表面增强拉曼光谱在毒品检测中的应用进展

表面增强拉曼光谱(surfaced-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS)作为一种借助贵金属纳米材料可以增强目标分子信号的拉曼光谱技术,由于其具有指纹识别、高灵敏、高准确度、快速无损、不受水分子干扰等特点,在法庭科学领域中的痕量毒品检测方面逐渐受到人们的关注.SERS不仅用于毒品纯品的检测,对于复杂体系的缴获毒品和人体检材毒品的检测也逐渐成为研究热点.本文重点总结了SERS检测毒品的种类和方法,介绍了用于毒品检测的增强基底的发展,以及基于SERS的检测技术的进展,并对SERS毒品检测数据的分析方法做了概括.最后讨论了SERS在毒品检测面临的主要挑战,并展望了基于SERS毒品痕量检测的未来发展趋势.     

表面增强拉曼光谱在痕量残留检测方面的应用

表面增强拉曼光谱(Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, SERS)是基于拉曼散射效应,通过把被分析有机物吸附在经特殊处理的粗糙金属表面,使有机物的拉曼散射信号增强的一种具有高灵敏度的分析技术。SERS技术能快速检测出痕量残留物质,在表面痕量残留检测领域有很大的应用价值。本文对SERS技术在痕量残留检测方面的发展及应用进行了综述,并对未来SERS技术在表面痕量残留快速检测方面的应用进行了展望。     

表面增强拉曼光谱在DNA检测中的应用

表面增强拉曼光谱(Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,SERS)由于具有光谱分辨率高、信息量大,不受水的干扰,灵敏度高等优点,在生命科学等研究领域得到了广泛应用。近几年来,SERS技术在DNA分析领域中得到迅速的发展,成为国内外研究的热点。本文主要对SERS进行了介绍,并对应用于DNA检测的一些最新SERS技术进行较为全面的综述,展望了SERS技术的应用前景。     

表面增强拉曼光谱技术研究进展

表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)具有检测灵敏度高、分析速度快等优点,是一种颇具潜力的痕量分析技术。SERS技术的关键在于通过机理研究制备出稳定性高、灵敏度高、重现性好的活性基底,从而实现痕量物质的定量分析。对SERS活性基底的发展和SERS在一些领域的应用进行了综述,提出了亟待解决的问题。     

基于聚合物／金属纳米结构镶嵌型柔性基底的表面增强拉曼光谱技术

表面增强拉曼光谱（SERS）技术可极大增强传统拉曼光谱的信号强度,从而拓展拉曼光谱的应用范围．针对SERS技术在分析对象、分析环境的普适性和分析效率方面的限制,本文设计并发展了一种透明、柔性、自支撑SERS基底的制备、保存和使用方法．该基底由聚合物聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）和在其表面镶嵌的金属纳米结构组成,可以通过背入射法用于任意形貌样品表面的直接和在线检测．柔性SERS（Ag）基底在R6G水溶液表面的检测限小于1pmol／L．     

针尖增强拉曼光谱应用于单分子研究的进展

拉曼光谱因可表征物质的化学信息而被广泛应用,特别是表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)能够在单分子水平研究物质的化学结构信息,但SERS技术对基底粗糙度要求较高,无法获得令人满意的空间分辨率。扫描探针显微技术的出现使在原子水平研究物质的形貌成为可能,但该方法不能同时获得原子/分子的化学信息。针尖增强拉曼光谱(TERS)技术则集两者于一身,已被广泛用于物质的单分子物理化学性质的研究。本文在回顾TERS及相关技术发展的基础上,介绍了TERS技术的原理及性能,简述了TERS技术用于单分子研究的部分典型结果,并展望了该技术的发展前景。     

表面增强拉曼光谱定量分析技术研究进展

表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术具有适于现场快速分析等优点,从而引起众多分析科学家的关注。但在实际分析过程中,SERS信号易受基体干扰,重现性欠佳,因此SERS技术目前多应用于定性或半定量分析,SERS定量分析技术仍亟待发展完善。随着科技的不断发展,人们对准确度更高的表面增强拉曼光谱定量技术的需求日益强烈。该文综述了目前外标法、内标法和化学计量学定量方法等主流SERS定量分析技术在近年来的研究进展,并展望了SERS定量分析技术的未来发展趋势。     

固体活性基底表面增强拉曼光谱研究进展

表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)是一种研究分子吸附和界面现象的有效手段,它促进了拉曼光谱技术应用的发展,其增强机理主要包括电磁增强机理和化学增强机理。固体活性基底是SERS技术的重要组成部分,综述了水体系和非水体系SERS固体活性基底的研究状况及SERS固相基底在定量分析方面的应用,指出了SERS固体活性基底在非水体系的应用潜力。     

活性艳兰X-BR在银镜表面增强拉曼光谱的研究

自1974年Fleishmann[1]等人发现表面增强拉曼散射(surface-enhanced Raman scattering,SERS)现象以来,SERS技术由于其高的表面检测灵敏度以及易于获得全波段振动光谱等优点,已为人们在分子水平上认识贵金属表面提供了丰富的信息。人们主要利用该技术研究吸附分子的各种性质。一     

基于核壳型结构纳米粒子的SERS活性基底研究进展

表面增强拉曼光谱(Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS)作为一种新型分析检测技术,具有检测快速、灵敏度高、非破坏性、原位检测等优点。高灵敏度、高稳定性、高增强能力及高重复性、可循环利用的SERS活性基底的制备是获得较好SERS信号的一个重要因素。与传统的单一组分SERS基底相比,将多种不同功能的纳米材料进行复合,形成的核壳型结构纳米粒子作为一种新型SERS活性基底,不仅能获得更为稳定的SERS信号,还能赋予其富集分离、催化和特异性分子识别等功能。该文综述了近年来基于复合贵金属、磁性材料、半导体、复合有机等核壳型结构纳米粒子的SERS活性基底的研究进展。     

Advances in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for analysis of pharmaceuticals: A review

Recently, Raman spectroscopy become a popular and potential analytical technique for the analysis of pharmaceuticals as a result of its advancement. The innovation of laser technology, Fourier Transform-Raman spectrometers with charge coupled device (CCD) detectors, ease of sample preparation and handling, mitigation of sub-sampling problems using different geometric laser irradiance patterns and invention of different optical components of Raman spectrometers are contributors of the advancement of Raman spectroscopy. Transmission Raman Spectroscopy is a useful tool in pharmaceutical analysis to address the problems related with sub-sampling in conventional Raman back scattering. More importantly, the development of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been a prominent advancement for Raman spectroscopy to be applied for pharmaceuticals analysis as it avoids the inherent insensitivity and fluorescence problems. As the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) contain aromatic or conjugated domains with strong Raman scattering activity, Raman spectroscopy is an attractive alternative conventional analytical method for pharmaceuticals. Coupling of Raman spectroscopy with separation techniques is also another advancement applied to reduce or avoid possible spectral interferences. Therefore, in this review, transmission Raman spectroscopy, SERS, and SERS coupled with various separation techniques for pharmaceutical analysis are presented.     

Noble‐Metal‐Free Materials for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Detection

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an attractive tool for the sensing of molecules in the fields of chemical and biochemical analysis as it enables the sensitive detection of molecular fingerprint information even at the single‐molecule level. In addition to traditional coinage metals in SERS analysis, recent research on noble‐metal‐free materials has also yielded highly sensitive SERS activity. This Minireview presents the recent development of noble‐metal‐free materials as SERS substrates and their potential applications, especially semiconductors and emerging graphene‐based nanostructures. Rather than providing an exhaustive review of this field, possible contributions from semiconductor substrates, characteristics of graphene enhanced Raman scattering, as well as effect factors such as surface plasmon resonance, structure and defects of the nanostructures that are considered essential for SERS activity are emphasized. The intention is to illustrate, through these examples, that the promise of noble‐metal‐free materials for enhancing detection sensitivity can further fuel the development of SERS‐related applications.     

SERS: a versatile tool in chemical and biochemical diagnostics

Raman spectroscopy is a valuable tool in various research fields. The technique yields structural information from all kind of samples often without the need for extensive sample preparation. Since the Raman signals are inherently weak and therefore do not allow one to investigate substances in low concentrations, one possible approach is surface-enhanced (resonance) Raman spectroscopy. Here, rough coin metal surfaces enhance the Raman signal by a factor of 10⁴–10¹⁵, depending on the applied method. In this review we discuss recent developments in SERS spectroscopy and their impact on different research fields.     

Photocatalytically Powered Matchlike Nanomotor for Light‐Guided Active SERS Sensing

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful optical sensing technique that can detect analytes of extremely low concentrations. However, the presence of enough SERS probes in the detection area and a close contact between analytes and SERS probes are critical for efficient acquisition of a SERS signal. Presented here is a light‐powered micro/nanomotor (MNM) that can serve as an active SERS probe. The matchlike AgNW@SiO₂ core–shell structure of the nanomotors work as SERS probes based on the shell‐isolated enhanced Raman mechanism. The AgCl tail serves as photocatalytic nanoengine, providing a self‐propulsion force by light‐induced self‐diffusiophoresis. The phototactic behavior was utilized to achieve enrichment of the nanomotor‐based SERS probes for on‐demand biochemical sensing. The results demonstrate the possibility of using photocatalytic nanomotors as active SERS probes for remote, light‐controlled, and smart biochemical sensing on the micro/nanoscale.     

New Tools for Investigating Electromagnetic Hot Spots in Single‐Molecule Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is quickly growing as an analytical technique, because it offers both molecular specificity and excellent sensitivity. For select substrates, SERS can even be observed from single molecules, which is the ultimate limit of detection. This review describes recent developments in the field of single‐molecule SERS (SM‐SERS) with a focus on new tools for characterizing SM‐SERS‐active substrates and how they interact with single molecules on their surface. In particular, techniques that combine optical spectroscopy and microscopy with electron microscopy are described, including correlated optical and transmission electron microscopy, correlated super‐resolution imaging and scanning electron microscopy, and correlated optical microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy.     

Optical fibre SERS sensors

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has established itself as an important analytical technique. However, efforts to transfer the technology from the laboratory to the production line, clinic or field have been frustrated by the lack of robust affordable substrates and the complexity of interfacing between sample and spectrometer. Prompted by the success of optical fibre systems for implementing normal Raman scattering spectroscopy in remote locations and biomedical applications, attention has now shifted to the development of SERS-active optical fibres. Other workers have attempted to develop SERS probes with extended interaction lengths and both far-field and near-field SERS imaging techniques for high-resolution chemical mapping of surfaces. This review discusses the development of these technologies and presents the current state of the art. Although recent developments show great promise, some outstanding challenges and opportunities remain to be addressed.     

Nanoscale Chemical Imaging Using Tip‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: A Critical Review

Methods for chemical analysis at the nanometer scale are crucial for understanding and characterizing nanostructures of modern materials and biological systems. Tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) combines the chemical information provided by Raman spectroscopy with the signal enhancement known from surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and the high spatial resolution of atomic force microscopy (AFM) or scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). A metallic or metallized tip is illuminated by a focused laser beam and the resulting strongly enhanced electromagnetic field at the tip apex acts as a highly confined light source for Raman spectroscopic measurements. This Review focuses on the prerequisites for the efficient coupling of light to the tip as well as the shortcomings and pitfalls that have to be considered for TERS imaging, a fascinating but still challenging way to look at the nanoworld. Finally, examples from recent publications have been selected to demonstrate the potential of this technique for chemical imaging with a spatial resolution of approximately 10 nm and sensitivity down to the single‐molecule level for applications ranging from materials sciences to life sciences.     

Towards Reliable and Quantitative Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS): From Key Parameters to Good Analytical Practice

Experimental results obtained in different laboratories world‐wide by researchers using surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) can differ significantly. We, an international team of scientists with long‐standing expertise in SERS, address this issue from our perspective by presenting considerations on reliable and quantitative SERS. The central idea of this joint effort is to highlight key parameters and pitfalls that are often encountered in the literature. To that end, we provide here a series of recommendations on: a) the characterization of solid and colloidal SERS substrates by correlative electron and optical microscopy and spectroscopy, b) on the determination of the SERS enhancement factor (EF), including suitable Raman reporter/probe molecules, and finally on c) good analytical practice. We hope that both newcomers and specialists will benefit from these recommendations to increase the inter‐laboratory comparability of experimental SERS results and further establish SERS as an analytical tool.     

SERS study of the interaction of thiourea with a copper electrode in sulphuric acid solution

The electrochemical interaction of thiourea with a copper electrode in sulphuric acid solution was investigated using Fourier transform Raman and in situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. SERS spectra of thiourea at a copper electrode were obtained in solutions containing greater than 5 ppm thiourea; the spectra obtained were consistent with adsorption of the molecule on the copper electrode via the sulphur atom. The SERS spectra provide evidence of complex formation involving thiourea and sulphate species at the electrode surface.