Sodium-Ion Batteries (a Review)

State-of-the-art in the studies of sodium-ion batteries is discussed in comparison with their deeper developed lithium-ion analogs. The principal problem hindering the development of competitive sodium-ion batteries is the low effectiveness of the electrode materials at hand. The principal efforts in the formation of anodes for the sodium-ion batteries are reduced to the development of materials based on carbon, metals, alloys, and transition metal oxides. Cathode materials are searched among oxides (first of all, layered) and salt systems. Synthesis of electrolytes for the sodium-ion batteries is not sufficiently attended to. Nowadays it is sodium salt solutions in organic solvents that are dominated; however, polymer and solid electrolytes with sodium conductivity may be thought of as very perspective. Reference list contains 584 items.     

钛基氧化物阳极中间层的研究进展

钛基氧化物阳极是国内外电化学领域应用广泛的优良阳极材料. 为提高电极导电性、延长电极使用寿命、增强钛基体和金属氧化物活性层之间稳定性,可以在钛基体和金属氧化物活性层之间添加氧化物等中间过渡层. 本文评述了钛基氧化物阳极中间层的研究进展,指出了钛基氧化物电极存在的问题,展望了中间层氧化物电极的发展趋势.     

Recent progress in lithium-ion and lithium metal batteries

Moving towards carbon-free energy and global commercialization of electric vehicles stimulated extensive development in the field of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and to date, many scientific and technological advances have been achieved. The number of research works devoted to developing high-capacity and stable materials for lithium- ion and lithium metal batteries (LMBs) is constantly rising. This review covers the main progress in the development of LIBs and LMBs based on research works published in 2021. One of the main goals in the recent publications is to solve the problem of instability of layered nickel-rich lithium– nickel–cobalt–manganese oxides (Ni-rich NMC) cathodes, as well as silicon anodes. Improving the stability of NMC cathodes can be achieved by doping them with cations as well as by coating the oxides’ surfaces with protective layers (organic polymers and inorganic materials). The most effective strategies for dampening volumetric changes in silicon anodes include using porous silicon structures, obtaining composites with carbon, coating silicon-containing particles with inorganic or polymeric materials, and replacing standard binder materials. Much work has been devoted to suppressing dendrite formation in LMBs by forming stable coating layers on the surface of lithium metal, preparing composite anodes and alloys, and changing the composition of electrolytes. At the same time, in the field of electrolyte development, many research works have been devoted to the search for new hybrid polymer electrolytes containing lithium-conducting inorganic materials.     

Emerging Lithiated Organic Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Full Batteries

Organic electrode materials have application potential in lithium batteries owing to their high capacity, abundant resources, and structural designability. However, most reported organic cathodes are at oxidized states (namely unlithiated compounds) and thus need to couple with Li-rich anodes. In contrast, lithiated organic cathode materials could act as a Li reservoir and match with Li-free anodes such as graphite, showing great promise for practical full-battery applications. Here we summarize the synthesis, stability, and battery applications of lithiated organic cathode materials, including synthetic methods, stability against O₂ and H₂O in air, and strategies to improve comprehensive electrochemical performance. Future research should be focused on new redox chemistries and the construction of full batteries with lithiated organic cathodes and commercial anodes under practical conditions. This Minireview will encourage more efforts on lithiated organic cathode materials and finally promote their commercialization.     

Nanostructured strategies towards boosting organic lithium-ion batteries

Pursuing material development for next-generation batteries,organic electrode materials have shown great potential for lithium-ion batteries.However,their widespread adopting is plagued by intrinsic problems such as poor electronic conductivity,high dissolution inside electrolytes and unstable chemical peculiarity.Recently,nanostructured-strategies promoted organic electrodes with exotic properties for enhancing electron and ion transport together with the stability during electrochemical process,have received increasing attention and have been extensive applied in boosting the organic lithium-ion based energy storage.In this review,we summarize the applications of nanostructures to improve the performance of both organic anodes and cathodes,including(i)nanoscale design of zero-dimensional organic electrode materials,(ii)strategies of one-dimensional nanostructured organic electrode materials,(iii)construction of two-dimensional nanosized organic composite electrodes,and(iv)three-dimensional exploration of nanosized organic electrodes.We hope to stimulate high-quality applied research on understanding and handling the relationship between the nanostructure and performance of organic lithium-ion batteries that might speed up the commercialization of organic lithium ion batteries.     

Comparison of lead, cadmium, copper and cobalt adsorption onto metal oxides and organic materials in natural surface coatings

Selective extraction techniques followed by adsorption experiment and statistical analysis were employed to estimate and compare the relative roles of metal oxides and organic substance in adsorption of Pb, Cd, Cu and Co onto surface coatings. Results indicated that metal oxides were very important sorbents for all of metal ions involved in this study, especially for Pb and Co. Furthermore, manganese oxides contributed to the absolute majority of Co adsorption regardless of concentration. But for Cu and Cd, organic materials are also very important sorbent phases, particularly for Cu, organic materials contributed to most of the Cu adsorption regardless of concentration. In addition, the analysis suggested the extraordinary predominance of Mn oxides for metal adsorption at the low concentrations. Considering the low concentration in natural water environments, Mn oxides might exert the greatest influence on the behavior of heavy metals.     

高熵氧化物的设计及其在锂离子电池中的应用研究进展

储能技术的革命性变化对下一代锂离子电池(LIBs)负极材料提出了更高的要求。近年来,一类具有复杂化学计量比的新型材料——高熵氧化物(HEOs)逐渐进入人们的视野并走向繁荣。理想的元素可调节性和吸引人的协同效应使 HEOs有望突破传统阳极的综合性能瓶颈,为电化学储能材料的设计和发展提供新的动力。本文分别从化学成分调控和结构设计2个方面结合本课题组近年来的研究及国内外重要文献,综述了HEOs作为LIBs负极材料的研究进展。在化学成分调控方面通过金属杂原子掺杂、非金属杂原子掺杂来提高HEOs的本征活性。在结构设计方面,通过构建一维结构、二维结构、三维结构、空心结构以及复合碳材料来增加HEOs的反应活性位点数量,从而提高储锂性能。最后,对HEOs在LIBs领域的发展进行了展望。     

高熵氧化物的设计及其在锂离子电池中的应用研究进展

储能技术的革命性变化对下一代锂离子电池（LIBs）负极材料提出了更高的要求。近年来,一类具有复杂化学计量比的新型材料——高熵氧化物（HEOs）逐渐进入人们的视野并走向繁荣。理想的元素可调节性和吸引人的协同效应使HEOs有望突破传统阳极的综合性能瓶颈,为电化学储能材料的设计和发展提供新的动力。本文分别从化学成分调控和结构设计2个方面结合本课题组近年来的研究及国内外重要文献,综述了HEOs作为LIBs负极材料的研究进展。在化学成分调控方面通过金属杂原子掺杂、非金属杂原子掺杂来提高HEOs的本征活性。在结构设计方面,通过构建一维结构、二维结构、三维结构、空心结构以及复合碳材料来增加HEOs的反应活性位点数量,从而提高储锂性能。最后,对HEOs在LIBs领域的发展进行了展望。     

Electrochemical Sensor Platforms Based on Nanostructured Metal Oxides,and Zeolite‐Based Materials

Electrochemical sensors have drawn significant attention over the last couple of decades because of their ability to improve detection of organic and inorganic analytes found in the field of biotechnology, environmental sciences, medicine, and food quality control. This personal account summarizes the state‐of‐art research carried out in the construction and evaluation of nanostructured metal oxides and zeolite based electrochemical sensors. Metal oxides and zeolite‐based nanomaterials have many unique and extraordinary properties such as tunable redox activity, surface functionalization ability, optimum conductivity, large surface area, biocompatibility and so forth. In this personal account, the current advances in electrochemical sensor applications of metal oxides, zeolite‐based nanomaterials, and their nanocomposites are described for the single and simultaneous determination of organic & inorganic contaminants present in water bodies, physiological bio‐molecules present in human blood & urine samples, and organic contaminants present in food materials.Moreover, concluding section focuses discussion on the future developments and applications of these materials in various emerging technologies.     

Development of metal oxide incorporated Al-Zn-Sn sacrificial anodes processed by stir casting and heat treatment

Aluminum sacrificial anodes are currently the first choice for cathodic protection in numerous applications. The galvanic performance of aluminum-based sacrificial anodes is considerably enhanced by addition of certain alloying elements called activators. Recent researches proved that incorporation of specific metal oxides like MnO₂, CeO₂, RuO₂, and IrO₂ into the aluminum matrix could enhance the galvanic efficiency of aluminum anodes; however, the mechanism by which metal oxides improve galvanic properties of aluminum is still subject to discussion. The present work investigates the effect of incorporating commercially available low-cost manganese dioxide concentrate into Al-5Zn-0.1Sn sacrificial anodes in different volume fractions. It also studies the influence of heat treatment on anode’s galvanic performance by performing solution treatment at 3 different temperatures (250 °C, 400 °C, 550 °C). The electrochemical testing results proved an increase in efficiency of anodes incorporated with metal oxides and solution treated at 550 °C. The SEM imaging and EDX elemental mapping declared that the presence of SiO₂ particles in the anode matrix which might cause effective and uniform corrosion of Al anodes and decreased non-coulombic losses.

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有机物单层分散在相关材料制备中的应用

与无机氧化物和盐类在载体表面自发单层分散相类似, 许多有机物也可以在载体表面自发单层分散.有机物在载体表面单层分散行为和分散后的存在状态与有机物分子形状和结构特点及载体表面性质和孔结构有关. 利用有机物在载体表面的单层分散, 可以设计制备具有优异性能的材料. 本文简要综述了近年来这方面研究工作取得的相关进展, 主要介绍了有机物单层分散在碳/氧化物复合物、氧化物和薄壁中孔碳材料的制备和织构调控方面的一些应用实例. 单层分散的有机物热分解后可在载体表面形成均匀的薄碳层, 以无机多孔氧化物为载体可制备出包覆均匀碳薄层的碳/氧化物复合物, 这种碳/氧化物复合物在染料吸附、催化剂载体和光催化方面显现出好的性能. 以溶胶-凝胶法制备氧化物时, 分散的有机物可以隔离溶胶颗粒, 从而制备出高比表面积的氧化物并可对孔容进行调控, 以此方法制备的γ-氧化铝比表面积可达506 m²·g^-1. 在惰性气氛中加热上述碳/氧化物复合物, 碳层可抑制氧化物的相变; 而在氧气中, 碳层燃烧发热会促进相变, 由此可快速制备超细α-氧化铝. 包覆均匀碳薄层的氧化物载体对碳起支撑作用, 在将氧化物溶解去除后, 可便捷制得高比表面积、大孔容、高中孔率的薄壁中孔碳材料, 碳材料的形貌、孔径分布等可通过选用不同织构的氧化物载体进行调控.     

Determination of ruthenium and tin on electrochemical anodes by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence

"Dimensionally Stable Anodes" (DSA)(R) have gained wide acceptance in electrochemical production of chlorine and caustic soda. The DSAs are usually composed of electrocatalytic layers of precious and non-precious metal oxides produced by thermal decomposition of salts on a valve-metal substrate (e.g., titanium). They have long lifetimes (some years) in commercial service, and accelerated aging is used in testing them. In these tests the cell potential is stable for most of the anode life. Failure of an anode is characterized by a rapid increase in potential to beyond the point of practical operation of the cell. Non-destructive X-ray techniques have been utilized to investigate the mechanism involved. It has been established that the precious metal content has been reduced by 50-60% when the anodes fail. Although present DSA coatings are more than adequate for commercial applications, there is continuing interest in improving them. The materials for DSA formulation include the precious metals iridium, ruthenium and rhodium, the non-precious metals tin, antimony and manganese, and the valve metals titanium and tantalum.     

Titanium Anodes with Active Coatings Based on Iridium Oxides: A Sublayer between the Active Coating and Titanium

An optimum composition and a technique for applying a protecting sublayer on titanium are substantiated experimentally. The sublayer prevents the oxidation of titanium during the production and application of highly porous metal oxide anodes. The formation of such a sublayer involves several stages: (a) coating chemically polished and etched in 5-% hydrofluoric acid titanium with hexachloroiridic acid, (b) drying hexachloroiridic acid, (c) a two-step treatment of anodes in argon with a low concentration of oxygen at 350°C, and (d) a brief annealing of the anodes in air at 400°C. The application of such a sublayer makes sense especially in the case of an anode with a thin highly porous active coating. The remarkable protecting properties of the sublayer are due to the formation of a dense coating on titanium. The coating consists of metallic iridium, titanium, and an amount of oxides of these metals. The titanium substrate itself undergoes minimum oxidation.     

自然水体中生物膜的主要化学组分与水体中相关化学物质的关系

自然水体中大多数微生物是以附着状态而不是以游离状态存在的 [1] .微生物附着在固体表面形成生物膜 ,存在于河流、湖泊及湿地环境中的岩石、表层沉积物和悬浮颗粒物表面 ,由不同种类的微生物组成 [2 ] .从环境微生物学角度来看 ,生物膜被定义为一种活跃地生长发育着的单一或混合的微生物群体 ,其不可逆地附着到一种活跃的或非活跃的表面 [3] ,并由微生物群体组成 [4 ] .从环境化学角度来看 ,生物膜是由金属氧化物、有机质及少量矿物质组成的 .金属氧化物和有机质在影响重金属于固相吸附的相对作用已有报道 [5～ 10 ] .生物膜在自然水体中是…     

Growth of Hollow Transition Metal (Fe,Co, Ni) Oxide Nanoparticles on Graphene Sheets through Kirkendall Effect as Anodes for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries

A general strategy based on the nanoscale Kirkendall effect has been developed to grow hollow transition metal (Fe, Co or Ni) oxide nanoparticles on graphene sheets. When applied as lithium‐ion battery anodes, these hollow transition metal oxide‐based composites exhibit excellent electrochemical performance, with high reversible capacities and long‐term stabilities at a high current density, superior to most transition metal oxides reported to date.     

用于有机物降解的电化学阳极材料

电化学氧化法可将难降解的有机物转化为可生化降解物质或直接矿化,具有操作简便,清洁能源,无二次污染等优点。本文介绍了电催化氧化机理最新进展,包括近年来所报道的各种电极材料直接或间接电氧化降解有机物的机制;回顾了近年来阳极材料的研究现状,以碳电极、金属电极和钛基形稳电极为主,包括各种新型电极的组成、降解性能及其钝化原因等,并对今后电氧化阳极材料及相关工艺的研究方向提出建议。     

Metal oxides immobilized fabrics by radiation induced graft polymerization

Radiation induced graft polymerization is effective for adding a new functionality to various forms of existing polymers. Ion-exchange nonwoven fabrics by gamma radiation induced graft polymerization have been used as filters in air and liquid. However, these materials have no capability for removing non-ionic species, such as volatile organic compound and ozone. Manganese oxides immobilized fabrics were developed for removing ozone. In addition, these materials were capable of removing formaldehyde and arsenic. Fine particles of manganese oxides were observed on the fibers. New materials produced by radiation induced graft polymerization and metal immobilization were applicable for purification of contaminants in environment. Manufacturing process is applicable for immobilization of the other metal oxides.     

Manganese oxide nanoparticle-loaded porous carbon nanofibers as anode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Mn-based oxide-loaded porous carbon nanofiber anodes, exhibiting large reversible capacity, excellent capacity retention, and good rate capability, are fabricated by carbonizing electrospun polymer/Mn(CH₃COO)₂ composite nanofibers without adding any polymer binder or electronic conductor. The excellent electrochemical performance of these organic/inorganic nanocomposites is a result of the unique combinative effects of nano-sized Mn-based oxides and carbon matrices as well as the highly-developed porous composite nanofiber structure, which make them promising anode candidates for high-performance rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.     

Fe3O4 anodes for lithium batteries: Production techniques and general applications

Iron oxides, such as Fe₃O₄, are putative anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). LIBs are extensively used as power sources for electronics. They typically consist of cells, with each cell built out of a lithium cathode and a graphite anode. However, graphite anodes suffer from the disadvantages of significant density, large volume, low energy density, and inferior safety levels. Iron oxides seem to be a promising substitute to the currently used graphite anodes due to their high capacity, extensive availability, good stability, and environmental tolerance. Nevertheless, several hurdles prevent their market expansion, such as inferior electronic/ionic conductivity, large volume changes, poor cycling performance, and low coulombic efficiency. Using Fe₃O₄ seems to be one alternative to address these challenges. This review will cover the current state of development of iron oxide electrodes with respect to design, production techniques, and general applications.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Silicalite Modified by Noble Metal

With good potentials for ulterior savings in capital and production costs, onsite hydrogen peroxide production followed by its conversion to organic oxides without refining, is being regarded as an attractive route and promising technology to the production of organic oxides. The key point of the direct oxidation technology is the design and preparation of the bifunctional catalysts used therein. Herein, we present such bifunctional solid materials, which is one new modified titanium silicalite with incorporated noble metal (denoted as NMTS) with a hollow structure, which means for example that it hasintra‐particle voids. The samples were characterized by various instruments. Its catalytic properties in the direct epoxidation of propylene were also investigated, the results showed that NMTS is an excellent catalyst for the direct preparation of organic oxides from one‐pot process.