance coefficient ratio between echinacoside and other compounds, the content of seven phenylethanoid glycosides in Cistanche deserticola and Cistanches tubulosa were determined simultaneously. The low standard method difference on quantitative measurement of seven compounds in Cistanches Herba between our method and the external standard method proved the consistency of the two methods. Using an ultra high performance liquid system, these seven bioactive phenylethanoid glycosides were baseline separated in 8 min. All the data suggested that the method was accurate and reliable for the determination of multi‐components when authentic standard substances were unavailable.     

Quantitative analysis of multicomponents by a single marker and quality evaluation of Venenum Bufonis from different geographical origins

Bufadienolides are the main bioactive components of Venenum Bufonis (VB) and have been widely used to treat different types of human cancers for decades. The bufadienolide content in VB varies significantly in materials from different geographical origins. In this work, a new strategy for the quality assessment of VB was developed through quantitative analysis of multi‐components by single marker (QAMS). Cinobufagin was selected as the internal reference substance; seven bufadienolides were separated and simultaneously determined based on relative correction factors. The correlation coefficient value (r ≥ 0.9936) between QAMS and the normal external standard method proved the consistency of the two methods. According to the outcomes of 30 batches of VB samples, the contents of the seven bufadienolides were used for further chemometric analysis. All of the samples of VB from various geographical origins were divided into three categories based on hierarchical cluster analysis and radar plot, which indicated the crucial influence of geographical origins on VB. This study showed that QAMS combined with chemometristry could be used to comprehensively evaluate and effectively control the quality of VB from different geographical origins.     

Quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker combined with HPLC fingerprint qualitative analyses for comprehensive evaluation of Aurantii Fructus

The present study aimed to develop a strategy involving quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker in combination with high‐performance liquid chromatography fingerprint qualitative analysis for performing the quality control of Aurantii Fructus. The content of 12 components (eriocitrin, neoeriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, meranzin, poncirin, naringenin, nobiletin, tangeretin, and auraptene) in samples was determined using reliable relative correction factors that were obtained using naringin as an internal reference standard. The new method demonstrated good applicability, and no significant differences were observed between the external standard method and the new method as determined by calculating standard method difference. Qualitative evaluation of samples was conducted using similarity analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and quality fluctuation analysis. Chromatographic fingerprint data were divided into three groups by similarity and hierarchical cluster analyses, and seven components may have a more significant impact on the quality of Aurantii Fructus in quality fluctuation analysis. Overall, the study suggests that the qualitative and quantitative analyses of multicomponents using quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker combined with chromatographic fingerprinting can be considered good quality criteria for performing quality control and providing technical support for the further pharmacological and pharmaceutical research of Aurantii Fructus.     

纳米金增强低温等离子体离子化质谱快速检测苯胺

低温等离子体(Low-temperature plasma,LTP)作为敞开式离子源满足环境检测要求的样品原位、快速检测,然而水体的基体效应使得检测灵敏度不足。该文将金纳米颗粒溅射于针灸针表面后,结合低温等离子体离子源进行检测,实现了质谱信号的增强效应,可以快速灵敏检测水体中的苯胺。结果表明,相比于无纳米金修饰的针尖,苯胺检测信号强度增强了43倍,且具有较低的背景噪音。苯胺的质量浓度与质谱信号强度在1~50μg/L范围内呈线性关系,检出限(LOD)为0.64μg/L,每个样品检测时间约为1 min。该方法简单易操作,结合便携式质谱有望用于环境水体及突发性水源污染事件中苯胺的检测。     

Quality assessment of Cinnamomi Ramulus by the simultaneous analysis of multiple active components using high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography and high‐performance liquid chromatography

A novel and improved method for the quality assessment of Cinnamomi Ramulus was developed and completely validated. The method was established using fingerprint technology and simultaneous quantitative determination of six main marker compounds including coumarin, cinnamic alcohol, cinnamic acid, 2‐methoxy cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, and 2‐methoxy cinnamaldehyde in the herbal medicine for the first time. A newly developed high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography method, which achieved simultaneous definition of five marker components by comparing the colors and retardation factor values of the bands in high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography, was first used for the authentication of Cinnamomi Ramulus. The fingerprints of 26 batches of herbal samples from different regions of China showed very similar chromatographic patterns that were evaluated by similarity analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis. In addition, six marker compounds were simultaneously determined using single standard to determine multiple components by the relative response factors. Compared with the external standard method, the new quantitative method was validated to determine multiple compounds in 26 batches of Cinnamomi Ramulus samples. All results demonstrated that the simple and rapid method could be effectively utilized for the quality control of Cinnamomi Ramulus.     

一测多评法在舒肝益脾颗粒中的应用

建立了舒肝益脾颗粒一测多评(QAMS)的高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定方法,并验证该方法在质量控制中的适用性与准确性。该方法能较好地分离舒肝益脾颗粒中3种主要成分(五味子醇甲、五味子甲素、五味子乙素),并以五味子醇甲为内参物,建立五味子甲素、五味子乙素与其之间的相对校正因子(fs/k),用fs/k计算各代表性成分含量,实现一测多评。在各自线性范围内,采用多点校正法得到五味子醇甲与甲素、五味子乙素之间的fs/k分别为0.94、0.95,且在不同品牌色谱仪、色谱柱下有较好的重复性。同时将一测多评的计算值(多点校正法与斜率校正法)与外标法实测值进行比较,两者结果无差异。一测多评法可同时对舒肝益脾颗粒中上述3种成分进行含量测定,方法简便、准确、可靠,可有效控制舒肝益脾颗粒的质量。     

硫酸铵中氮含量的电位滴定检测

建立一种酸碱电位滴定法直接测定硫酸铵中氮含量的方法。样品溶解后,可直接用氢氧化钠标准滴定溶液进行滴定。为了保证检测的准确度,分别使用硫酸铵高纯试剂和邻苯二甲酸氢钾基准试剂对氢氧化钠标准滴定溶液进行标定,并对标定结果进行比较,两种方法基本无差异。同时,通过适量硫酸的加入避免了样品中游离硫酸对检测结果的影响。该方法检测速度快、检测精度高、绿色环保、易于控制,非常适合于硫酸铵中氮含量的检测。将本方法与蒸馏后滴定法(仲裁法)检测结果进行比较,两种方法无显著性差异。采用本方法测得氮含量的加标回收率为99.9 %-100.3 %,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为0.03 %-0.05 %。分别使用实验方法和蒸馏后滴定法测定不同样品的氮含量,结果相吻合。     

Probing the degradation mechanism of forsythiaside A and simultaneous determination of three forsythiasides in Forsythia preparations by a single marker

Forsythiaside A is the major component of Forsythia suspensa. This study investigated the degradation mechanism of forsythiaside A. Eight degraded components including forsythiaside I, forsythiaside H, forsythiaside E, caffeic acid, suspensaside A, β‐hydroxy forsythiaside I, β‐hydroxy forsythiaside H, and β‐hydroxy forsythiaside A were identified by using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Then, the quantitative analysis of multi‐components by a single‐marker was performed with ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography to simultaneously determine forsythiaside A, forsythiaside H, and forsythiaside I in Forsythia suspensa preparations. The result showed good linear relationships within 2.871–287.1, 0.231–23.1, and 0.983–98.3 μg/mL (r > 0.9998), with average recoveries of 97.7, 95.7, and 95.8% and relative standard deviations of 1.4, 2.4, and 1.8%, respectively. Using forsythiaside A as an internal reference, the relative retention values of forsythiaside H and forsythiaside I to forsythiaside A were calculated to be 0.89 and 0.61, respectively, and the relative correction factors were 0.816 and 0.799, respectively. The method for quantitative analysis of multi‐components by a single‐marker was applied to evaluate the overall quality of forsythia preparations. There was no significant difference in the measurement results of the method developed and the method of external standard.     

无需待测化合物标准样品便可测定校正因子

根据色谱峰面积、校正因子和待测组分含量的关系,应用Ｌｅｖｅｎｂｅｒｇ－Ｍａｒｑｕａｒｄｔ方法对气相色谱分析数据进行最优化计算,可在缺乏待测组分标准样品的条件下测定相应的校正因子。分别测定了甲苯－氯苯、二乙氧基甲烷－乙酸乙酯和二乙氧基甲烷－乙醇－水等３个体系中各组分的相对校正因子。结果表明：化合物校正因子的测定值与相应文献值的相对偏差小于３％。根据实验结果进一步讨论了方法的适用范围以及进行测定所需样品的数目。     

Determination of alkenes in cracking products by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection

Alkene content determinations in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) liquid products were performed by means of normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) with diode array detection (UV/DAD). Separation of alkenes from aromatic hydrocarbons was performed on amino-modified silica gel column with n-heptane as mobile phase. The column has a little affinity to alkenes and saturated hydrocarbons and a pronounced affinity to aromatic compounds. The problem of alkenes and saturates co-elution on this column type was overcome with the detection system, UV/DAD, sensitive and selective to alkenes, while saturates are inactive in UV field. Total alkene content was determined as a sum of mono- and dialkene groups quantified by external standard method. Validation and verification of the developed method proved their applicability. The following criteria were used to validate the HPLC–DAD method: selectivity, linearity, precision, limits of detection and quantification. Alkene contents were quantified with the external standard method of wide calibration range, so both low and high alkene contents can be determined by the single calibration. Correlation coefficients were higher than 0.99. Precision was evaluated as repeatability and intermediary precision with relative standard deviations less than 5%. Some structural investigation of alkene groups was performed to confirm the assumption. Proposed method was compared with certified NMR method. Six commercial motor gasoline samples were analyzed by these two methods. Obtained results indicate good agreement between alkene content determined by both methods. The developed method was applied to the determination of alkene content in liquid FCC products in the boiling range from 70 °C to 190 °C.     

直读光谱法测定合金工具钢中铬、锰和钼

建立了ARL-4460直读光谱仪对Cr12、Cr12MoV中铬、锰、钼元素的快速检测方法。使用基体铁作为内标元素,测定标准样品中铬、锰、钼元素的相对强度,减少了外界电压不稳对绝对强度稳定性的影响;由于标准样品中基体铁含量不同,为减少内标元素含量的变化对工作曲线相关系数和估计标准差的影响,使用相对含量校正工作曲线。在优化的实验条件下,试样中三种元素的相对标准偏差分别为0.68%、0.79%和1.7%(n=11)。测定结果与化学分析方法测定结果一致,可实现合金工具钢中铬、锰和钼的快速检测。     

X-射线荧光光谱法测定白云石中主次量组分

采用粉末压片x-射线荧光光谱法测定白云石中氧化镁、氧化钙、二氧化硅、三氧化二铝、三氧化二铁和二氧化钛含量。采用校正曲线和基体校准一体的回归方程进行谱线重叠干扰校正和基体效应校正。将白云石样品进行磨细处理,在压片机上制成样片,直接在X-射线荧光光谱仪上按照选定的分析条件,以标准样品做工作曲线,利用工作曲线测定样品含量。通过与国家标准化学法以及熔片法对照,分析结果与标准值、熔片法结果吻合,主含量元素测定结果相对误差不超过10％,同一样品12次测定结果相对标准偏差不超过10％。该方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好。     

毛细管气相色谱法研究对环芳烷二氯化产物的组成

在选定毛细管柱温,载气流量、分流比、注入口和ＦＩＤ的温度等色谱条件下,分析了对环芳烷（ＰＣＰ）二氯化产物的组成。定性分析结果表明,ＰＣＰ二氯化产物除主要组分是二氯对环芳烷（ＤＣＰＣＰ）外,还含少量的一氯对环芳烷（ＭＣＰＣＰ）和三氯对环芳烷（ＴＣＰＣＰ）;ＤＣＰＣＰ的色谱图上出现了３个明显的色谱峰,证明３种异构体相对含量较高。用丙酮－石油醚混合溶剂分离去除 物得到了纯度为９９．１％的ＤＣＰＣＰ。以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯为内标物,测定了ＤＣＰＣＰ对内标物的相对质量校正因子。按内标法定量分析了ＰＣＰ二氯化产物各组分的含量,对ＤＣＰＣＰ分析的相对标准偏差小于３％。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定地下水中多种元素

应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定地下水中钾、钠、钙、镁、铁、锰元素的含量,使用分光光度法测定氟的含量,测定的相对标准偏差为0.7%~2.8%,加标回收率为92.1%~105.2%。结果表明,大部分地区地下水中钠和氟化物的含量均偏高,常量与微量元素的组成含量差别不大。     

气相色谱-负化学电离质谱法测定食用植物油中5种酰基吡唑类农药残留

建立了气相色谱-负化学电离质谱联用技术测定食用植物油中5种酰基吡唑类农药（呋吡菌胺、吡噻菌胺、氟唑菌苯胺、吡唑特、苄草唑）残留量的检测方法。样品经乙腈冷冻提取，分散固相萃取技术（QuEChERS）净化，采用基质校正曲线外标法定量。在20~1000 μg/L范围内，所有目标物的峰面积与其质量浓度均呈现良好的线性关系，定量限均低于2 μg/kg，能满足国内外的限量要求。在0.01、0.02、0.05 mg/kg 3个添加水平下，所有农药的平均回收率均处于82.7%~112.4%之间，相对标准偏差≤ 12.3%。该法准确度较高，精密度较好，灵敏度高，可用于食用植物油中酰基吡唑类农药残留量的测定。     

Quantitative studies of rhubarb using quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker and response surface methodology

In this work, we developed a novel approach to evaluate the contents of bioactive components in rhubarb. The present method was based on the quantitative analysis of multicomponents by a single‐marker and response surface methodology approaches. The quantitative analysis of multicomponents by a single‐marker method based on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection was developed and applied to determine the contents of 12 bioactive components in rhubarb. No significant differences were found in the results from the quantitative analysis of multicomponents by a single‐marker and the external standard method. In order to maximize the extraction of 12 bioactive compounds in rhubarb, the ultrasonic‐assisted extraction conditions were obtained by the response surface methodology coupled with Box–Behnken design. According to the obtained results, we showed that the optimal conditions would be as follows: proportion of ethanol/water 74.39%, solvent‐to‐solid ratio 24.07:1 v/w, extraction time 51.13 min, and extraction temperature 63.61°C. The analytical scheme established in this research should be a reliable, convenient, and appropriate method for quantitative determination of bioactive compounds in rhubarb.     

双波长吸光度比值K系数法同时测定三组分体系的研究与应用

本文用双波长吸光度比值Ｋ系数法同时测定撒痛风注射液中水杨酸钠，咖啡因和安替比林三组分的含量，其平均回收率及变异系数分别为１０１．５％，０．４０％；９９．９９％，０．３７％；１００．０％，０．３０％。既改善了选择性，又提高了灵敏度，弥补了常规Ｋ系数法的不足。     

面膜中微量元素的ICP-MS定量方法及其吸收率研究

以5种面膜为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱技术,通过外标法对面膜中的12种微量元素进行定量分析,建立了敷面膜时间与微量元素含量的关系曲线,探究面部皮肤对微量元素的吸收率。结果表明:5种面膜中均检出的微量元素含量由高到低为Al、Sn、Fe、Zn、Hg,含量为0.027~5.209 mg/kg;人体面部皮肤对Se、Zn和Fe的吸收率较高,对Sn、Al的吸收率较低。该定量方法简单、快速、准确可靠,可为面膜中微量元素的研究及面膜的安全有效使用提供实验依据。     

Combination of the advantages of chromatographic methods based on active components for the quality evaluation of licorice

A rapid, improved and comprehensive method including high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography, fingerprint technology and single standard to determine multiple components was developed and validated for the quality evaluation of licorice. In this study, a newly developed high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography method was first used for authentication of licorice, which achieved simultaneous identification of multiple bands including five bands for known bioactive components by comparing their retention factor values and colors with the standards. For fingerprint analysis, 8 of 16 common peaks were identified. Simultaneously, similarity analysis which showed very similar patterns and hierarchical clustering analysis were performed to discriminate and classify the 27 batches of samples. Additionally, the single standard to determine multiple components method was first successfully achieved to quantify the eight important active markers in licorice including liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, isoliquiritin apioside, isoliquritin, neoisoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhizic acid. The easily available glycyrrhizic acid was selected as the reference substance to calculate relative response factors. Compared with the normal external standard method, this alternative method can be used to determine the multiple indices effectively and accurately. The validation result showed that the developed method was specific, accurate, precise, robust and reliable for the overall quality assessment of licorice.