聚合物结晶成核剂作用的表征方法的比较和研究

用聚合物的等速降温过程的结晶温度，等温结晶过程的半结晶时间（ｔ１／２）或结晶速度常数（Ｋ），结晶过程的晶核密度或球晶尺寸大小和聚合物结晶成核界面自由能（σσｅ或σｅ）大小等方法描述了碳酸钙、对苯二甲酸、苯甲酸钠对聚丙烯成核结晶过程的影响．通过对不同方法的比较，结果表明不同方法是从不同角度来反映助剂对聚合物成核结晶过程的影响，聚合物结晶温度的高低和等温结晶过程的半结晶时间或结晶速度常数是描述聚合物整体结晶速度的参数；而聚合物结晶过程中晶核密度或结晶完了时聚合物球晶尺寸，和聚合物结晶成核界面自由能大小与聚合物的成核难易程度直接相关，是判断聚合物结晶成核速度的方法．但不同方法之间存在一定的相关性，所以用不同方法测定的结果之间有较好的可比性，可根据具体条件选用一种方法．多种方法的配合使用可以较全面的了解成核剂的作用．     

一种研究聚合物非等温结晶动力学的方法

作者基于多年对聚合物结晶动力学方面研究的工作积累,联合Avrami方程和Ozawa方程,提出了一种研究聚合物非等温结晶动力学的新方法.该方法既克服了使用Ozawa方程所获得的数据点过少,常常出现非线性,不能获得可靠的动力学参数的缺点,又克服了使用经Jeziorny修正的Avrami方程所获得的表观Avrami指数无法准确预测非等温过程成核生长机理的缺点.该方法已成功用于多种聚合物体系,被国内外学者引用数百次,已成为研究聚合物非等温结晶动力学一种有效方法.     

一个新的液晶相转变动力学理论

本文以保留系统的宏观特性为基本原则,从用动力学方法处理非稳态相转变入手,在物理化学基础上,建立了描述液晶相转变的动力学方程,提出了动力学意义上的相转变级数参数,推导出相转变级数的理论公式及参数的变化范围,丹卉将其应用于一新的聚合物体系,获得了该体系各聚合物加热过程中所经历相态的动力学相转变级数。     

热致型液晶聚合物的等温和非等温晶化动力学

利用等温和非等温方法详细研究了芳香族聚酯──热致型聚合物对，对’－联苯二甲酸二辛酯的结晶相和液晶相形成机理，并计算了相变过程中的表面自由能与温度系数，研究结果表明：从介晶相开始的结晶过程是二维异相成核、三维线性增长的，而从各向同性液相开始的液晶相形成过程则是二维异相成核二维线性增长的．对两个晶化过程的表面自由能的研究表明，该聚合物液晶相形成过程的相转变表面自由能比结晶过程小得多，预示了它将具有更大的晶化速率．研究还发现，该聚合物的液晶相形成过程具有比结晶过程大得多的温度敏感性．     

高分子结晶理论的新概念与新进展

回顾了传统的高分子结晶成核与生长模型,指出了该模型在应用中遇到的一些问题;同时总结了Strobl根据近年小角X射线散射结果提出的高分子结晶新机理-中介相机理.介绍了Strobl等构建的热动力学图解对熔体、中介相和片晶的转变过程,阐述了各相间的平衡转变温度、潜在的转变热以及表面自由能,说明了处于熔体和晶体之间的中介相的热动力学性质是理解高分子结晶过程的重要依据.     

一个新的液晶相转变动力学理论

 本文以保留系统的宏观特性为基本原则,从用动力学方法处理非稳态相转变入手,在物理化学基础上,建立了描述液晶相转变的动力学方程,提出了动力学意义上的相转变级数参数,推导出相转变级数的理论公式及参数的变化范围,丹卉将其应用于一新的聚合物体系,获得了该体系各聚合物加热过程中所经历相态的动力学相转变级数。     

低密度聚乙烯/乙丙烯三元共聚(LDPE/EPO)共混体系的结晶动力学

用DSC方法研究了LDPE/EPO共混体系的等温及非等温结晶动力学,对LDPE/EPO共混体系的等温结晶动力学研究表明,共混物是三维生长的异相成核,共混物在各个结晶温度下的结晶过程都是以方式K_g(Ⅱ)进行的.采用联系Avrami方程和Ozawa方程导出的新非等温结晶动力学方程,处理了LDPE/EPO共混体系,得到了非等温结晶过程的一些基本参数,新方程很好地描述了此共混体系的非等温结晶动力学过程.     

未添加晶种结晶过程的中后期动力学模拟

以KNO₃-H₂O为模型体系, 考察了未添加晶种的间歇结晶过程动力学, 将历经爆发成核后的结晶体系近似为添加晶种的结晶体系. 并结合光学关联方法, 推导了可描述历经爆发成核后的晶体形成和生长速率模型. 模型中含有可反映结晶固相信息的透光率变量, 从而避免了以往模型仅靠液相浓度数据求解模型参数的不便. 运用该模型拟合未添加晶种结晶过程的中后期实验数据, 得到了KNO₃晶体的二次成核和生长动力学参数, 参数结果与文献中报道的添加晶种结晶过程的参数值相近. 在此基础上, 针对添加晶种的结晶过程, 提出了晶种添加量的定量设计方法, 并得到了实验的初步验证.     

半结晶聚合物注射成型中结晶动力学的数值模拟

对半结晶聚合物注射成型过程及其结晶过程进行偶合模拟,分析了二者的相互影响.具体是在注射成型数值模拟中考虑结晶动力学效应,分别在本构方程、能量方程及材料物性参数方程中引入反映结晶效应的参数;同时在结晶动力学计算中考虑流动诱导效应,从能量的角度提出并使用修正的动力学模型,用材料流动过程的耗散能表征流动对结晶的影响.通过对等规聚丙烯(iPP)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)两种半结晶聚合物注射过程模拟结果的分析比较,证实成型过程具有加速结晶的作用.同时,材料的结晶也对注射成型加工过程,尤其是保压与冷却过程的温度场分布有较大的影响.     

长链正烷烃的受限结晶研究进展

聚合物的结晶过程和最终凝聚态结构直接影响材料的加工使用性能.作为高分子材料的最大品种,聚烯烃由于分子量大,分子量分布较宽,结晶过程中形成多种亚稳态,因而从分子水平上阐明其结晶机理存在困难.与聚乙烯链结构相似的长链正烷烃可作为聚烯烃的模型化合物,研究其受限结晶行为能为复杂的聚合物受限结晶提供理想的模型体系.长链正烷烃的受限空间可以分为一维受限薄膜、二维受限微孔、三维受限微乳液或微胶囊等.相对于本体,长链正烷烃在每个受限体系中的结晶行为各不相同,这主要来源于受限体系对成核、结晶以及相转变的影响.本文重点综述了长链正烷烃在3种受限体系中的结晶特点,并结合各个体系中聚合物的结晶特点,阐述了长链正烷烃作为聚合物模型化合物的合理性.     

Distribution kinetics of polymer crystallization and the Avrami equation

Cluster distribution kinetics is adopted to explore the kinetics of polymer crystallization. Population balance equations based on crystal size distribution and concentration of amorphous polymer segments are solved numerically and the related dynamic moment equations are also solved. The model accounts for heterogeneous or homogeneous nucleation and crystal growth. Homogeneous nucleation rates follow the classical surface-energy nucleation theory. Different mass dependences of growth and dissociation rate coefficients are proposed to investigate the fundamental features of nucleation and crystal growth. A comparison of moment solutions with numerical solutions examines the validity of the model. The proposed distribution kinetics model provides a different interpretation of the familiar Avrami equation.     

Multistep crystal nucleation: a kinetic study based on colloidal crystallization

Crystallization via an amorphous precursor, the so-called multistep crystallization (MSC), plays a key role in biomineralization and protein crystallization. MSC has attracted much attention in the past decade, but a quantitative understanding of it has so far not been available. The major challenge is that the kinetics governing the nucleation of crystals occurring in the metastable amorphous precursor remains unclear. In this study, the kinetics of MSC is addressed experimentally. Most importantly, a mathematical method is developed to calculate the local nucleation rate of the crystals in the amorphous precursor, which is not accessible to conventional methods. This local nucleation rate is critical to the understanding of MSC, but it has never been dealt with experimentally because of the difficulties of in situ observation. With the local crystal nucleation rates, the supersaturation for crystallization and the crystal-liquid interfacial free energy in the amorphous precursor are evaluated.     

NMR Approach to the kinetics of polymer crystallization. II. Polydimethylsiloxane solutions

The dilution effect on the crystallization kinetics of PDMS/toluene solutions, ranging from a polymer volume fraction of ? = 1.00 (pure PDMS) to ? = 0.32, was studied using ¹H high-power NMR. Spin-spin magnetic response was analyzed into relaxation components, arising from the different phases of the semicrystalline sample, through a spin-echo technique. The intensity and shape of the amorphous component provide relevant information concerning (1) the global crystallization process and (2) the state of hindrance of the amorphous chains induced by the growing crystalline domains. It was shown that, in solutions, the main effect on the crystallization kinetics of changing concentration is to depress the equilibrium melting temperature of the system. However, a radically distinct crystallization rate between the pure and the more concentrated system must be explained in terms of the activation energy for interphase chain transport. Thermodynamic parameters of PDMS crystallites were also deduced from a model. Comparison between the isothermal development of the overall crystallinity and the variation of a characteristic relaxation time of the amorphous PDMS proton response gives an insight into the relative predominance of nucleation or growth rates in the crystallization mechanisms.     

Polymer induced changes of the crystallization scenario in suspensions of hard sphere like microgel particles

We investigated the crystallization scenario of highly cross linked polystyrene particles dispersed in the good solvent 2-ethylnaphtalene and their mixtures with non-adsorbing low molecular weight polysterene polymer using time resolved static light scattering. The samples were prepared slightly below the melting volume fraction of the polymer free system. For the polymer free samples, we obtained polycrystalline solids via crystallization scenario known from hard sphere suspensions with little competition of wall crystal formation. Addition of non-adsorbing low molecular weight polystyrene polymer leads to a considerably slowing down of the bulk crystallization kinetics. We observed a delay of the precursor to crystal conversion for the bulk crystallization while the induction times for the wall nucleation are reduced. The increased polymer concentration thus shifts the balance between the two competing crystallization pathways giving the possibility to tune the relative amount of wall based crystals.     

A Unified Thermodynamic Model of Flow-induced Crystallization of Polymer

We propose a unified thermodynamic model of flow-induced crystallization of polymer (uFIC),which incorporates not only the conformational entropy reduction but also the contributions of flow-induced chain orientation,the interaction of ordered segments,and the free energy of crystal nucleus and crystal morphology.Specifically,it clarifies the determining parameters of the critical crystal nucleus size,and is able to account for the acceleration of nucleation,the emergence of precursor,different crystal morphologies and structures induced by flow.Based on the nucleation barrier under flow,we analyze at which condition precursor may occur and how flow affects the competition among different crystal forms such as orthorhombic and hexagonal phases of polyethylene.According to the uFIC model,the different crystal morphologies and structures in the flow-temperature space have been clarified,which give a good agreement with experiments of FIC.     

Fe/Dy非晶多层膜晶化反应的热力学及动力学研究

由Miedema半经验公式计算出了Fe Dy二元系自由能图以揭示Fe Dy非晶多层膜的晶化本质。晶化受热力学和动力学两种因素控制 ,Fe,Dy晶态自由能低于初始非晶态 ,提供了晶化的热力学驱动力 ,而形核势垒及临界晶核尺寸控制了晶化反应的相选择 ,因而中等温度退火时先出现Fe晶粒 ,继而Dy晶粒 ,不出现金属间化合物。     

Temperature effects for isothermal polymer crystallization kinetics

We adopt the cluster size distribution model to investigate the effect of temperature on homogeneous nucleation and crystal growth for isothermal polymer crystallization. The model includes the temperature effects of interfacial energy, nucleation rate, growth and dissociation rate coefficients, and equilibrium solubility. The time dependencies of polymer concentration, number and size of crystals, and crystallinity (in Avrami plots) are presented for different temperatures. The denucleation (Ostwald ripening effect) is also investigated by comparing moment and numerical solutions of the population balance equations. Agreement between the model results and temperature-sensitive experimental measurements for different polymer systems required strong temperature dependence for the crystal-melt interfacial energy.     

Estimation of the nucleation and crystal growth contributions to the overall crystallization energy barrier

Classical kinetic theories of polymer crystallization were applied to isothermal crystallization kinetics data obtained by polarized optical microscopy (PLOM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The fitted parameters that were proportional to the energy barriers obtained allow us to quantitatively estimate the nucleation and crystal growth contributions to the overall energy barrier associated to the crystallization process. It was shown that the spherulitic growth rate energy barrier found by fitting PLOM data is almost identical to that obtained by fitting the isothermal DSC crystallization data of previously self‐nucleated samples. Therefore, we demonstrated that by self‐nucleating the material at the ideal self‐nucleation (SN) temperature, the primary nucleation step can be entirely completed and the data obtained after subsequent isothermal crystallization by DSC contains only contributions from crystal growth or secondary nucleation. In this way, by employing SN followed by isothermal crystallization, we propose a simple method to obtain separate contributions of energy barriers for primary nucleation and for crystal growth, even in the case of polymers where PLOM data are very difficult to obtain (because they exhibit very small spherulites). Comparing the results obtained with poly(p‐dioxanone), poly(ε‐caprolactone), and a high 1,4 model hydrogenated polybutadiene, we have interpreted the differences in primary nucleation energy barriers as arising from differences in nuclei density. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1478–1487, 2008     

Monte Carlo simulations of single crystals from polymer solutions

A novel "anisotropic aggregation" model is proposed to simulate nucleation and growth of polymer single crystals as functions of temperature and polymer concentration in dilute solutions. Prefolded chains in a dilute solution are assumed to aggregate at a seed nucleus with an anisotropic interaction by a reversible adsorption/desorption mechanism, with temperature, concentration, and seed size being the control variables. The Monte Carlo results of this model resolve the long-standing dilemma regarding the kinetic and thermal roughenings, by producing a rough-flat-rough transition in the crystal morphology with increasing temperature. It is found that the crystal growth rate varies nonlinearly with temperature and concentration without any marked transitions among any regimes of polymer crystallization kinetics. The induction time increases with decreasing the seed nucleus size, increasing temperature, or decreasing concentration. The apparent critical nucleus size is found to increase exponentially with increasing temperature or decreasing concentration, leading to a critical nucleus diagram composed in the temperature-concentration plane with three regions of different nucleation barriers: no growth, nucleation and growth, and spontaneous growth. Melting temperatures as functions of the crystal size, heating rate, and concentration are also reported. The present model, falling in the same category of small molecular crystallization with anisotropic interactions, captures most of the phenomenology of polymer crystallization in dilute solutions.