壳聚糖对药液絮凝作用的研究

以壳聚糖为絮凝剂，研究了它对丹参水提液的絮凝情况。比较了絮凝剂加入量不同和分子量不同时，絮凝物的沉降速率，从而考察了它们对絮凝效果的影响以及所得产品的质量。     

絮凝法去除水中藻类研究进展

随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,河流、湖泊、水库等接纳了大量各类污废水,污废水中的氮磷为藻类的生长和繁殖提供了大量的营养物质,使其富营养化程度日益加剧。为了有效去除水体中的藻类,目前自来水厂普遍采用絮凝法以达到高效经济除藻的目的。絮凝过程采用的混(絮)凝剂可分为:无机混凝剂、有机絮凝剂及复合絮凝剂。本文对絮凝除藻的作用机理以及各种常用的除藻絮凝剂研究进展进行了总结和评价,并展望了高效除藻絮凝剂的未来发展前景。     

环氧氯丙烷类阳离子改性絮凝剂的合成及性能研究

为提高环氧氯丙烷胺类絮凝剂的絮凝性能,选用六次甲基四胺为交联剂,以环氧氯丙烷、二甲胺为主要原料,合成了环氧氯丙烷-二甲胺-六次甲基四胺(HMTA)季铵盐阳离子改性絮凝剂,其在辽河油田废水处理中表现出优异的絮凝性能,并研究了絮凝剂用量和温度对HMTA絮凝剂絮凝性能的影响。结果表明,使用HMTA絮凝剂的合适温度为45℃,最佳用量为20mg/L,除浊率可达98. 1%,除油率达到35. 1%。红外光谱和核磁共振谱的表征结果证实六次甲基四胺在聚合物中发挥了交联剂的作用,有效提高了环氧氯丙烷胺类絮凝剂的絮凝性能。     

一种复合絮凝剂的絮凝性能及应用研究

以淀粉为原料，通过化学改性研制出同时兼含羟基、氰基、酰胺基和季铵盐基团的两亲型高分子絮凝剂(ASF)，然后加入铝酸纳和硅酸钠，以一定的比例进行复配，制得复合型高分子絮凝剂CF-1，并综合研究了CF-l的絮凝性能。结果表明，CF-1对印染、造纸、皮革、制药等工业废水具有很强的絮凝和脱色效果，废水的色度去除率达96％以上，SS去除率达95％以上，CODCr去除率达74％以上。而且其絮凝性能明显优于阳离子聚丙烯蠢胺(CPAM)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、硫酸铝以及硫酸亚铁等絮凝剂。     

超高分子量阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺合成及其絮凝性能研究

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的絮凝性能与其分子量成正相关，而阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)在处理含带电悬浮颗粒的污水过程中显著优于聚丙烯酰胺。然而，传统共聚法难以合成超高分子量的阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺，从而限制了其絮凝性能。本项工作以超高分子量聚丙烯酰胺为基板，通过季铵化反应，直接获得了超高分子量的阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂。通过进一步系统探究季铵化反应条件，优化了产物的阳离子度，其絮凝性能也得到极大提高。     

絮凝剂产生菌(DSF-1)絮凝活性研究(Ⅰ)

采用稀释划线法从土壤中分离得到一株絮凝剂产生菌DSF-1。通过高岭土悬浮液对该絮凝剂的絮凝活性做了初步研究,结果表明DSF-1产絮凝剂具有产生速度快、絮凝活性高、耐热性能良好的优点。     

壳聚糖改性凹凸棒土絮凝采收小球藻的研究

以壳聚糖改性凹凸棒土作为普通小球藻Chlorella vulgaris的絮凝剂,CaCl2为助凝剂,研究了絮凝采收小球藻的工艺条件。结果表明,最佳絮凝条件为:絮凝剂0.4g/L、壳聚糖/凹凸棒土为1∶12、助凝剂CaCl2为0.2g/L、溶液的pH为9.0,此条件下小球藻絮凝率达到95%以上。絮凝剂的扫描电镜图和BET比表面积(BET)数据显示,改性后的凹凸棒土以一定的空间结构状吸附连接壳聚糖,有效增加了絮凝剂的比表面积,有利于小球藻的吸附。研究采用的原料价格低廉、安全环保,絮凝剂的制备简单且絮凝效率高,可广泛用于工业化生产中微藻的采收。     

壳聚糖改性絮凝剂絮凝性能的研究

壳聚糖是一种性能优异的天然高分子材料。由于糖环上含有氨基,在酸性溶液中易形成阳离子型聚电解质,在水处理中显示出良好的絮凝性能。为了进一步提高壳聚糖的水处理性能,人们还通过化学方法制备高效壳聚糖改性絮凝剂材料。本文以一种壳聚糖改性絮凝剂——壳聚糖接枝聚丙烯酰胺共聚物为研究对象,以高岭土悬浊液为模拟水样,通过实验室烧杯实验,系统地研究了该材料的实际絮凝性能,考察了新型絮凝剂投加量和实际絮凝效果与原水温度、浊度的对应关系,并从絮凝机理角度讨论了絮凝剂投加量的变化规律。     

疏水缔合型絮凝剂的制备及性能研究

以环氧氯丙烷、乙二胺和十六烷基二甲基叔胺为原料,合成含有疏水长链的疏水缔合型絮凝剂PEDH,并用红外光谱对其结构进行表征。用高岭土悬浊液模拟污水,对合成的絮凝剂进行絮凝效果评价,选出合成的最佳物质的量配比为:环氧氯丙烷∶乙二胺∶十六烷基二甲基叔胺=5∶2∶2.7,并选用三乙烯四胺为交联剂,交联剂的含量为1.5wt%。与市售絮凝剂相比,合成的疏水缔合型絮凝剂具有制备条件温和、后处理简单、生产效率高,处理污水时用量少、絮凝效果好、性质稳定等优点。     

Al-Fe-Mg三阳离子聚硅酸絮凝剂的研发

为了提高腈纶废水的絮凝处理效果,研发了一种Al-Fe-Mg三阳离子聚硅酸絮凝剂。通过正交实验研究了金属溶液浓度、硅与金属比例以及铝、铁、镁之间比例对絮凝剂制备的影响。然后,将制备好的絮凝剂药液投加入废水中,研究其投加量及pH对废水处理的影响。结果表明,将聚硅酸溶液倾倒入(金属溶液浓度为0.02mol·L~(-1),Si与金属摩尔比为2∶1,金属铝铁镁摩尔比为3∶1∶2)金属溶液搅拌快速搅拌5min后静置12h,在此条件下制备的铝铁镁絮凝剂效果最佳,并且硅与金属比例是复合絮凝剂的主要影响因素,去浊率可达99.59%。     

Removal of Tannic Acid by Chitosan and N-Hydroxypropyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride Chitosan: Flocculation Mechanism and Performance

The cationic organic flocculant chitosan and its derivative, N-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HTCC), were used in the flocculation of tannic acid, the impurity widespread in Chinese medicine water extractions. This study aimed at investigating the flocculation performance and mechanism of chitosan and HTCC on the tannic acid colloidal particles. The results showed that chitosan and HTCC effectively flocculated the tannic acid solution and the mechanism was mainly for the adsorption bridging and charge neutralization by hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, and hydrophobic interaction. Meanwhile, the charge neutralization of HTCC was stronger than that of chitosan. The optimal flocculation conditions of chitosan and HTCC on tannic acid were achieved.     

A novel chitosan-based sponge coated with self-assembled thrombin/tannic acid multilayer films as a hemostatic dressing

In order to prepare a novel hemostatic dressing for uncontrolled hemorrhage, a porous chitosan sponge was coated with self-assembled(thrombin/tannic acid)n films, which were based on hydrogen bonding interactions between thrombin and tannic acid at physiologic p H. According to the whole blood clotting test, the coated chitosan sponges showed a significantly high rate of blood clotting due to the addition of thrombin. On the other hand, the storable half-life of immobilized thrombin is extended to 66.9 days at room temperature, which is 8.5 times longer than unfixed thrombin. It is because of the immobilization effect of, not only the porous structure of chitosan sponge but also the interactions between thrombin and tannic acid. In addition, the tannic acid has similar antibacterial effect to chitosan. Therefore, it is an excellent combination of chitosan, thrombin and tannic acid. Besides, all of materials in this research have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration(FDA). So the chitosan-based sponge is a promising candidate dressing for uncontrolled hemorrhage due to its storable, bio-safe and highly effective hemostatic properties.     

Evaluation of Anti-Biofilm Activity of Mouthrinses Containing Tannic Acid or Chitosan on Dentin In Situ

In contrast to enamel, dentin surfaces have been rarely used as substrates for studies evaluating the effects of experimental rinsing solutions on oral biofilm formation. The aim of the present in situ study was to investigate the effects of tannic acid and chitosan on 48-h biofilm formation on dentin surfaces. Biofilm was formed intraorally on dentin specimens, while six subjects rinsed with experimental solutions containing tannic acid, chitosan and water as negative or chlorhexidine as positive control. After 48 h of biofilm formation, specimens were evaluated for biofilm coverage and for viability of bacteria by fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, saliva samples were collected after rinsing and analyzed by fluorescence (five subjects) and transmission electron microscopy (two subjects) in order to investigate the antibacterial effect on bacteria in a planktonic state and to visualize effects of the rinsing agents on salivary proteins. After rinsing with water, dentin specimens were covered by a multiple-layered biofilm with predominantly vital bacteria. In contrast, chlorhexidine led to dentin surfaces covered only by few and avital bacteria. By rinsing with tannic acid both strong anti-adherent and antibacterial effects were observed, but the effects declined in a time-dependent manner. Transmission electron micrographs of salivary samples indicated that aggregation of proteins and bacteria might explain the antiadhesion effects of tannic acid. Chitosan showed antibacterial effects on bacteria in saliva, while biofilm viability was only slightly reduced and no effects on bacterial adherence on dentin were observed, despite proteins being aggregated in saliva after rinsing with chitosan. Tannic acid is a promising anti-biofilm agent even on dentin surfaces, while rinsing with chitosan could not sufficiently prevent biofilm formation on dentin.     

The comparison of physic-chemical properties of chitosan/collagen/hyaluronic acid composites with nano-hydroxyapatite cross-linked by dialdehyde starch and tannic acid

Scaffolds based on chitosan, collagen and hyaluronic acid, cross-linked by dialdehyde starch with hydroxyapatite were obtained with the use of the freeze-drying method. Scaffolds were cross-linked by tannic acid or dialdehyde starch addition. Composites were characterized by different analyses, e.g. SEM images, porosity, density, liquid uptake, and mechanical tests. In addition, the adhesion and proliferation of human osteosarcoma SaOS-2 cells were examined on the obtained scaffolds.The results showed that the properties of the scaffolds based on chitosan, collagen, and hyaluronic acid can be modified by cross-linkers addition. The compressive modulus for the scaffolds cross-linked by dialdehyde starch was higher than for those cross-linked by tannic acid. The porosity of scaffolds cross-linked by starch was higher than those in which tannic acid was applied. However, the former presented lower density. SEM images showed the homogeneous scaffold structure with interconnected pores. Scaffolds cross-linked by tannic acid exhibited higher biocompatibility than those cross-linked by dialdehyde starch. However, the results showed that both scaffolds, cross-linked by dialdehyde starch and by tannic acid can provide the support required in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The scaffolds presented here may be easily operated to fit such small bone defects without causing adverse reactions.     

Adsorption of tannic acid, humic acid, and dyes from water using the composite of chitosan and activated clay

Chitosan is a well-known excellent adsorbent for a number of organics and metal ions, but its mechanical properties and specific gravity should be enhanced for practical operation. In this study, activated clay was added in chitosan slurry to prepare composite beads. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics of two organic acids (tannic acid, humic acid) and two dyes (methylene blue, reactive dye RR222) using composite beads, activated clay, and chitosan beads were compared. With composite beads as an adsorbent, all the isotherms were better fitted by the Freundlich equation. The adsorption capacities with composite beads were generally comparable to those with chitosan beads but much larger than those with activated clay. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations were then screened to describe the adsorption processes. It was shown that the adsorption of larger molecules such as tannic acid (MW, 1700 g mol(-1)), humic acid, and RR222 from water onto composite beads was better described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The rate parameters of the intraparticle diffusion model for adsorption onto such adsorbents were also evaluated and compared to identify the adsorption mechanisms.     

Flocculation Power of Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Mixtures with Anionic Flocculants

The flocculation properties of chitosan (cationic component) and its copolymers with (meth)acrylic acid were studied. The flocculation power of grafted chitosan copolymers with dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate in mixtures with an anionic polyacrylic flocculant was evaluated.     

Effect of Crosslinking Agent on Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss.) Seed Oil (NSO) Encapsulated Microcapsules of κ -Carrageenan and Chitosan Polyelectrolyte Complex

Microencapsulation of neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss.) seed oil (NSO) was carried out by polyelectrolyte complexation of κ -carrageenan and chitosan. The microcapsules were crosslinked by using three different crosslinking agents - glutaraldehyde, genipin and tannic acid. The lowest and highest water uptake capacities were exhibited by glutaraldehyde and tannic acid crosslinked matrices, respectively. The release behavior of NSO from encapsulated crosslinked microcapsules followed the order: tannic acid > genipin > glutaraldehyde. Polyelectrolyte complex formation and its interaction with crosslinker was studied. Crosslinking improved thermal stability without affecting crystallinity. Roughness appeared on microcapsule's surface indicated interaction between microcapsules and crosslinker.     

膨润土负载壳聚糖制备吸附剂

将壳聚糖与膨润土混合制得一种吸附剂。将其用于染料溶液的脱色、陈醋的澄清、中药注射液中鞣酸的清除等,脱色率为97％,鞣酸脱除率为50％,陈醋的透光率为25．8％。通过X射线衍射图讨论了膨润土的改性机理。改性后膨润土的片状层结构未发生变化,壳聚糖仅仅吸附在膨润土的内外表面。     

The influence of flotation agent concentration on the wettability and flotability of polystyrene

The fundamental flotation process is the formation of a flocculant by air bubbles and solid particles in an aqueous solution. The behavior of plastic particles is significantly influenced by the wettability of the plastics. In this article the reciprocal relationship between the flotability and wettability of polystyrene was studied at different concentrations of flotation agents, particularly terpineol, polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether, tannic acid, and calcium lignosulfonate. The conclusions obtained demonstrate the dissimilar action of flotation depressants, what means different adhesion mechanisms on a plastic surface.     

米根霉细胞壁结构性多糖与丙烯酸接枝共聚反应研究

化学改性天然高分子絮凝剂是利用天然高分子物质进行化学改性而成的。与人工合成的有机高分子絮凝剂相比,它具有选择性大、无毒、价廉、易降解等优点,因此将会有广阔的应用前景,近几年,将乙烯基单体接枝到生物高分子上的工作引起了人们的兴趣,这种天然高分子与合成高分子的结合有可能得到理想的性能,获得新的材料：如生物降解塑料、絮凝剂、离子交换剂等,目前这方面的研究主要中在纤维素、淀粉和壳聚糖的接枝共聚上。