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1.
Contributions on the Thermal Behaviour of Anhydrous Phosphates. IX. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Cr6(P2O7)4. A Pyrophosphate Containing Di- and Trivalent Chromium Cr6(P2O7)4 (Cr22+Cr43+(P2O7)4) can be obtained reducing CrPO4 by phosphorus (950°C, 48 h, 100 mg iodine as mineralizer). By means of chemical transport reactions (transport agent iodine; 1050 → 950°C) the compound has been separated from its neighbour phases (Cr2P2O7, CrP3O9) and crystallized (greenish, transparent crystals; edge length up to 0.3 mm). The crystal structure of Cr6(P2O7)4 (Spcgrp.: P-1; z = 1; a = 4.7128(8) Å, b = 12.667(3) Å, c = 7.843(2) Å, α = 89.65(2)°, β = 92.02(2)°, γ = 90.37(2) has been solved and refined from single crystal data (2713 unique reflections, 194 parameter, R = 0.035). Cr2+ is surrounded by six oxygen atoms which occupy the corners of an elongated octahedron (4 × dCr? O ≈? 2.04 Å; 2 × dCr? O ≈? 2.62 Å). The Cr3+ ions are also coordinated octahedraly (1.930 Å ≤ dCr? O ≤ 2.061 Å). The crystallographically independent pyrophosphate groups show nearly eclipsed conformation. The bridging angles (P? O? P) are 136.5° and 138.9° respectively.  相似文献   

2.
On the basis of density functional theory, the spin ground state of chromium‐nitrosyl complex [Cr(H2O)5NO]2+ (S = 1/2) is studied via B3LYP hybrid method. Its vibrational frequencies, atomic charges, and spin densities are analyzed. The excitation energies are evaluated using the CIS method. Our calculated N‐O stretching frequency and excitation energies are in good agreement with the IR and UV‐vis data. The related CrI(H2O)6+, CrII(H2O)62+, and CrIII(H2O)63+ complexes are employed as the reference compounds to determine the characteristics of the central Cr. Results indicate that the effective Cr oxidation state is close to Cr(I).  相似文献   

3.
The kinetics of oxidation of the chromium(III) complexes, [Cr(Ino)(H2O)5]3+ and [Cr(Ino)(Gly)(H2O)3]2+ (Ino?=?Inosine and Gly?=?Glycine) involving a ligands of biological significance by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in aqueous solution to chromium(VI) have been studied spectrophotometrically over the 25–45°C range. The reaction is first order with respect to both [NBS] and [Cr], and increases with pH over the 6.64–7.73 range in both cases. The experimental rate law is consistent with a mechanism in which the hydroxy complexes [Cr(Ino)(H2O)4(OH)]2+ and [Cr(Ino)(Gly)(H2O)2(OH)]+ are significantly more reactive than their conjugate acids. The value of the intramolecular electron transfer rate constant, k 1, for the oxidation of the [Cr(Ino)(H2O)5]3+ (6.90?×?10?4?s?1) is lower than the value of k 2 (9.66?×?10?2?s?1) for the oxidation of [Cr(Ino)(Gly)(H2O)2]2+ at 35°C and I?=?0.2?mol?dm?3. The activation parameters have been calculated. Electron transfer apparently takes place via an inner-sphere mechanism.  相似文献   

4.
Cr‐Mn‐O spinel coating was prepared on the surface of cobalt‐based superalloy GH605 via an in‐situ oxidation method in H2O‐H2 environment. The composition, morphology, and chemical value state of the oxide spinel coatings were investigated by SEM, EDS, XRD, Raman spectra, and XPS. It indicated that the morphology of coating varied with oxidation temperature, and granular surface appeared when oxidation temperature increased to 1100°C. The formed Cr‐Mn‐O spinel coating was composed of Cr2O3 and MnCr2O4, and the thickness increased significantly with oxidation temperature. In the coating, Cr element existed in the state of Cr3+ ions and Cr6+ ions, while Mn element only existed in the form of Mn2+ ions.  相似文献   

5.
The kinetics of oxidation of diaquadichloro(1,10-phenanthroline)chromium(III) complex, [CrIII(phen)(H2O)2Cl2]+, by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is biphasic. The first faster step involves the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(IV). The second slower step is due to the oxidation of Cr(IV) to Cr(V). The reaction product is isolated and characterized by electron spin resonance (ESR), IR, and elemental analysis. The chromium(V) product is consistent with the formula [CrV(phen)Cl2(O)]Br. The rate constants kf and ks, for the faster and the slower steps respectively, were obtained using an Origin 9.0 software program. Values of both kf and ks, varied linearly with [NBS] at constant reaction conditions. The effect of pH on the reaction rate is investigated over the pH (4.11–6.01) range at 25.0°C. The rate constants kf and ks increased with increasing pH. This is consistent with hydroxo forms of the chromium species being more reactive than the aqua forms. Chromium(III) complexes, more often than not, are inert. The oxidation of the Cr(III) complex to Cr(IV), most likely, proceeds by an outer sphere mechanism. Since chromium(IV) is labile the mechanism of its oxidation to chromium(V) is not certain.  相似文献   

6.
[CrIII(LD)(Urd)(H2O)4](NO3)2?·?3H2O (LD?=?Levodopa; Urd?=?uridine) was prepared and characterized. The product of the oxidation reaction was examined using HPLC. Kinetics of the oxidation of [CrIII(LD)(Urd)(H2O)4]2+ with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in an aqueous solution was studied spectrophotometrically, with 1.0–5.0?×?10?4?mol?dm?3 complex, 0.5–5.0?×?10?2?mol?dm?3 NBS, 0.2–0.3?mol?dm?3 ionic strength (I), and 30–50°C. The reaction is first order with respect to [CrIII] and [NBS], decreases as pH increases in the range 5.46–6.54 and increases with the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, 0.0–1.0?×?10?3?mol?dm?3). Activation parameters including enthalpy, ΔH*, and entropy, ΔS*, were calculated. The experimental rate law is consistent with a mechanism in which the protonated species is more reactive than its conjugate base. It is assumed that the two-step one-electron transfer takes place via an inner-sphere mechanism. A mechanism for this reaction is proposed and supported by an excellent isokinetic relationship between ΔH* and ΔS* for some CrIII complexes. Formation of [CrIII(LD)(Urd)(H2O)4]2+ in vivo probably occurs with patients who administer the anti-Parkinson drug (Levodopa), since CrIII is a natural food element. This work provides an opportunity to identify the nature of such interactions in vivo similar to that in vitro.  相似文献   

7.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Properties of the Chromium(II) Phosphate Halides Cr2(PO4)Br and Cr2(PO4)I The new compounds Cr2(PO4)Br and Cr2(PO4)I have been obtained by reaction of CrPO4, Cr and Br2 or I2 in evacuated silica tubes at elevated temperatures (Cr2(PO4)Br: 900 °C, Cr2(PO4)I: 700 °C). Single crystals of deep blue Cr2(PO4)Br and turquoise Cr2(PO4)I with edge-lengths up to 2 mm and 0.3 mm, respectively, have been grown in experiments involving the gaseous phase. Single crystal data have been used for structure determination and refinement. Though being not isotypic, the two crystal structures are closely related. Two crystallographically independent Cr2+, in polyhedra [Cr1O3X3] and [Cr2O5X], form dimers [Cr12O2O2/2X4] and [Cr22O8X2]. Distances are 1.978 Å ≤ d(Cr–O) ≤ 2.096 Å (for the iodide: 1.959 Å ≤ d(Cr–O) ≤ 2.105 Å), 2.587 Å ≤ d(Cr–Br) ≤ 3.158 Å and 2.867 Å ≤ d(Cr–I) ≤ 3.327 Å. The structures of bromide and iodide can be distinguished by the different way of connection of the Cr1 containing dimers. The phosphate group shows slightly distorted tetrahedral geometry with 1.491 Å ≤ d(P–O) ≤ 1.559 Å (1.486 Å ≤ d(P–O) ≤ 1.567 Å) and angles of 106.48° ≤ ∠(O–P–O) ≤ 111.69° (106.57° ≤ ∠(O–P–O) ≤ 111.72°. IR-spectra of Cr2(PO4)Br and Cr2(PO4)I, the Raman-spectrum of Cr2(PO4)Br and electronic spectra of the two compounds in the UV/vis region at low temperature are reported and discussed.  相似文献   

8.
The kinetics of oxidation of the chromium(III)‐guanosine 5‐monophosphate complex, [CrIII(L)(H2O)4]3+(L = guanosine 5‐monophosphate) by periodate in aqueous solution to CrVI have been studied spectrophotometrically over the 25–45 °C range. The reaction is first order with respect to both [IO4?] and [CrIII], and increases with pH over the 2.38–3.68 range. Thermodynamic activation parameters have been calculated. It is proposed that electron transfer proceeds through an inner‐sphere mechanism via coordination of IO4? to chromium(III).  相似文献   

9.
Shen  Xiaoping  Li  Baolong  Zou  Jianzhong  Xu  Zheng  Yu  Yunpeng  Liu  Shixiong 《Transition Metal Chemistry》2002,27(4):372-376
K3[Cr(CN)6] reacts with the mononuclear MnIII complex Mn(salen)ClO4 · 2H2O [salen: N,N-ethylenebis(salicylideneiminato)dianion] to give a bimetallic heptanuclear complex cation salt [Cr{(CN)Mn(salen · H2O)}6][Cr(CN)6]6H2O. In the complex anion, [Cr{(CN)Mn(salen · H2O)}6]3+, six MnIII ions coordinate to a CrIII center via cyano bridges, forming a spherical species with 3 symmetry. A study of magnetic properties shows the presence of antiferromagnetic interaction through the cyanide bridge between CrIII (S = 3/2) and MnIII (S = 4/2) and results in a ground state S = 21/2.  相似文献   

10.
A new cyano‐bridged binuclear 4f‐3d complex Sm(DMSO)4‐(H2O)3Cr(CN)6 was synthesized and characterized by single crystal structure analysis. It crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21 with a=0.9367(2) nm, b = 1.3917(3) nm, c = 1.1212(2) run, β = 99.88(3)° and Z = 2. In this binuclear complex, Sm atom is eight coordinated and linked to the Cr atom by a cyano bridge. The molecules packs to form 3D structure due to the hydrogen bonds among them. [K3(18‐C‐6)3(H2O)4]Cr(CN)6·3H2O (18‐C‐6 represents 18‐crown‐6‐ether) that was synthesized as a byproduct in the preparation of a Gd—Cr complex is also structurally characterized. Crystal data: triclinic, space group P‐l with a = 1.0496(7) nm, b= 1.1567(14) nm, c = 1.3530(13) nm, a = 94.15(9)°, β = 96.04(8)°, γ = 95.25(9)° and Z = l. [K3(18‐C‐6)3(H2O)4]‐Cr(CN)6·3H2O consists of ionic [K3(18‐C‐6)3(H2O)4]3+ and [Cr(CN)6]3‐ pairs, of which the [K3(18‐C‐6)3(H2O)4]3+ ion is a trinuclear duster connected by water, and K atoms are eight coordinated by eight oxygen atoms of one 18‐C‐6 and two water molecules.  相似文献   

11.
Substitution inertcis-diaqua CrIII complexes: cis-[(Lx−)CrIII(H2O)2](3−x)+ derived from N-donor ligands (Lx−) viz., bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline (x = 0) and N,O-donor ligands viz., nitrilotriacetate and anthranilate N,N-diacetate (x = 3) titrate as diprotic acids in aqueous solution and enhance the acidity of otherwise weakly acidic boric acid (H3BO3) producing mononuclear and binuclear mixed ligand CrIII-borate complexes: [(L)Cr(H2BO4)]x− and [(L)Cr(BO4)Cr(L)](1−2x)+ respectively through coordination of the H2O and/or OH ligands, cis-coordinated in the CrIII-complexes on the electron deficient BIII-atom in H3BO3 with release of protons. Deprotonation of the parent CrIII-complexes and their reactions with H3BO3 have been investigated by potentiometric method in aqueous solution,I = 0.1 mol dm−3 (NaNO3) at 25 ±0.1°C. The equilibrium constants have been evaluated by computerized methods and the tentative stoichiometry of the reactions have been worked out on the basis of the speciation curves  相似文献   

12.
A [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 aqueous solution, 0.25 M at T=20°C, is investigated by X-ray diffraction. The calculated radial distribution function shows, in spite of the low Cr3+ concentration, a well resolved peak centred around 1.90 A, a distance coincident with the Cr3+-H2O distance found in crystalline [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3. It can reasonably be stated that the [Cr(H2O)6]3+ ions pass relatively undisturbed into solutions where they constitute quite stable units.  相似文献   

13.
Thermal decomposition of chromium nitrate nonahydrate was studied by thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, and high temperature X-ray diffraction, so that mass losses were related to the exactly coincident endothermic effects and vibrational energy levels of the evolved gases. The thermal decomposition of chromium nitrate is a complex process, which begins with the simultaneous dehydration and concurrent condensation of 4 mol of the initial monomer Cr(NO3)3·9H2O. Soon after that, the resulting product Cr4N12O36·31H2O gradually loses water and azeotrope HNO3 + H2O, and is transformed into tetrameric oxynitrate Cr4N4O16. At higher temperatures, the tetramer loses N2O3 and O2 and a simultaneous oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(IV) occurs. The resulting composition at this stage is chromium dioxide dimer Cr4O8. Finally, at 447 °C the unstable dimer loses oxygen and is transformed into 2Cr2O3. The models of intermediate amorphous compounds represent a reasonably good approximation to the real structures and a proper interpretation of experimental data.  相似文献   

14.
Summary In aqueous solutions, [Cr(en)3]3+ aquates to [Cr(en)2-(H2O) 2]3+. A kinetic study of the oxidation of [Cr(en)3]3+ by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in aqueous solutions and water-alcohol solvent mixtures was performed. The reaction is first order with respect to both total [CrIII] and [NBS]. The rate is inversely dependent upon [H+] in the 7.0–7.9 pH range, and varies with the co-solvent according to the order: MeOH > EtOH > PrOH. An appropriate mechanism, in which the deprotonated [Cr(en)2(OH)(H2O)]2+ is the reactive species, is suggested. Thermodynamic activation parameters have been calculated.Abstracted from the PhD thesis (Ain Shams University) of A. E.- D. M. Abdel-Hady.  相似文献   

15.
The behavior of chromium(III) in molten potassium hydrogensulfate (220° C, P(H2O) = 0.04 atm) is reported. Chromium(III) exists as Cr3+ in acidic medium, and as chromium(III) sulfate, which is insoluble in neutral medium but soluble in basic medium as Cr(SO4)?2. The values of acidity constants and the solubilities of Cr(III) are reported.  相似文献   

16.
Deep blue-violet single crystals of hitherto unknown chromous orthophosphate have been obtained reducing CrPO4 by elemental Cr at temperatures above 1050°C in evacuated silica ampoules (NH4I or I2 as mineraliser). The complex structure of Cr3(PO4)2 (P212121, Z = 8, a = 8.4849(10) Å, b = 10.3317(10) Å, c = 14.206(2) Å) contains six crystallographically independent Cr2+ per unit cell. Five of them are coordinated by four oxygen atoms which form a distorted (roof shaped) square plane as first coordination sphere at interatomic distances 1.96 Å ? d(Cr? O) ? 2.15 Å. Their coordination is completed by additional oxygen atoms (2 or 3) at distances 2.32 Å ? d(Cr? O) ? 3.21 Å. The sixth Cr2+ shows six-fold octahedral coordination with strong radial distortion (d(Cr? O): 1.97, 2.04, 2.15, 2.28, 2.29, 2.53 Å). The four different [PO4] groups exhibit only minor deviations from ideal tetrahedral geometry (1.51 Å ? d(P? O) ? 1.57 Å, 104.3° ? ∠(O? P? O) ? 114.4°). An unusually low magnetic moment μexp = 4.28(2) μBP = ?54.8(5) K) has been observed for Cr2+.  相似文献   

17.
In order to shed light upon the nature and mechanism of 4f-3d magnetic exchange interactions, a series of binuclear complexes of lanthanide(3+) and chromium(3+) with the general formula [Ln(L)5(H2O)2Cr(CN)6]·mL· nH2O (Ln=La (1), Ce (2), Pr (3), Nd (4); x=5, y=2, m=1 or 2, n=2 or 2.5; L=2-pyrrolidinone) and [Ln(L)4(H2O)3Cr(CN)6] ·nH2O (Ln=Sm (5), Eu (6), Gd (7), Tb (8), Dy (9), Er (10); x=4, y=3, m=0, n= 1.5 or 2.0; L=2-pyrrolidinone) were prepared and the X-ray crystal structures of complexes 2, 6 and 7 were determined. All the compounds consist of a Ln-CN-Cr unit, in which Ln^3+ in a square antiprism environment is bridged to an octahedral coordinated Cr^3+ ion through a cyano group. The magnetic properties of the complexes 3 and 6-10 show an overall antiferromagnetic behavior. The fitting to the experimental magnetic susceptibilities of 7 give g= 1.98, J=0.40 cm^-1, zJ'= -0.21 cm^-1 on the basis of a binuclear spin system (Scd=7/2, Scr=3/2), revealing an intra-molecular Gd^3+-Cr^3+ ferromagnetic interaction and an inter-molecular antiferromagnetic interaction. For 7 the calculation of quantum chemical density functional theory (DFT), combined with the broken symmetry approach, showed that the calculated spin coupling constant was 20.3 cm^-1, supporting the observation of weak ferromagnetic intra-molecular interaction in 7. The spin density distributions of 7 in both the high spin ground state and the broken symmetry state were obtained, and the spin coupling mechanism between Gd^3+ and Cr^3+ was discussed.  相似文献   

18.
The kinetics of oxidation of [CrIII(Dpc)(Asp)(H2O)2] (Dpc = dipicolinic acid and Asp = DL ‐aspartic acid) by N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) in aqueous solution have been found to obey the equation: where k2 is the rate constant for the electron transfer process, K1 is the equilibrium constant for deprotonation of [CrIII(Dpc)(Asp)(H2O)2], K2 and K3 are the pre‐equilibrium formation constants of precursor complexes [CrIII(Dpc)(Asp)(H2O)(NBS)] and [CrIII(Dpc)(Asp)(H2O)(OH)(NBS)]?. Values of k2 = 4.85 × 10?2 s?1, K1 = 1.85 × 10?7 mol dm?3, and K2 = 78.2 mol?1 dm3 have been obtained at 30°C and I = 0.1 mol dm?3. The experimental rate law is consistent with a mechanism in which the deprotonated [CrIII(Dpc)(Asp)(H2O)(OH)]? is considered to be the most reactive species compared to its conjugate acid. It is assumed that electron transfer takes place via an inner‐sphere mechanism. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 394–400, 2004  相似文献   

19.
Zusammenfassung Durch Versuche mit51Cr wird gezeigt, daß Cr3+ mit Cr2+ austauscht, wenn man ein Chrom(III)-Salz in wässeriger Cr2+-Lösung auflöst, d. h. die Hydratation zum reaktionsträgen [Cr(H2O)6]3+ verläuft relativ langsam. Die Bedeutung dieses Austausches für dieSzilard—Chalmers-Reaktion von Chromat wird diskutiert.
Experiments with51Cr prove the exchange of Cr3+ with Cr2+ when a Cr(III)-salt is dissolved in an aqueous solution of Cr2+. This indicates that the hydration to the inert [Cr(H2O)6]3+ is relatively slow. The importance of this exchange for theSzilard—Chalmers reaction of chromate is discussed.
  相似文献   

20.
Monomeric and Dimeric Chromium(III) Phthalocyanines: Synthesis and Properties of Hydroxopyridinophthalocyaninatochromium(III) and μ-Oxodi(pyridinophthalocyaninatochromium(III)) Heating of ?[Cr(OH)Pc2?]”? in pyridine (Py) gives the paramagnetic (T = 273 K) complexes [Cr(OH)(Py)Pc2?] (μCr = 3.84 μB) and [(Cr(Py)Pc2?)2O] (μCr = 1.24 μB) by consecutive substitution and condensation reactions. The UV-VIS spectra are characterized by the typical B, Q, and N regions of the Pc2? ligand being shifted hypsochromically for the dimer with respect to the monomer due to excitonic coupling (1.5 kK). Regions of weak absorbance between 8 and 13 resp. 19 kK are assigned to trip-quartet transitions for both complexes. A weak band at 870 cm?1 in the FIR/MIR spectra is assigned to vas(Cr? O? Cr). In the resonance Raman(RR) spectra v(Cr? O) at 514 cm?1 resp. vs(Cr? O? Cr) at 426 cm?1 is selectively enhanced. Further strong RR-lines of the μ-Oxo dimer at 110 and 631 cm?1 are assigned to a (Py? Cr? O)- resp. internal pyridine deformation of a1g symmetry. An assignment as 2vas(Cr? O? Cr) is proposed for the remarkable RR line at 1740 cm?1.  相似文献   

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