影响一步摄影正象色调与银颗粒大小的几个因素

用透射电子显微镜观察一步摄影正片(明胶介质)的银颗粒,对影响银颗粒大小的因素进行了研究。卤化银负片乳剂中的碘含量,明显地影响卤化银颗粒大小和转印后银颗粒的大小,随着卤化银乳剂中的碘含量减少,卤化银颗粒和银质点簇(即银颗粒)变大,组成银质点簇的银质点数目增多,正象色调由棕向黑转移。不同物理显影核亦显著影响正片银颗粒大小与其色调。     

硫氰酸钾在超细卤化银颗粒乳剂中的作用

近年来,超细颗粒照相乳剂逐渐受到人们的注意,这是因为全息术和微电子制版材料的广泛应用,需要高解像率和高感光度的照相材料.但是,在颗粒尺寸不变的情况下,颗粒尺寸小于0.05μm的胶态卤化银乳剂难以用化学增感的方法实现感光度的提高^[1]。硫氰酸钾在常规照相乳剂中是卤化银的溶剂.而在超细卤化银颗粒乳剂中,如果控制pAg在6.1~6.8范围内,使用硫氰酸钾,能提高超细卤化银颗粒乳剂的感光度,而颗粒尺寸不变,这一效果对全息术有重要现实意义。硫氰酸钾在超细卤化银颗粒乳剂中的作用,迄今为止,在文献上还未见报导。     

CaWO4核/卤化银壳光敏微晶的制备及性能研究

用于感光材料的卤化银微晶合成技术近二十年来取得了很大进展,合成出了诸如T-颗粒、核壳乳剂和外延复合颗粒等,使感光材料的性能日趋优异。但由于感光化学反应(如化学增感、光谱增感、潜影形成及显影过程等)基本上都发生在微晶的表面,而微晶核内部的卤化银却未发生作用,而随定影过程被溶解成废液,这样便造成贵金属银的浪费。     

新型卤化银微晶——中空颗粒乳剂的制备

近十五年来,卤化银感光乳剂的制备有了长足的发展,出现了一系列新型卤化银微晶,例如扁平T-颗粒、双层结构颗粒、外延复合晶体、多层结构颗粒、糙面颗粒等等.这些新型微晶乳剂的出现使“微粒高感”成为可能,在此基础上开发出的新一代彩色和黑白感光材料的质量和性能达到了前所未有的高水平.这表明卤化银乳剂制备技术的更新对感光材料的发展起着决定性的作用.     

关于内灰化卤化银乳剂提高感光材料遮盖率的研究

多年来提高卤化银照相乳剂遮盖率的研究,特别是高速负性乳剂,例如医用X射线乳剂已引起广泛注意。乳剂制造者们不断寻求提高卤化银照相乳剂的遮盖率,即尽可能产生较高的密度,以最充分地利用银,或在不降低卤化银乳剂性能的条件下,减少胶片中的银含量,以达到节银的目的。将一定量的内灰化卤化银乳剂与碘的摩尔分数大于3%的高感大颗粒乳剂混合,以提高感光材料的遮盖率是一种很有效的方法。本文主要研究了内灰化乳剂的制备,选用了有效的内灰化卤化银乳剂及灰化剂,以提高负性感光材料的遮盖率。试验表明,内灰化乳剂与常规的澳碘化银乳剂混合涂成胶片,是达到提高胶片遮盖率的有效方法。胶片在显影时内灰化颗粒(曝了光的)充分被还原,可产生较高的密度即较高的遮盖率。在显影液中是否含有碘化钾以及对内灰化乳剂制备的影响是本文研究的重点^[1,2]。     

改善高氯卤化银乳剂的高照度性能

本实验制备了高氯卤化银立方体系列乳剂和高氯卤化银(100)晶面T颗粒乳剂,对高氯卤化银立方体乳剂进行了不同种类掺杂剂的掺杂试验.通过测定以上各乳剂在常规曝光和高照度曝光下的照相性能,表明了在高氯卤化银乳剂中掺杂碘化物、掺杂铱络合物和掺杂浅电子陷阱掺杂剂都可以不同程度地改善乳剂的高照度性能,几种改进措施的结合效果更好.     

单分散微/纳米卤化银乳剂的光吸收特性研究——立方体乳剂和氯化银{100}面扁平颗粒乳剂

重点研究了系列立方体乳剂和氯化银{100}面T-颗粒乳剂的光吸收特性. 通过调变乳剂制备的各项参数, 成功地制备了系列立方体卤化银乳剂及氯化银{100}面扁平颗粒乳剂. 经过TEM和SEM进行观察, 统计颗粒的形貌、粒径, 确定系列立方体乳剂微晶的粒径分别为: 80, 150, 600 nm; 得到的氯化银{100}面扁平颗粒乳剂微晶的等效粒径为1400 nm, 且形态比不小于7. 经过对明胶-乳剂层和片基的反射和透射光谱测试, 计算了不同形貌、不同粒径AgCl(Br)乳剂体系的光吸收系数, 比较了相对光吸收能量. 实验发现: 纳米级卤化银立方体的光吸收在可见光谱区始终保持有较高值, 主要吸收峰与其它颗粒相比明显发生了红移; 氯化银{100}面T-颗粒乳剂在本征吸收区及可见光区域都有独特的光吸收性能.     

碘和硫增感剂在卤化银颗粒表面的分布

碘在卤化银微晶中的含量和分布对感光度的影响引起乳剂配方设计者的广泛注意和重视.颗粒中的碘引起其内部结构和表面结构的改变,导致微晶颗粒表面化学及物理性质的改变,从而引起增感敏化斑的位置、分布以及随后潜影斑、灰雾斑的形成等一系列的变化并最终影响乳剂的感光性能.如果我们想有效地控制卤化银乳剂的感光度、灰雾、反差等一系列感光性能,必须调整卤化银乳剂颗粒的表面结构.     

用铜物理显影的多级放大成像过程 Ⅰ.影像强化和节银效应

感光乳剂中卤化银颗粒接收足够的曝光量后可形成潜影,经过显影便成为可见影像。这个过程可以看作是第一级放大。它的放大因子为10~9。但是影像的密度取决于单位面积上显出的银量和银影像的遮盖本领。如果单位面积上显出的银颗粒太少,影像就不能被眼睛或仪器(如密度计)检测出来。单位面积上银颗粒太少可由两个原因造成的:或是因为曝光量太低以致具有可显潜影的颗粒太少;或是因为乳剂层中卤化银颗粒本来就太少。     

直流极化法对溴化银T颗粒乳剂电性能的研究

采用Wagner直流极化法对溴化银T颗粒乳剂的电性能作了研究.研究结果表明,未经光照的溴化银T颗粒乳剂具有一定的电子电导率.与曝光后的溴化银T颗粒乳剂相比,未经光照的溴化银T颗粒乳剂具有更高的电子电导率.另外,在未经光照的卤化银乳剂微晶体中,如果添加防灰雾剂,其电子电导率会明显上升.感光乳剂电性能的变化反映出溴化银乳剂微晶体内自由电子与填隙银离子结合的状态.本文还从分子结构的角度探讨了四氮唑等防灰雾剂对溴化银乳剂微晶体自由电子与填隙银离子结合的阻滞作用.     

反相微乳液法制备纳米Ag2S增感剂的化学增感研究

本文用反相微乳液法制备了纳米Ag₂S,并用作卤化银乳剂的硫增感剂,研究了其增感效果、增感规律及可能的增感机理.反相微乳液由异辛烷、表面活性剂AOT钠盐和水形成;制得的Ag₂S粒径3—5 nm;用制得颗粒增感卤化银乳剂,获得的感光性能优越于用Na₂S₂O₃水溶液增感;增感规律的研究表明,随着乳剂中纳米Ag₂S浓度的增加,模型乳剂感光度迅速提高、灰雾变化不大,并在100—200μmol/molAg左右获得最佳感光性能,进一步增加浓度则感光度呈下降趋势、灰雾升高;获得最佳感光性能所需的化学增感时间很短,约40分钟,之后感光度不再增加、灰雾上升;用漫反射光谱(DRS)作探针,跟踪记录增感时卤化银微晶表面上纳米Ag₂S增感剂颗粒的演变,为新型纳米增感剂的优异增感特性提供了机理性解释.     

A facile pathway to prepare enzymatically degradable microcapsules with tunable capsule shell properties

Dextran sulfate (DS)/poly-l-lysine (PLL) microcapsules are fabricated by an in situ coacervation method using DS-doped CaCO₃ microparticles as templates. Twinned superstructures or spherical CaCO₃ microparticles are produced depending on DS concentration in the starting solution. DS/PLL microcapsules with ellipsoidal or spherical outline are obtained after removal of templates in disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate dehydrate (EDTA) without PLL. Their shell thickness and negative surface charges increase with the DS weight percentage in the templates. The surface potential of DS/PLL microcapsules, fabricated by core removal in an EDTA/PLL solution, can be easily tuned by altering PLL concentration in template removal solution. DS/PLL microcapsules fabricated by template removal in solution with or without PLL are both degraded by α-chymotrypsin, and different degradation profiles are observed because of shell thickness differences. DS/PLL may be used as transport vehicles for various compounds regardless of their charge sign in biomedical fields.     

Core–Shell Hollow Microspheres of Magnetic Iron Oxide@Amorphous Calcium Phosphate: Synthesis Using Adenosine 5′‐Triphosphate and Application in pH‐Responsive Drug Delivery

Drug nanocarriers with magnetic targeting and pH‐responsive drug‐release behavior are promising for applications in controlled drug delivery. Magnetic iron oxides show excellent magnetism, but their application in drug delivery is limited by low drug‐loading capacity and poor control over drug release. Herein, core–shell hollow microspheres of magnetic iron oxide@amorphous calcium phosphate (MIO@ACP) were prepared and investigated as magnetic, pH‐responsive drug nanocarriers. Hollow microspheres of magnetic iron oxide (HMIOs) were prepared by etching solid MIO microspheres in hydrochloric acid/ethanol solution. After loading a drug into the HMIOs, the drug‐loaded HMIOs were coated with a protective layer of ACP by using adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) disodium salt (Na₂ATP) as stabilizer, and drug‐loaded core–shell hollow microspheres of MIO@ACP (HMIOs/drug/ACP) were obtained. The as‐prepared HMIOs/drug/ACP drug‐delivery system exhibits superparamagnetism and pH‐responsive drug‐release behavior. In a medium with pH 7.4, drug release was slow, but it was significantly accelerated at pH 4.5 due to dissolution of the ACP shell. Docetaxel‐loaded core–shell hollow microspheres of MIO@ACP exhibited high anticancer activity.     

Preparation of pH- and thermo-sensitive chitosan-PNIPAAm core–shell nanoparticles and evaluation as drug carriers

Environmentally sensitive polysaccharide nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by in situ polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) monomer in the presence of chitosan (CS) micelles. First, CS was found to develop a cationic micelle-like structure in the acetic acid solution when its concentration was increased to above the critical micelle concentration, as evidenced by fluorescence and TEM. When the NIPAAm was polymerized in the CS micelle solution by using potassium persulfate as initiator, the produced PNIPAAm with anionic chain end(s) became hydrophobic, as long as the reaction temperature was above its phase transition temperature; and therefore it would diffuse into the hydrophobic core of the CS micelles, producing CS-PNIPAAm core–shell NPs. Increasing the feeding amount of NIPAAm increased the monomer conversion and therefore the particle size; yet it decreased the surface zeta potential. Moreover, the CS-PNIPAAm NPs were sensitive to both pH value and temperature. For the study of drug release properties, doxycycline hyclate was used as a model drug and loaded into the NPs at pH 4.5 and 25 °C. The result illustrated that these NPs had a continuous drug release behavior up to 1 week, depending on the pH value and temperature. In addition, enzyme or hydrogen peroxide capable of degrading CS shell was added in the solution to facilitate the drug release.     

Perturbed angular correlation study using147Nd as a probe

The time integral pertturbed angular correlation (TIPAC) technique is employed to study PAC parameters in aqueous solutions of biomolecules Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA), using radioactive¹⁴⁷Nd as a probe. The attenuation coefficient (G₂₂) is found to decrease with increasing concentration of BSA The effect of attenuation is more pronounced for protein molecules BSA and lysozyme than in the case of EDTA. The relaxation constant (₂) increases with increasing concentration of the solution as well as with the increasing size of the solute molecule.     

Preparation of Bowl-Like Polymer Particles via Multi-Step Emulsion Polymerization and Alkali Post-Treatment

Summary : Monodisperse P(BA-MMA-MAA-EGDMA)/P(St-MAA-DVB) core/shell latex particles were first synthesized by a four-step emulsion polymerization, and a new kind of latex particles with “bowl-like” morphology were obtained by post-treating the resultant core/shell particles under alkali condition. Results indicated that the feeding rates of the monomer mixture and initiator aqueous solution were the key parameters to obtain monodisperse core/shell latex particles in the emulsion polymerization process, and the latex particles with “bowl-like” morphology could be generated only when the treatment temperature was equal or higher than 70 °C.     

Complexometric estimation of copper

Summary Copper(II) or Copper(II) and iron(III) in a mixture are determined by titration with EDTA (disodium salt) solution as complexometric reagent at p_H 4.0 using potassium thiocyanate-p-anisidine as an indicator.Fe^III is estimated in the mixture by titration with EDTA (disodium salt) solution using potassium thiocyanate-ether as an indicator.Cu^II present in the mixture is, therefore, equivalent to the difference in amounts of the EDTA (disodium salt) used for the two sets of titrations of the mixture using potassium thiocyanate-p-anisidine and potassium thiocyanate-ether as indicators respectively.Strontium, magnesium, manganese, calcium, barium and mercuric ions do not interfere in these estimations.

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Zusammenfassung Kupfer(II) oder Kupfer(II) und Eisen(III) zusammen werden komplexometrisch mit ÄDTA-Lösung bei p_H 4,0 unter Verwendung von Kaliumthiocyanat-p-Anisidin als Indicator titriert. Eisen(III) wird in dem Gemisch durch komplexometrische Titration gegen Kaliumthiocyanat-Äther als Indicator bestimmt. Der Kupfer(II)-gehalt ergibt sich aus der Differenz der beiden Titrationen. Strontium, Magnesium, Mangan, Calcium, Barium und Quecksilber(II) stören nicht.